{"id":36722,"date":"2019-10-31T22:13:23","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:13:23","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/raznitsa-mezhdu-bin-sbin-usr-bin-usr-sbin\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T22:13:23","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:13:23","slug":"raznitsa-mezhdu-bin-sbin-usr-bin-usr-sbin","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/et\/blog\/administrirovanie\/raznitsa-mezhdu-bin-sbin-usr-bin-usr-sbin","title":{"rendered":"Erinevus bin, sbin, usr\/bin, usr\/sbin vahel","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

30. november 2010 kirjutas David Collier:<\/i><\/p>\n

M\u00e4rkasin, et busybox'i lingid on jagatud nelja kausta.
\nKas on mingi lihtne reegel, et m\u00e4\u00e4rata \u00e4ra, millises kaustas milline link peaks olema\u2026
\nN\u00e4iteks, kill asub \/bin, aga killall on \/usr\/bin\u2026 Ma ei n\u00e4e sellises jagamises mingit loogikat.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\nT\u00f5en\u00e4oliselt tead, et Ken Thompson ja Dennis Ritchie l\u00f5id Unix-i PDP-7-l 1969. aastal. Umbes 1971. aastal nad uuendasid PDP-11-le koos paari RK05 kettaga (iga\u00fcks 1,5 megabaiti).<\/p>\n

Kui operatsioonis\u00fcsteem kasvas nii suureks, et ei mahtunud enam esimesele kettale (kus asus juurkataloog), viidi osa sellest teisele, kus olid kodudirektorid (seega nimetati mount-punktiks \/usr \u2014 l\u00fchenenud s\u00f5nast user). Nad kopeerisid seal k\u00f5ik vajalikud OS kataloogid (\/bin, \/sbin, \/lib, \/tmp ...) ja panid failid uuele kettale, kuna vanalt j\u00e4i ruumi otsa. Siis ilmus neil kolmas ketas, mille nad montisid katalooge \/home ja kandsid sinna kasutajate kodudirektorid, et operatsioonis\u00fcsteem saaks t\u00e4ita kogu \u00fclej\u00e4\u00e4nud ruumi kahel kettal, milleks oli kolm megabaiti<\/b> (wow!).<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n

Muidugi pidid nad kehtestama reegli, et \"kui operatsioonis\u00fcsteem k\u00e4ivitatakse, peab see olema v\u00f5imeline liitma teise ketta kausta \/usr, seega ei tohi paigutada selliseid programme nagu mount teisele kettale kausta \/usr, muidu saame munade ja kana probleemi\". Nii lihtne see on. Ja see kehtis Unix V6 kohta 35 aastat tagasi.<\/p>\n

Kaalumine \/bin ja \/usr\/bin (ja k\u00f5igi sarnaste kaustade) vahel on selle asja tagaj\u00e4rg, detailide teostamine 70-ndatest, mida b\u00fcrokraadid on lihtsalt aastak\u00fcmnete jooksul kopeerinud. Nad ei k\u00fcsinud kunagi k\u00fcsimusi, miks<\/i>, nad lihtsalt tegid nii. See kaalumine kaotas m\u00f5tte juba enne Linuxi loomist, mitmel p\u00f5hjusel:<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. K\u00e4ivitamisel kasutatakse initrd v\u00f5i initramfs-i, mis tegeleb probleemidega, nagu \"see fail on meil vajalik enne seda\". Seega, meil on juba olemas.<\/i> ajutine failis\u00fcsteem, mida kasutatakse k\u00f5igi muude koormamiseks. <\/li>\n
  2. Jagatud raamatukogud (mis lisati Unixi Berkley meestelt) ei luba teil iseseisvalt muuta sisu \/lib ja \/usr\/lib. Need kaks osa peavad \u00fcksteisega vastama, vastasel juhul ei toimi need. Seda ei juhtunud 1974. aastal, kuna tol ajal oli neil mingi s\u00f5ltumatus staatilise sidumise t\u00f5ttu. <\/li>\n
  3. Odavad k\u00f5vakettad \u00fcletasid 100 megabaidi piiri kuskil 1990. aastal ja umbes sel ajal ilmusid ka partitsioonide muutmise programmid (Partition Magic 3.0 ilmus 1997. aastal). <\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    \nMuidugi, kuna jagamine eksisteerib, m\u00f5tlesid m\u00f5ned inimesed v\u00e4lja reeglid, mis seda \u00f5igustavad. N\u00e4iteks, juurkataloog on vajalik igasuguste OS-i \u00fcldiste asjade jaoks ja \/usr-sse tuleb panna oma kohalikud failid. V\u00f5i \/-sse pannakse see, mida levitab AT&T, ja \/usr-sse \u2014 mida sinu distributsioon, IBM AIX, v\u00f5i Dec Ultrix, v\u00f5i SGI Irix on lisanud, ja \/usr\/local-s on failid, mis on spetsiifilised sinu s\u00fcsteemile. Ja siis keegi otsustas, et \/usr\/local ei ole sobiv koht, kuhu uut tarkvara installida, nii et lisame veel \/opt! Ei \u00fcllata, kui tekib ka \/opt\/local...<\/p>\n

