{"id":36984,"date":"2019-10-31T22:15:09","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:15:09","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/koe-chto-ob-inode\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T22:15:09","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:15:09","slug":"koe-chto-ob-inode","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/et\/blog\/administrirovanie\/koe-chto-ob-inode","title":{"rendered":"M\u00f5ned asjad inode'ist","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Perioodiliselt, eesm\u00e4rgiga kolida andmekeskusesse, olen intervjueerimise protsessis erinevates suurtes ettev\u00f5tetes, peamiselt Peterburis ja Moskvas, DevOpsi ametikohale. Olen m\u00e4rganud, et paljudes ettev\u00f5tetes (paljudes heades ettev\u00f5tetes, n\u00e4iteks Yandexis) k\u00fcsitakse kahte sarnast k\u00fcsimust:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li> mis on inode;<\/li>\n<li> millised on p\u00f5hjused, miks v\u00f5ib tekkida ketta kirjutamisviga (v\u00f5i n\u00e4iteks: miks v\u00f5ib kettaruumi otsa saada, idee on sama).\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nKuidas see sageli juhtub, olin kindel, et tunnen seda teemat h\u00e4sti, kuid kui hakkasin selgitama, selgusid teadmiste l\u00fcngad. Oma teadmiste s\u00fcsteemimiseks, aukude t\u00e4itmiseks ja edaspidisest piinlikkusest hoidumiseks kirjutan seda artiklit, ehk on sellest kellelegi abi.<\/p>\n<p>Alustan \"allapoole\", st k\u00f5vakettast (v\u00e4listame m\u00e4lupulgad, SSD-d ja muud kaasaegsed vidinad, vaatlen n\u00e4itena mistahes 20 v\u00f5i 80 GB vana ketast, kuna seal on ploki suurus 512 baiti).<\/p>\n<p>K\u00f5vaketas ei suuda oma ruumi aadresseerida baitide kaupa, see on tinglikult jagatud plokkideks. Plokkide numbrimine algab nullist. (seda nimetatakse LBA-ks, \u00fcksikasjad siin: <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/ru.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/LBA\">ru.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/LBA<\/a><\/noindex>)<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"M\u00f5ned asjad inode&#039;ist\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/47036dc7ec2ed8c868fa1bcf044ba9ea.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"habracut\"><\/a><\/noindex><br \/>\nNagu pildilt n\u00e4ha, olen LBA plokid t\u00e4histanud kui HDD taset. \u00dcksikasju selle kohta, milline on teie ketta ploki suurus, saab vaadata j\u00e4rgmiselt: <\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\">root@ubuntu:\/home\/serp# blockdev --getpbsz \/dev\/sdb\n512<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\n\u00dcks tasand \u00fcles on jaotatud partitsioon, \u00fcks kogu ketta jaoks (taaskord lihtsuse huvides). K\u00f5ige sagedamini kasutatakse kahte t\u00fc\u00fcpi partitsioonide jaotust: msdos ja gpt. Vastavalt on msdos \u2013 vana formaat, mis toetab kettaid kuni 2Tb, gpt \u2013 uus formaat, mis suudab adresseerida kuni 1 zettabaidi 512 baitiste blokke. Meie juhul on partitsioon msdos t\u00fc\u00fcpi, nagu joonisest n\u00e4ha, partitsioon algab blokist nr 1, nullblokki kasutatakse MBR jaoks.<\/p>\n<p>Esimeses partitsioonis l\u00f5in ext2 failis\u00fcsteemi, millel on vaikimisi 4096 baitine ploki suurus, mis on samuti joonisel kajastatud. Failis\u00fcsteemi ploki suurust saab vaadata j\u00e4rgmiselt:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\">root@ubuntu:\/home\/serp# tune2fs -l \/dev\/sdb1\ntune2fs 1.42.9 (4-Feb-2014)\nFilesystem volume name:   \nLast mounted on:          \nFilesystem UUID:          a600bf40-f660-41f6-a3e6-96c303995479\nFilesystem magic number:  0xEF53\nFilesystem revision #:    1 (dynamic)\nFilesystem features:      ext_attr resize_inode dir_index filetype sparse_super large_file\nFilesystem flags:         signed_directory_hash\nDefault mount options:    user_xattr acl\nFilesystem state:         clean\nErrors behavior:          Continue\nFilesystem OS type:       Linux\nInode count:              65536\nBlock count:              261888\nReserved block count:     13094\nFree blocks:              257445\nFree inodes:              65525\nFirst block:              0\nBlock size:               4096\nFragment size:            4096\nReserved GDT blocks:      63\nBlocks per group:         32768\nFragments per group:      32768\nInodes per group:         8192\nInode blocks per group:   512\nFilesystem created:       Fri Aug  2 15:02:13 2019\nLast mount time:          n\/a\nLast write time:          Fri Aug  2 15:02:14 2019\nMount count:              0\nMaximum mount count:      -1\nLast checked:             Fri Aug  2 15:02:13 2019\nCheck interval:           0 ()\nReserved blocks uid:      0 (user root)\nReserved blocks gid:      0 (group root)\nFirst inode:              11\nInode size:               256\nRequired extra isize:     28\nDesired extra isize:      28\nDefault directory hash:   half_md4\nDirectory Hash Seed:      c0155456-ad7d-421f-afd1-c898746ccd76<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nMeile vajalik parameeter on \"Block size.