{"id":36722,"date":"2019-10-31T22:13:23","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:13:23","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/raznitsa-mezhdu-bin-sbin-usr-bin-usr-sbin\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T22:13:23","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:13:23","slug":"raznitsa-mezhdu-bin-sbin-usr-bin-usr-sbin","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/et\/blog\/administrirovanie\/raznitsa-mezhdu-bin-sbin-usr-bin-usr-sbin","title":{"rendered":"Erinevus bin, sbin, usr\/bin, usr\/sbin","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

30. november 2010 David Collier kirjutas:<\/i><\/p>\n

M\u00e4rkasin, et busyboxi lingid on jaotatud neljale direktorile.
\nKas on mingi lihtne reegel, et m\u00e4\u00e4rata, millises direktorist peaks iga link olema...
\nN\u00e4iteks, kill on \/bin, ja killall on \/usr\/bin... Ma ei n\u00e4e selles jaotuses mingit loogikat.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\nT\u00f5en\u00e4oliselt teate, et Ken Thompson ja Dennis Ritchie l\u00f5id Unix PDP-7-l 1969. aastal. Umbes 1971. aastal nad uuendasid PDP-11-le koos paariga RK05 kettaga (iga\u00fche suurus oli 1,5 megabaiti).<\/p>\n

Kui ops\u00fcsteem kasvas ja ei mahtunud enam esimesele kettale (kus asus juurfailis\u00fcsteem), kolisid nad osa teise, kus asusid kodudirektorid (seet\u00f5ttu nimetati m\u00e4hist \/usr \u2013 ingliskeelsest s\u00f5nast user). Nad kopeerisid sinna k\u00f5ik vajalikud ops\u00fcsteemi direktorid (\/bin, \/sbin, \/lib, \/tmp \u2026) ja ladustasid failid uuele kettale, kuna vanast ruum otsa sai. Siis tuli neile kolmas ketas, nad \u00fchendasid selle direktorisse \/home ja kolisid sinna kasutajate kodudirektorid, et ops\u00fcsteem saaks kasutada kogu \u00fclej\u00e4\u00e4nud ruumi kahel kettal, mis oli kolm megabaiti<\/b> (woow!).<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n

Muidugi pidid nad sisse viima reegli, et \"kui operatsioonis\u00fcsteem laeb, peab see olema v\u00f5imeline monteerima teise ketta direktorisse \/usr, seega ei tohiks programme nagu mount panna teisele kettale \/usr, muidu saame kanamune probleemi.\" Nii lihtne see oligi. Ja see kehtis Unix V6 kohta 35 aastat tagasi.<\/p>\n

\/bin ja \/usr\/bin (ja k\u00f5ik sarnased direktorid) on tagaj\u00e4rg nendele s\u00fcndmustele, rakenduse \u00fcksikasjalik teostus 70-ndatest, mida on b\u00fcrokraadid j\u00e4rginud aastak\u00fcmneid. Nad ei k\u00fcsinud kunagi miks<\/i>, nad lihtsalt tegid nii. See jaotus kaotas t\u00e4henduse juba enne Linuxi loomist, mitmel p\u00f5hjusel:<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. K\u00e4ivitamisel kasutatakse initrd v\u00f5i initramfs, mis tegeleb probleemidega nagu \"see fail on vajalik varem kui see\". Nii et meil on juba olemas<\/i> ajutine failis\u00fcsteem, mida kasutatakse kogu \u00fclej\u00e4\u00e4nud laadimiseks. <\/li>\n
  2. Jagatud teegid (mis lisati Unixi Berkley meeskonna poolt) ei luba teil iseseisvalt muuta sisu \/lib ja \/usr\/lib. Need kaks osa peavad omavahel kokku sobima, vastasel juhul nad ei t\u00f6\u00f6ta. Seda ei juhtunud 1974. aastal, kuna toona oli neil teatud s\u00f5ltumatus staatilise linkimise t\u00f5ttu. <\/li>\n
  3. Odavad k\u00f5vakettad \u00fcletasid 100 megabaidi piiri kuskil 1990. aastal ja umbes sel ajal ilmusid ka partiide suuruse muutmise programmid (partition magic 3.0 ilmus 1997. aastal). <\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    \nMuidugi, kuna eraldamine on olemas, on m\u00f5ned inimesed v\u00e4lja m\u00f5elnud reeglid, mis seda \u00f5igustavad. Nagu, juurdirektor on vajalik igasuguste ops\u00fcsteemi \u00fcldiste asjade jaoks, ja \/usr-kohal peaks olema sinu kohalikud failid. V\u00f5i \/-sse paigutatakse see, mida jaotab AT&T, ja \/usr -sse k\u00f5ik, mida sinu jaotamine, IBM AIX, v\u00f5i Dec Ultrix, v\u00f5i SGI Irix on lisanud, samas kui \/usr\/local sisaldab sinu s\u00fcsteemile spetsiifilisi faile. Ja siis m\u00f5ni otsustas, et \/usr\/local ei ole \u00f5ige koht uue tarkvara installimiseks, nii et lisame veel \/opt! Ei \u00fcllatuks, kui ilmuks ka \/opt\/local...<\/p>\n

