{"id":36854,"date":"2019-10-31T22:14:15","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:14:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/retrospektiva-kak-istoshhalis-adresa-ipv4\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T22:14:15","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:14:15","slug":"retrospektiva-kak-istoshhalis-adresa-ipv4","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/et\/blog\/administrirovanie\/retrospektiva-kak-istoshhalis-adresa-ipv4","title":{"rendered":"Tagasivaade: kuidas IPv4 aadressid l\u00f5ppesid","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Geoff Huston, APNIC-i peamine uurimisinsener, prognoosis, et IPv4-aadresse j\u00e4tkub 2020. aastaks. Uus materjalits\u00fckkel v\u00e4rskendab teavet selle kohta, kuidas aadressid ammendusid, kellel need veel on ja miks see juhtus.<\/p>\n<p><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/vasexperts\/blog\/462435\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Tagasivaade: kuidas IPv4 aadressid l\u00f5ppesid\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/b1bf313f07dff7552813a1e71d4f8bfe.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/a><\/noindex><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"habracut\"><\/a><\/noindex><br \/>\n<i>\/ Unsplash \/ <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/unsplash.com\/photos\/EKnd0HcEyCM\">Lo\u00efc Mermilliod<\/a><\/noindex><\/i><\/p>\n<h2>Miks aadressid l\u00f5ppevad<\/h2>\n<p>\nEnne kui r\u00e4\u00e4gime, kuidas IPv4-pool 'kuivab', r\u00e4\u00e4gime natuke p\u00f5hjustest. 1983. aastal, kui TCP\/IP hakati kasutusele v\u00f5tma, kasutati 32-bitist adressatsiooni. Sel ajal <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/blogs.igalia.com\/dpino\/2017\/05\/25\/ipv4-exhaustion\/\">n\u00e4is<\/a><\/noindex>, et 4,3 miljardit aadressi 4,5 miljardi inimese jaoks on t\u00e4iesti piisav. Kuid toona ei arvestanud arendajad, et planeedi rahvastik kasvab peaaegu kaks korda, ja internet hakkab laialdaselt levima.<\/p>\n<p>Sellegipoolest said 80ndatel paljud organisatsioonid rohkem aadresse, kui nad tegelikult vajasid. Paljud ettev\u00f5tted kasutavad endiselt avalikke aadresse serveritele, mis t\u00f6\u00f6tavad rangelt kohalikes v\u00f5rkudes. Mobiilitehnoloogiate, asjade Interneti ja virtualiseerimise levik on olukorda veel s\u00fcvendanud. Hindamisvead globaalsete hostide arvu m\u00e4\u00e4ramisel ja aadresside ebaefektiivne jaotamine on saanud IPv4 nappuse p\u00f5hjuseks.<\/p>\n<h2>Kuidas aadressid l\u00f5ppesid<\/h2>\n<p>\nK\u00e4esoleva sajandi alguses teatas APNICi direktor Paul Wilson <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cnet.com\/news\/exec-no-shortage-of-net-addresses\/\">r\u00e4\u00e4kis<\/a><\/noindex>, et IPv4-aadressid saavad otsa j\u00e4rgmise k\u00fcmne aasta jooksul. \u00dcldiselt osutus tema prognoos \u00fcsna t\u00e4pseks.<\/p>\n<p><b>2011. aasta:<\/b> Nagu Wilson ennustas, j\u00e4i Aasia ja Vaikse ookeani regiooni internetiregistraator APNIC-ile viimane <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/ru.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/\u0411\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f_\u0430\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f\">blokk \/8<\/a><\/noindex>. Organisatsioon kehtestas uue reegli \u2014 \u00fche 1024-aadressise ploki reegli \"\u00fches k\u00e4es\". Anal\u00fc\u00fctikud \u00fctlevad, et ilma selle piiranguta oleks blokk \/8 l\u00f5ppenud vaid kuu ajaga. N\u00fc\u00fcd on APNIC-il j\u00e4rel vaid v\u00e4ike hulk aadresse.<\/p>\n<p><b>2012. aasta:<\/b> Euroopa internetiregistraator RIPE kuulutas v\u00e4lja aadresside ammendumise. Ta hakkas samuti jaotama viimast blokk \/8. Organisatsioon j\u00e4rgnes APNICi eeskuud ja kehtestas rangemad piirangud IPv4 jaotamiseks. 2015. aastaks oli RIPE-il j\u00e4\u00e4nud vaid 16 miljonit vaba aadressi. T\u00e4na on see number oluliselt v\u00e4henenud \u2014 <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ripe.net\/publications\/ipv6-info-centre\/about-ipv6\/ipv4-exhaustion\/ipv4-available-pool\">kuni 3,5 miljoni<\/a><\/noindex>. Tasub m\u00e4rkida, et 2012. aastal <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.worldipv6launch.org\/\">s\u00fcndis \u00fclemaailmne IPv6 k\u00e4ivitamine<\/a><\/noindex>. \u041c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0438 \u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438\u0445 \u043a\u043b\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432. \u0412 \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438 AT&#038;T, Comcast, Free Telecom, Internode, XS4ALL \u0438 \u0434\u0440. \u041f\u0440\u0438 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c Cisco \u0438 D-Link \u0432\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0438\u043b\u0438 IPv6 \u043f\u043e \u0443\u043c\u043e\u043b\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0432 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u043a\u0430\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u043c\u0438 \u043c\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0440\u0443\u0442\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p><b>Meie