\"<\/p>\n<p>N\u00fc\u00fcd k\u00f5ige huvitavam, kuidas lugeda faili \/home\/serp\/testfile? Fail koosneb \u00fchest v\u00f5i mitmest failis\u00fcsteemi blokist, kuhu on salvestatud tema andmed. Teades faili nime, kuidas seda leida? Milliseid blokeerida?<\/p>\n<p>Siin tulebki appi inode. Failis\u00fcsteemis ext2fs on olemas \"tabel\", kus sisaldub informatsioon k\u00f5igi inode'ide kohta. inode'ide arv ext2fs puhul m\u00e4\u00e4ratakse failis\u00fcsteemi loomisel. Vajalikud numbrid vaatame v\u00e4lja tune2fs v\u00e4ljundi parameetrist \"Inode count\", st meil on neid 65536. inode'ides on vajalik meile info: failis\u00fcsteemi plokkide loend otsitavale failile. Kuidas leida inode numbrit antud failile?<\/p>\n<p>Failinime ja inode numbri vastavus on salvestatud kataloogis, ja kataloog ext2fs-is on erilise t\u00fc\u00fcbiga fail, st sellel on samuti oma inode number. Selle n\u00f5iaringi katkemiseks on juurkataloogile m\u00e4\u00e4ratud \"fikseeritud\" inode number \"2\". Vaatame inode sisu numbriga 2:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\">root@ubuntu:\/# debugfs \/dev\/sdb1\ndebugfs 1.42.9 (4-Feb-2014)\ndebugfs:  stat \n\nInode: 2   T\u00fc\u00fcp: kataloog    Re\u017eiim:  0755   Lipud: 0x0\nGeneratsioon: 0    Versioon: 0x00000000:00000002\nKasutaja: 0   Grupp: 0   Suurus: 4096\nFile ACL: 0    Directory ACL: 0\nLingid: 3   Plokkide arv: 8\nFragment:  Aadress: 0    Number: 0    Suurus: 0\n ctime: 0x5d43cb51:16b61bcc -- Reede, 2. aug 2019 16:34:09\n atime: 0x5d43c247:b704301c -- Reede, 2. aug 2019 15:55:35\n mtime: 0x5d43cb51:16b61bcc -- Reede, 2. aug 2019 16:34:09\ncrtime: 0x5d43b5c6:00000000 -- Reede, 2. aug 2019 15:02:14\nLisa inode'i v\u00e4ljade suurus: 28\nBLOCKID:\n(0):579\nKOKKU: 1<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nNagu n\u00e4ha, sisaldab vajalik kataloog plokki number 579. Sealt leiame s\u00f5lme numbri kausta home ja nii edasi, kuni kataloogis serp n\u00e4eme soovi kohast faili s\u00f5lme numbrit. Kui keegi soovib kontrollida, kas number on \u00f5ige ja seal on vajalik info, pole see keeruline. Teeme j\u00e4rgmist:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\">root@ubuntu:\/# dd if=\/dev\/sdb1 of=\/home\/serp\/dd_image bs=4096 count=1 skip=579\n1+0 records in\n1+0 records out\n4096 bytes (4,1 kB) copied, 0,000184088 s, 22,3 MB\/s\nroot@ubuntu:\/# hexdump -c \/home\/serp\/dd_image<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nV\u00e4ljundist saab lugeda kataloogis olevaid failide nimesid.<\/p>\n<p>N\u00fc\u00fcd olen j\u00f5udnud p\u00f5hik\u00fcsimuse juurde: \u201emiks v\u00f5ib tekkida kirjutusviga\u201c?<\/p>\n<p>Loomulikult juhtub see siis, kui failis\u00fcsteemis ei ole enam vabu blokke. Mida saaks selle olukorra jaoks teha? Lisaks ilmselgele \u201ekustutada midagi mittevajalikku\u201c, tuleks meeles pidada, et failis\u00fcsteemides ext2, 3 ja 4 on olemas selline asi nagu \u201eReserved block count\u201c. Kui vaadata eeltoodud loetelus, siis on meil neid blokke \u201e13094\u201c. Need blokid on kirjutamiseks saadaval ainult kasutajale root. Kuid kui on vaja kiiresti olukord lahendada, saab ajutiselt teha need k\u00f5igile k\u00e4ttesaadavaks, mille tulemusena tekib veidi vaba ruumi:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\">root@ubuntu:\/mnt# tune2fs -m 0 \/dev\/sdb1\ntune2fs 1.42.9 (4-Feb-2014)\nSeadme reserveeritud plokkide protsent 0% (0 plokki)<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nSee t\u00e4hendab, et vaikimisi pole teil kirjutamiseks kuni 5% kettaruumi, ning arvestades t\u00e4nap\u00e4evaste k\u00f5vakettasuurusi, v\u00f5ib see olla sadu gigabaite.<\/p>\n<p>Mis veel v\u00f5ib juhtuda? V\u00f5ib juhtuda ka olukord, kus vabu blokke on, aga inode\u2019id on otsas. See juhtub tavaliselt siis, kui teie failis\u00fcsteemis on palju faile, mille suurus on v\u00e4iksem kui failis\u00fcsteemi bloki suurus. Arvestades, et iga faili v\u00f5i kausta jaoks kulub 1 inode ning meil on neid (antud failis\u00fcsteemi jaoks) kokku 65536 \u2014 olukord on rohkem kui reaalne. Seda on selgelt n\u00e4ha k\u00e4skluse df v\u00e4ljundist:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\">serp@ubuntu:~$ df -hi\nFilesystem     Inodes IUsed IFree IUse% Mounted on\nudev             493K   480  492K    1% \/dev\ntmpfs            493K   425  493K    1% \/run\n\/dev\/xvda1       512K  240K  273K   47% \/\nnone             493K     2  493K    1% \/sys\/fs\/cgroup\nnone             493K     2  493K    1% \/run\/lock\nnone             493K     1  493K    1% \/run\/shm\nnone             493K     2  493K    1% \/run\/user\n\/dev\/xvdc1       320K  4,1K  316K    