    Muidugi, 30 aasta jooksul on sellise eristumise t\u00f5ttu ilmnenud ja kadunud igasuguseid huvitavaid reegleid, mis on spetsiifilised erinevatele jaotustele. N\u00e4iteks \"tmp kaust t\u00fchjendatakse taask\u00e4ivitamisel, samas kui \/usr\/tmp - ei\". (Ja Ubuntus ei ole \/usr\/tmp p\u00f5him\u00f5tteliselt olemas, samas kui Gentoo's on \/usr\/tmp s\u00fcmboolne link \/var\/tmp-le, millele see reegel kehtib ja mida taask\u00e4ivitamisel ei t\u00fchjendata. Jah, see k\u00f5ik oli juba enne tmpfs-i). Ja m\u00f5nikord on nii, et juurfailis\u00fcsteem on ainult lugemiseks ja siis ei pea ka \/usr-s kirjutama, vaid tuleb kirjutada \/var-sse. V\u00f5i \/ peamiselt<\/i> ei tohi kirjutada, kui mitte arvestada, et \/etc, mida m\u00f5nikord prooviti viia \/var\u2026)<\/p>\n

    B\u00fcrokraadid nagu Linux Foundation (kes neelas Free Standards Groupi laienemise ajal aastaid tagasi) dokumenteerivad ja keerukaks muudavad neid reegleid, isegi p\u00fc\u00fcdmata m\u00f5ista, miks need tekkisid. Nad ei saavuta, et Ken ja Dennis lihtsalt t\u00f5id osa OS-ist oma kodukausta, kuna RK05 ketas PDP-11-l oli liiga v\u00e4ike.<\/p>\n