blogi v\u00e4rskeid materjale Habrast:<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/vasexperts\/blog\/461431\/\">\u00abArmastab ja ei armasta\u00bb: DNS \u00fcle HTTPS<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/vasexperts\/blog\/461443\/\">Post-analu\u00fcs: mis on teada viimase r\u00fcnnaku kohta SKS Keyserveri serveriv\u00f5rgule<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/vasexperts\/blog\/457106\/\">Ameerika \u00dchendriikide robo-k\u00f5nede s\u00f5da \u2014 kes v\u00f5idab ja miks<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>\n<b>Aasta 2013:<\/b> Jeff Haston APNIC-ist blogis <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.circleid.com\/posts\/20130724_exactly_when_is_arin_going_to_run_out_of_ipv4_addresses\/\">r\u00e4\u00e4kis<\/a><\/noindex>, et Ameerika registreerija ARIN-i IPv4 aadressid l\u00f5ppevad 2014. aasta teises pooles. Umbes samaaegselt teatasid ARIN-i esindajad <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.arin.net\/vault\/announcements\/2013\/20130801.html\">teatasid<\/a><\/noindex>, et neil on j\u00e4\u00e4nud vaid kaks \/8 plokki.<\/p>\n<p><b>Aasta 2015:<\/b> ARIN <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.theregister.co.uk\/2015\/09\/24\/arin_ipv4_interview_ipv6\/\">hakkas<\/a><\/noindex> oli esimene registreerija, kelle vaba IPv4 aadresside hulk oli t\u00e4ielikult otsas. K\u00f5ik selle piirkonna ettev\u00f5tted seisid j\u00e4rjekorras, oodates, kuni keegi vabastab kasutamata IP-d.<\/p>\n<p><b>Aasta 2017:<\/b> Aadresside v\u00e4ljastamise l\u00f5petamisest\u00a0<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.potaroo.net\/ispcol\/2015-08\/last8.html\">arendajad<\/a><\/noindex>\u00a0registreerijas LACNIC, mis vastutab Ladina-Ameerika riikide eest. N\u00fc\u00fcd <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.lacnic.net\/web\/lacnic\/agotamiento-ipv4\">saavad ploki osta ainult need ettev\u00f5tted, kes ei ole kunagi varem neid saanud. AFRINIC \u2014 mis vastutab Aafrika piirkonna eest \u2014 on samuti kehtestanud aadresside v\u00e4ljastamisele piiranguid. Nende m\u00e4\u00e4ramine on rangelt hinnatud ning \u00fche k\u00e4e peal on maksimaalne arv piiratud.<\/a><\/noindex> \u0431\u043b\u043e\u043a \u043c\u043e\u0433\u0443\u0442 \u043b\u0438\u0448\u044c \u0442\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u043d\u044c\u0448\u0435 \u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0438. \u0412 AFRINIC \u2014 \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0437\u0430 \u0410\u0444\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d \u2014 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0432\u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0432\u044b\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0443 \u0430\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043e\u0432. \u0421\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043e \u043c\u0430\u043a\u0441\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0438\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0432 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0438 \u0440\u0443\u043a\u0438.<\/p>\n<p><b>Aasta 2019:<\/b> T\u00e4nap\u00e4eval on k\u00f5igil registreerijatel suhteliselt v\u00e4he aadresse j\u00e4\u00e4nud. Aadresside varud p\u00fcsivad t\u00e4nu sellele, et kasutamata aadresse tagastatakse perioodiliselt ringlusse. N\u00e4iteks, MIT-is <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.techspot.com\/news\/69055-mit-unload-8-million-ipv4-addresses-fund-ipv6.html\">leidnud<\/a><\/noindex> 14 miljonit IP-aadressi. \u00dcle poole neist otsustas m\u00fc\u00fca neid vajavatele ettev\u00f5tetele.<\/p>\n<h2>Mis edasi<\/h2>\n<p>\nOn arvamus, et IPv4-aadressid <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/ipv4.potaroo.net\/\">l\u00f5ppevad<\/a><\/noindex> 2020. aasta veebruariks. P\u00e4rast seda seisavad internetiteenuse pakkujatel, v\u00f5rguseadetootjatel ja teistel ettev\u00f5tetel <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/arstechnica.com\/tech-policy\/2011\/04\/no-more-addresses-asia-pacific-region-ipv4-well-runs-dry\/\">valik<\/a><\/noindex> \u2014 kas migreeruda IPv6-le v\u00f5i t\u00f6\u00f6tada <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/blog.vasexperts.ru\/?p=120\">NAT-mehhanismidega<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n<p>V\u00f5rgu-aadresside t\u00f5lkimine (NAT) v\u00f5imaldab muuta mitu kohalikku aadressi \u00fcheks v\u00e4liseks. Maksimaalne sadamate arv on 65 tuhat. Teoreetiliselt on v\u00f5imalik sama palju kohalikke aadresse kuvada \u00fche avaliku aadressi alla (kui mitte arvesse v\u00f5tta m\u00f5ningaid konkreetse NAT-i rakenduse piiranguid).<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Tagasivaade: kuidas IPv4 aadressid l\u00f5ppesid\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/18505c575eee7ff32fdfcaf989d710bd.