{"id":38376,"date":"2019-10-31T22:23:21","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:23:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/web-3-0-vtoroj-podhod-k-snaryadu\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T22:23:21","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:23:21","slug":"web-3-0-vtoroj-podhod-k-snaryadu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/et\/blog\/news\/web-3-0-vtoroj-podhod-k-snaryadu","title":{"rendered":"WEB 3.0 \u2014 teine l\u00e4henemine olukorrale","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

\"WEB
\n
\nEsitek ajalugu.<\/p>\n

Web 1.0 on v\u00f5rk sisu jaoks, mida jagavad oma saidil selle omanikud. Staatilised html-lehed, info lugemiseks k\u00e4ttesaadav, peamine r\u00f5\u00f5m on h\u00fcperlingid, mis viivad sellele ja teistele lehtedele. T\u00fc\u00fcpiline veebisaidi formaat on teabebaas. Aeg offline-sisu internetti viimiseks: raamatute digiteerimine, piltide skaneerimine (digikaamerad olid veel haruldased).<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n

Web 2.0 on sotsiaalne v\u00f5rk, mis \u00fchendab inimesi. Kasutajad, kes on s\u00fcvenenud internetti, loovad sisu otse veebilehtedel. Interaktiivsed d\u00fcnaamilised saidid, sisu m\u00e4rgistus, veebis\u00fcndikatsioon, mash-up tehnoloogia, AJAX, veebiteenused. Teabebaasid asendavad sotsiaalv\u00f5rgustikud, blogihostingud, wiki. Aeg online-sisu genereerimiseks.<\/p>\n

On selge, et termin \"web 1.0\" tekkis alles p\u00e4rast \"web 2.0\" ilmumist, et t\u00e4histada varasemat internethi. Ja praktiliselt kohe hakati r\u00e4\u00e4kima tulevase versiooni 3.0 kohta. Paari erinevat visiooni selle tuleviku kohta oli, ja need olid loomulikult seotud web 2.0 puuduste ja piirangute \u00fcletamisega.<\/p>\n

\u0420\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f Netscape.com \u0414\u0436\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043e\u043d\u0430 \u041a\u0430\u043b\u0430\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0432\u043e\u043b\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u043e \u043d\u0438\u0437\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430, \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f\u043c\u0438, \u0438 \u043e\u043d \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0438\u043b, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0435 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0437\u0430 \u201c\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u043b\u044e\u0434\u044c\u043c\u0438\u201d, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u043d\u0443\u0442 \u201c\u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0432\u044b\u0441\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0442» (\u0412\u0435\u0431 3.0, \u00ab\u043e\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0435\u00bb \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435, 2007). \u041c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u044c \u0432\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0435 \u0441\u0435\u0431\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0443\u043c\u043d\u0430\u044f, \u043d\u043e \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0438 \u0433\u0434\u0435 \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0443\u0442 \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0442\u044c, \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0430\u0445, \u043e\u043d \u043d\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u044f\u0441\u043d\u0438\u043b. \u041d\u0443 \u043d\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0424\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0431\u0443\u043a\u0435 \u0436\u0435. <\/p>\n

Termin \"web 2.0\" autor Tim O'Reilly oletab \u00f5igustatult, et teabe edastamiseks internetis ei ole vajalik nii ebausaldusv\u00e4\u00e4rne vahendaja nagu inimene. Andmeid saavad internetti edastada ka tehnilised seadmed. Ja samad tehnilised seadmed saavad andmeid otse veebihoiust lugeda. P\u00f5him\u00f5tteliselt pakkus Tim O'Reilly seostada web 3.0 juba tuttava terminiga \"asjade internet\".<\/p>\n