2% \/var\n\/dev\/xvdb1        64K   195   64K    1% \/home\n\/dev\/xvdh1       4,0M  3,1M  940K   78% \/var\/www\nserp@ubuntu:~$ df -h\nFilesystem      Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on\nudev            2,0G  4,0K  2,0G   1% \/dev\ntmpfs           395M  620K  394M   1% \/run\n\/dev\/xvda1      7,8G  2,9G  4,6G  39% \/\nnone            4,0K     0  4,0K   0% \/sys\/fs\/cgroup\nnone            5,0M     0  5,0M   0% \/run\/lock\nnone            2,0G     0  2,0G   0% \/run\/shm\nnone            100M     0  100M   0% \/run\/user\n\/dev\/xvdc1      4,8G  2,6G  2,0G  57% \/var\n\/dev\/xvdb1      990M  4,0M  919M   1% \/home\n\/dev\/xvdh1       63G   35G   25G  59% \/var\/www<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nNagu h\u00e4sti n\u00e4htav \/var\/www jagamisel, vaba failis\u00fcsteemi blokeeringute arv ja vabad noodid erinevad oluliselt.<\/p>\n<p>Kuna inode'ide arv on l\u00f5ppenud, ei saa ma soovitada n\u00f5usid, kuna neid pole (kui ma eksin, andke teada). Seega sellistele jaotistele, kus tekivad v\u00e4ikesed failid, tuleks \u00f5igesti valida failis\u00fcsteem. N\u00e4iteks btrfs-is ei saa inode'id otsa saada, kuna neid luuakse d\u00fcnaamiliselt vajadusel.<br \/>\n<br \/>Allikas: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/462849\/\">habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u041f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438, \u0441 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u044c\u044e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0435\u0437\u0434\u0430 \u0432 \u0426\u0420\u0421 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0435\u0441\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0441\u044c \u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0445, \u0432 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u043c \u041f\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430 \u0438 \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u044b \u043d\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c DevOps. \u041e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043b \u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0432\u043e \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0445 (\u0432\u043e \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0445 \u0445\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0445, \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440 \u0432 \u044f\u043d\u0434\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0435) \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0434\u0432\u0430 \u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430: \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0435 inode; \u043f\u043e \u043a\u0430\u043a\u0438\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043c \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0443 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0434\u0438\u0441\u043a (\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440: \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0430 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":27717,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[688],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-36984","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-administrirovanie"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 4.9.10 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u041f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438, \u0441 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u044c\u044e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0435\u0437\u0434\u0430 \u0432 \u0426\u0420\u0421 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0435\u0441\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0441\u044c \u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0445, \u0432 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u043c \u041f\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430 \u0438 \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u044b \u043d\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c DevOps. \u041e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043b \u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0432\u043e \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0445 (\u0432\u043e \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0445 \u0445\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0445, \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440 \u0432 \u044f\u043d\u0434\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0435) \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0434\u0432\u0430 \u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430: \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0435 inode; 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