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>\/ Unsplash \/ <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/unsplash.com\/photos\/X5c3f2QZGXQ\">Jordan Whitt<\/a><\/noindex><\/i><\/p>\n<p>Internetiteenuse pakkujad v\u00f5ivad p\u00f6\u00f6rduda spetsialiseeritud lahenduste poole \u2014 Carrier Grade NAT. Need v\u00f5imaldavad keskelt hallata abonentide kohalikke ja v\u00e4liseid aadresse ning piiravad TCP- ja UDP-portide arvu, mis on klientidele saadaval. Nii jaotatakse sadamad kasutajate vahel efektiivsemalt ning lisandub kaitse DDoS-r\u00fcnnakute eest.<\/p>\n<p>NAT-i miinustest v\u00f5ib esile t\u00f5sta potentsiaalsed probleemid tulem\u00fc\u00fcridega. K\u00f5ik kasutaja seansid v\u00e4ljuvad v\u00f5rgust \u00fche valge aadressiga. Tulemuseks on, et ainult \u00fcks klient saab samal ajal kasutada saidid, mis avavad juurdep\u00e4\u00e4su teenustele IP-aadressi kaudu. Veelgi enam, ressurss v\u00f5ib arvata, et selle vastu viiakse l\u00e4bi DoS-r\u00fcnnak ja sulgeda juurdep\u00e4\u00e4s k\u00f5igile klientidele.<\/p>\n<p>NAT-i alternatiiv on \u00fcleminek IPv6-ile. Nendest aadressidest j\u00e4tkub pikaks ajaks, pluss sellel on mitmeid eeliseid. N\u00e4iteks sisseehitatud IPSec-komponent, mis kr\u00fcpteerib eraldi andmepakette.<\/p>\n<p>Kuni praeguseni on IPv6\u00a0<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/w3techs.com\/technologies\/details\/ce-ipv6\/all\/all\">kasutatakse<\/a><\/noindex>\u00a0vaid 14,3% veebilehtedest \u00fcle kogu maailma. Protokolli laialdasele levikule takistavad mitmed tegurid, sealhulgas migratsiooni kulud, tagasip\u00f6\u00f6rdumatuse puudumine ja tehnilised keerukused rakendamisel.<\/p>\n<p>Sellest r\u00e4\u00e4gime j\u00e4rgmisel korral.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p><b>Millest kirjutame ettev\u00f5tte VAS Experts blogis:<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/vasexperts.ru\/blog\/seti\/vnedrenie-ipv6-faq-dlya-internet-provajderov\/\">IPv6 rakendamine \u2014 KKK internetiteenuse pakkujatele<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/vasexperts.ru\/blog\/telekom\/protokol-ipv6-ot-teorii-k-praktike\/\">Protokoll IPv6 \u2014 teooriast praktikani<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/vasexperts.ru\/blog\/telekom\/ekonomiya-na-spichkax-i-neskolko-sposobov-vystrelit-sebe-v-nogu-kriticheskie-oshibki-v-stroitelstve-setej-operatorov-svyazi\/\">\u201eJala endale tulistamine\u201c: kriitilised vead telekommunikatsiooniv\u00f5rkude \u00fclesehitamisel<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>Allikas: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/vasexperts\/blog\/462435\/\">habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0414\u0436\u0435\u0444\u0444 \u0425\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043d (Geoff Huston), \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440-\u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0435\u0442-\u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 APNIC, \u0441\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043d\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0430\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0430 IPv4 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0447\u0430\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 2020 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443. \u0412 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043c \u0446\u0438\u043a\u043b\u0435 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432 \u043c\u044b \u043e\u0441\u0432\u0435\u0436\u0438\u043c \u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e \u043e \u0442\u043e\u043c, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0449\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0430\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0430, \u0443 \u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u0435\u0449\u0435 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0442\u0430\u043a \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c. \/ Unsplash \/ Lo\u00efc Mermilliod \u041f\u043e\u0447\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0447\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0430\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0430 \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0435 \u0447\u0435\u043c \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0439\u0442\u0438 \u043a \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0443 \u043e \u0442\u043e\u043c, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u00ab\u0432\u044b\u0441\u044b\u0445\u0430\u043b\u00bb \u043f\u0443\u043b [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":27613,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[688],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-36854","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-administrirovanie"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 4.9.10 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u0414\u0436\u0435\u0444\u0444 \u0425\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043d (Geoff Huston), \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440-\u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0435\u0442-\u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 APNIC, 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