\u00dcks WWW asutajatest Tim Berners-Lee n\u00e4gi tulevases interneti versioonis t\u00e4itmist oma kauaoodatud (1998) unelmast semantilise veebiga. Ja tema t\u00f5lgendus m\u00f5istest v\u00f5itis \u2014 enamik inimesi, kes on seni \u00f6elnud \"web 3.0\", m\u00f5tles tegelikult just semantilisele veebile, s.t. v\u00f5rgule, kus veebilehtede sisu oleks arvutile m\u00f5istetav ja masinloetav. Umbes 2010-2012. aastal r\u00e4\u00e4giti palju ontoloogia loomise vajadusest, semantilised projektid s\u00fcndisid hulgakesi, kuid l\u00f5pptulemus on k\u00f5igile teada \u2014 me kasutame endiselt interneti versiooni 2.0. T\u00e4ielikult on ellu j\u00e4\u00e4nud ainult Schema.org semantiline m\u00e4rgistus ja teadmiste graafikud internetigigantide Google, Microsoft, Facebook, LinkedIn.<\/p>\n

Semantilise veebivaliku varjamiseks aitasid uued v\u00f5imsad digitaalsed uuendused. Ajakirjanduse ja tavainimeste huvi keerles suuri andmeid, asjade internetti, s\u00fcva\u00f5ppimist, droone, lisarealityd ning muidugi ka plokiahelat. Kui esimesed tehnoloogiad on suuresti offline-tehnoloogiad, siis plokiahel on oma olemuselt v\u00f5rguprojekti. 2017-2018. aastal oma k\u00f5rgeimas populaarsuses pidas see isegi silmas uut internetti (seda m\u00f5tet on korduvalt v\u00e4ljendanud \u00fcks Ethereumi asutajatest Joseph Lubin).<\/p>\n

Kuid aeg on l\u00e4inud ning s\u00f5na \"plokiahel\" on hakanud seostuma enam mitte tulevikku suunatud arendusega, vaid pigem p\u00f5hjendamatute lootustega. Loomulikult kerkis \u00fcles br\u00e4ndimise idee: mis oleks, kui me ei r\u00e4\u00e4giks plokiahelast kui iseseisvast projektist, vaid lisaksime selle tehnoloogiate kogumisse, mis kehastavad k\u00f5ike uut ja helget. Sellele \u201cuuele\u201d anti kohe nimi (kuigi mitte uus) \"web 3.0\". Ja et seda mitteuuendust kuidagi \u00f5igustada, pidime tehnoloogiate kogumisse \"helle\" lisama ka semantilise v\u00f5rgu. <\/p>\n

Nii et, praegu pole trendis mitte plokiahel, vaid detsentraliseeritud interneti web 3.0 infrastruktuur, mis koosneb mitmest p\u00f5hitehnoloogiast: plokiahelast, masin\u00f5ppest, semantilisest veebist ja asjade internetist. Paljude viimase aasta jooksul ilmunud tekstide seas, mis k\u00e4sitlevad web 3.0 uue taass\u00fcnni teemat, on v\u00f5imalik igast komponendist p\u00f5hjalikult teada saada, ent h\u00e4da on selles, et ei ole vastust loomulikele k\u00fcsimustele: kuidas need tehnoloogiad \u00fchenduvad \u00fchtseks, miks vajavad tehisn\u00e4rviv\u00f5rgud asjade internetti ja semantiline veeb plokiahelat? Enamik meeskondi j\u00e4tkab lihtsalt plokiahela arendamist (ilmselt lootuses luua kr\u00fcptovaluuta, mis suudab bitcoini \u00fcle l\u00fc\u00fca, v\u00f5i lihtsalt investeeringute tagasiteenimise nimel), kuid uue sildi all 'web 3.0'. Siiski, v\u00e4hemalt on midagi tuleviku kohta, mitte ainult \u00f5igustamatud lootused.<\/p>\n

Aga k\u00f5ik pole nii hull. N\u00fc\u00fcd \u00fcritan ma l\u00fchidalt vastata eeltoodud k\u00fcsimustele.<\/p>\n

Miks vajab semantiline veeb plokiahelat? Siin tuleb r\u00e4\u00e4kida mitte plokiahelast kui sellisest (kr\u00fcptoga seotud plokkide ahelast), vaid tehnoloogiast, mis tagab kasutajate tuvastamise, konsensusliku valideerimise ja sisu kaitse kr\u00fcptograafiliste meetodite abil peer-to-peer v\u00f5rgus. Nii et semantiline graaf sellise v\u00f5rguna saab usaldusv\u00e4\u00e4rse detsentraliseeritud salvestamise kr\u00fcptograafilise kasutaja ja salvestuse identifitseerimisega. See pole semantiline lehe m\u00e4rgistamine tasuta hostingus.<\/p>\n