    Muidugi on 30 aasta jooksul sellise jaotuse t\u00f5ttu tekkinud ja kadunud erinevaid erip\u00e4raseid reegleid, mis on spetsiifilised teatud jaotustele. N\u00e4iteks \u00ab\/tmp puhastatakse p\u00e4rast taask\u00e4ivitamist, kuid \/usr\/tmp mitte\u00bb. (Ja Ubuntu puhul ei ole \/usr\/tmp \u00fcldse olemas, Gentoo-s on aga \/usr\/tmp s\u00fcmboolne link \/var\/tmp-le, millele see reegel laieneb ja mida ei puhastata taask\u00e4ivitamise ajal. Jah, see k\u00f5ik oli veel enne tmpfs-i. Ja juhtub ka, et juur FS on ainult kirjutamisv\u00f5imetu, ning siis ei tohi ka \/usr alla kirjutada, vaid tuleb kirjutada \/var-i. V\u00f5i \/ peamiselt<\/i> ei saa kirjutada, arvestamata seda, et \/etc, mida m\u00f5nikord prooviti \u00fcle viia \/var-sse...)<\/p>\n

    B\u00fcrokraadid nagu Linux Foundation (kes neelasid Free Standards Groupi laienemise k\u00e4igus aastaid tagasi) r\u00f5\u00f5mustavad nende reeglite dokumenteerimise ja keerukuse \u00fcle, isegi m\u00f5istmata, miks need tekkisid. Nad ei arva, et Ken ja Dennis lihtsalt viisid osa operatsioonis\u00fcsteemist oma kodukausta, kuna RK05 ketas PDP-11-l oli liiga v\u00e4ike.<\/p>\n