    Olen praktiliselt kindel, et busybox paigutab faile samamoodi nagu see ajalooliselt on olnud. Ei ole mingit reaalset p\u00f5hjust seda seni nii teha. Isiklikult teen ma lihtsalt \/bin, \/sbin ja \/lib viidatud sarnastele kataloogidele \/usr. L\u00f5ppude l\u00f5puks p\u00fc\u00fcavad inimesed, kes t\u00f6\u00f6tavad sisse ehitatud tarkvaraga, aru saada ja asju lihtsustada...
    \n
    Allikas:     habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    30 \u043d\u043e\u044f\u0431\u0440\u044f 2010 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0414\u044d\u0432\u0438\u0434 \u041a\u043e\u043b\u043b\u0438\u0435\u0440 (David Collier) \u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043b: \u042f \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0438\u043b, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0432 busybox \u0441\u0441\u044b\u043b\u043a\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u044b \u043f\u043e \u044d\u0442\u0438\u043c \u0447\u0435\u0442\u044b\u0440\u0451\u043c \u0434\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f\u043c. \u0415\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043b\u0438 \u043a\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0435-\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0442\u044c, \u0432 \u043a\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u043a\u0430\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0438\u0437 \u0441\u0441\u044b\u043b\u043e\u043a \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u043d\u0430 \u043b\u0435\u0436\u0430\u0442\u044c\u2026 \u041a \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0443, kill \u043b\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0442 \u0432 \/bin, \u0430 killall \u2014 \u0432 \/usr\/bin\u2026 \u042f \u043d\u0435 \u0432\u0438\u0436\u0443 \u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0432 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438. \u0412\u044b, […]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[688],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-36722","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-administrirovanie"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\n","aioseo_head_json":{"title":"\ud83e\udd47Erinevus bin, sbin, usr\/bin, usr\/sbin | ProHoster","description":"30. novembril 2010 kirjutas David Collier: Olin t\u00e4helepanekud, et busyboxi viidatakse nendele neljale kataloogile. Kas on olemas m\u00f5ni lihtne reegel, et m\u00e4\u00e4rata, kuhu miski kuulub.","canonical_url":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/et\/blog\/administrirovanie\/raznitsa-mezhdu-bin-sbin-usr-bin-usr-sbin","robots":"max-image-preview:large","keywords":"","webmasterTools":{"miscellaneous":""},"schema":null,"og:locale":"et_EE","og:site_name":"ProHoster | \u041a\u0443\u043f\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0445\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0433 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0441\u0430\u0439\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0441 \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0442 DDoS, VPS VDS \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440\u044b","og:type":"article","og:title":"\ud83e\udd47\u0420\u0430\u0437\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0430 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 bin, sbin, usr\/bin, usr\/sbin | ProHoster","og:description":"30 \u043d\u043e\u044f\u0431\u0440\u044f 2010 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0414\u044d\u0432\u0438\u0434 \u041a\u043e\u043b\u043b\u0438\u0435\u0440 (David Collier) \u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043b: \u042f \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0438\u043b, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0432 busybox \u0441\u0441\u044b\u043b\u043a\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u044b \u043f\u043e \u044d\u0442\u0438\u043c \u0447\u0435\u0442\u044b\u0440\u0451\u043c \u0434\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f\u043c. \u0415\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043b\u0438 \u043a\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0435-\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0442\u044c, \u0432 \u043a\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0439.","og:url":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/et\/blog\/administrirovanie\/raznitsa-mezhdu-bin-sbin-usr-bin-usr-sbin","og:image":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/logo-350.jpg","og:image:secure_url":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/logo-350.jpg","og:image:width":350,"og:image:height":350,"article:published_time":"2019-10-31T19:13:23+00:00","article:modified_time":"2019-10-31T19:13:23+00:00","article:publisher":"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/prohoster","article:author":"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/prohoster"},"aioseo_meta_data":{"post_id":"36722","title":null,"description":null,"keywords":null,"keyphrases":null,"primary_term":null,"canonical_url":null,"og_title":null,"og_description":null,"og_object_type":"default","og_image_type":"default","og_image_url":null,"og_image_width":null,"og_image_height":null,"og_image_custom_url":null,"og_image_custom_fields":null,"og_video":null,"og_custom_url":null,"og_article_section":null,"og_article_tags":null,"twitter_use_og":false,"twitter_card":"default","twitter_image_type":"default","twitter_image_url":null,"twitter_image_custom_url":null,"twitter_image_custom_fields":null,"twitter_title":null,"twitter_description":null,"schema":{"blockGraphs":[],"customGraphs":[],"default":{"data":{"Article":[],"Course":[],"Dataset":[],"FAQPage":[],"Movie":[],"Person":[],"Product":[],"ProductReview":[],"Car":[],"Recipe":[],"Service":[],"SoftwareApplication":[],"WebPage":[]},"graphName":"","isEnabled":true},"graphs":[]},"schema_type":null,"schema_type_options":null,"pillar_content":false,"robots_default":true,"robots_noindex":false,"robots_noarchive":false,"robots_nosnippet":false,"robots_nofollow":false,"robots_noimageindex":false,"robots_noodp":false,"robots_notranslate":false,"robots_max_snippet":null,"robots_max_videopreview":null,"robots_max_imagepreview":"large","priority":null,"frequency":null,"local_seo":null,"seo_analyzer_scan_date":"2026-01-22 04:34:22","breadcrumb_settings":null,"limit_modified_date":false,"reviewed_by":null,"ai":null,"created":"2021-03-01 01:40:22","updated":"2026-01-22 04:34:22","focus_keyword":null,"additional_keywords":null,"truseo_locale":null},"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"link","format":"url"}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/et\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/36722","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/et\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/et\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/et\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/et\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=36722"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/et\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/36722\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/et\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=36722"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/et\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=36722"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/et\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=36722"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}