Miks vajab \u00fctluse plokiahel semantikat? Ontoloogia tegeleb sisu jagamisega ainevaldkondade ja tasemete vahel. See t\u00e4hendab, et peer-to-peer v\u00f5rgule rakendatud semantiline veeb \u2014 lihtsamalt \u00f6eldes andmete korraldamine \u00fchtsesse semantilisse graafi \u2014 tagab v\u00f5rgu loomuliku klastrimise, see t\u00e4hendab selle horisontaalse skaleerimise. Graafi tasemeline korraldus v\u00f5imaldab paralleelset t\u00f6\u00f6tlemist semantiliselt s\u00f5ltumatute andmete puhul. See on juba andmearhitektuur, mitte lihtsalt k\u00f5ike segamatult plokkidesse jaotamine ning k\u00f5ikidesse s\u00f5lmedesse salvestamine.<\/p>\n

Miks on asjade Internetil semantika ja plokiahel vajalikud? Plokiahel on vajalik kui usaldusv\u00e4\u00e4rne andmesalvestus koos sisseehitatud identifitseerimiss\u00fcsteemiga osalistele (sealhulgas IoT-anduritele) kr\u00fcptograafiliste v\u00f5tmete abil. Semantika, teiselt poolt, v\u00f5imaldab andmete voogude jagamist teemaklastrite kaupa, mis t\u00e4hendab s\u00f5lmede koormuse v\u00e4hendamist, aga samas aitab ka muuta IoT-seadmest saadetud andmed t\u00e4hendusrikkaks, seega s\u00f5ltumatuks rakendustest. Dokumentatsiooni API-de kohta ei pea enam k\u00fcsima.<\/p>\n

N\u00fc\u00fcd on oluline v\u00e4lja selgitada, milline on vastastikune kasu masin\u00f5ppe ja semantilise v\u00f5rgu ristumisest? Siin on k\u00f5ik \u00e4\u00e4rmiselt lihtne. Kus, kui mitte semantilises graafikus, on v\u00f5imalik leida selline tohutu hulk valideeritud, struktureeritud ja t\u00e4hendusrikkalt m\u00e4\u00e4ratletud andmeid \u00fches formaadis, mis on nii vajalik n\u00e4rviv\u00f5rkude treenimiseks? Teiselt poolt, kes suudab paremini anal\u00fc\u00fcsida graafi, et tuvastada kasulikke v\u00f5i kahjulikke anomaaliaid, n\u00e4iteks uute m\u00f5istete, s\u00fcnon\u00fc\u00fcmide v\u00f5i r\u00e4mpsposti tuvastamiseks, kui mitte n\u00e4rviv\u00f5rk? <\/p>\n

Ja just sellist web 3.0 me vajame. Jason Calacanis \u00fctleb: ma ju \u00fctlesin, et see saab olema t\u00f6\u00f6riist kvaliteetse sisu loomiseks andekate inimeste poolt. Tim Berners-Lee on rahul: semantika juhib. Ja Tim O'Reilly peab samuti \u00f5igeks: web 3.0 \u2014 see on \"interneti ja f\u00fc\u00fcsilise maailma koostoime\" k\u00fcsimus, piiride h\u00e4gustamine online ja offline vahel, mil me unustame s\u00f5nad \"login v\u00f5rku\".<\/p>\n

Minu eelnevad l\u00e4henemised teemale<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Firefox Preview mobiilibrauseris lisatakse laienduste tugi<\/a><\/noindex> (2012)<\/li>\n
  2. Interneti evolutsioon. Interneti tulevik. Web 3.0<\/a><\/noindex> (video, 2013)<\/li>\n
  3. WEB 3.0. Saidikesksusest kasutajakesksuseni, anarhiast pluralismi<\/a><\/noindex> (2015)<\/li>\n
  4. WEB 3.0 v\u00f5i elu ilma saitideta<\/a><\/noindex> (2019)<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    Allikas: habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    \u0421\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438. 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