    Ma olen praktiliselt kindel, et busybox paigutab faile lihtsalt ajaloolistel p\u00f5hjustel. Pole mingeid reaalseid p\u00f5hjuseid, miks seda siiani teha. Isiklikult teen lihtsalt \/bin, \/sbin ja \/lib linkideks vastavatesse kataloogidesse \/usr. L\u00f5ppude l\u00f5puks p\u00fc\u00fcavad inimesed, kes tegelevad sisseehitatud tarkvaraga, asjadest paremini aru saada ja neid lihtsustada\u2026
    \n
    Allikas:     habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    30 \u043d\u043e\u044f\u0431\u0440\u044f 2010 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0414\u044d\u0432\u0438\u0434 \u041a\u043e\u043b\u043b\u0438\u0435\u0440 (David Collier) \u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043b: \u042f \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0438\u043b, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0432 busybox \u0441\u0441\u044b\u043b\u043a\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u044b \u043f\u043e \u044d\u0442\u0438\u043c \u0447\u0435\u0442\u044b\u0440\u0451\u043c \u0434\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f\u043c. \u0415\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043b\u0438 \u043a\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0435-\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0442\u044c, \u0432 \u043a\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u043a\u0430\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0438\u0437 \u0441\u0441\u044b\u043b\u043e\u043a \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u043d\u0430 \u043b\u0435\u0436\u0430\u0442\u044c\u2026 \u041a \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0443, kill \u043b\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0442 \u0432 \/bin, \u0430 killall \u2014 \u0432 \/usr\/bin\u2026 \u042f \u043d\u0435 \u0432\u0438\u0436\u0443 \u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0432 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438. \u0412\u044b, […]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[688],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-36722","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-administrirovanie"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\n","aioseo_head_json":{"title":"\ud83e\udd47Erinevus bin, sbin, usr\/bin, usr\/sbin | ProHoster","description":"30. november 2010 kirjutas David Collier: olen m\u00e4rganud, et busyboxi lingid on jagatud nelja kausta. Kas on olemas m\u00f5ni lihtne reegel, et m\u00e4\u00e4rata, kuhu need kuuluvad.","canonical_url":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/et\/blog\/administrirovanie\/raznitsa-mezhdu-bin-sbin-usr-bin-usr-sbin","robots":"max-image-preview:large","keywords":"","webmasterTools":{"miscellaneous":""},"schema":null,"og:locale":"et_EE","og:site_name":"ProHoster | \u041a\u0443\u043f\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0445\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0433 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0441\u0430\u0439\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0441 \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0442 DDoS, VPS VDS \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440\u044b","og:type":"article","og:title":"\ud83e\udd47\u0420\u0430\u0437\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0430 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 bin, sbin, usr\/bin, usr\/sbin | ProHoster","og:description":"30 \u043d\u043e\u044f\u0431\u0440\u044f 2010 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0414\u044d\u0432\u0438\u0434 \u041a\u043e\u043b\u043b\u0438\u0435\u0440 (David Collier) \u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043b: \u042f \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0438\u043b, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0432 busybox \u0441\u0441\u044b\u043b\u043a\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u044b \u043f\u043e \u044d\u0442\u0438\u043c \u0447\u0435\u0442\u044b\u0440\u0451\u043c \u0434\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f\u043c. \u0415\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043b\u0438 \u043a\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0435-\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0442\u044c, \u0432 \u043a\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0439.","og:url":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/et\/blog\/administrirovanie\/raznitsa-mezhdu-bin-sbin-usr-bin-usr-sbin","og:image":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/logo-350.jpg","og:image:secure_url":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/logo-350.jpg","og:image:width":350,"og:image:height":350,"article:published_time":"2019-10-31T19:13:23+00:00","article:modified_time":"2019-10-31T19:13:23+00:00","article:publisher":"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/prohoster","article:author":"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/prohoster"},"aioseo_meta_data":{"post_id":"36722","title":null,"description":null,"keywords":null,"keyphrases":null,"primary_term":null,"canonical_url":null,"og_title":null,"og_description":null,"og_object_type":"default","og_image_type":"default","og_image_url":null,"og_image_width":null,"og_image_height":null,"og_image_custom_url":null,"og_image_custom_fields":null,"og_video":null,"og_custom_url":null,"og_article_section":null,"og_article_tags":null,"twitter_use_og":false,"twitter_card":"default","twitter_image_type":"default","twitter_image_url":null,"twitter_image_custom_url":null,"twitter_image_custom_fields":null,"twitter_title":null,"twitter_description":null,"schema":{"blockGraphs":[],"customGraphs":[],"default":{"data":{"Article":[],"Course":[],"Dataset":[],"FAQPage":[],"Movie":[],"Person":[],"Product":[],"ProductReview":[],"Car":[],"Recipe":[],"Service":[],"SoftwareApplication":[],"WebPage":[]},"graphName":"","isEnabled":true},"graphs":[]},"schema_type":null,"schema_type_options":null,"pillar_content":false,"robots_default":true,"robots_noindex":false,"robots_noarchive":false,"robots_nosnippet":false,"robots_nofollow":false,"robots_noimageindex":false,"robots_noodp":false,"robots_notranslate":false,"robots_max_snippet":null,"robots_max_videopreview":null,"robots_max_imagepreview":"large","priority":null,"frequency":null,"local_seo":null,"seo_analyzer_scan_date":"2026-01-22 04:34:22","breadcrumb_settings":null,"limit_modified_date":false,"reviewed_by":null,"ai":null,"created":"2021-03-01 01:40:22","updated":"2026-01-22 04:34:22","focus_keyword":null,"additional_keywords":null,"truseo_locale":null},"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"link","format":"url"}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/et\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/36722","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/et\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/et\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/et\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/et\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=36722"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/et\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/36722\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/et\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=36722"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/et\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=36722"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/et\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=36722"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}