{"id":42216,"date":"2019-03-18T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2019-03-17T21:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/blog_prohoster\/kontseptsii-programmirovaniya-v-scratch"},"modified":"2020-02-18T13:45:03","modified_gmt":"2020-02-18T10:45:03","slug":"kontseptsii-programmirovaniya-v-scratch","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/et\/blog\/news\/kontseptsii-programmirovaniya-v-scratch","title":{"rendered":"Scratchi programmeerimise kontseptsioonid","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

\"Scratchi<\/p>\n

Paljudele on tuttav Scratch \u2013 laste programmeerimiskeskkond, kus \u00f5pe p\u00f5hineb peamiselt loominguliste projektide loomisel \u201elihtsast keeruliseks\u201c. Sellegipoolest on \u201eklassikaline l\u00e4henemine\u201c programmeerimise \u00f5ppimisele (muutujad \u2192 harud \u2192 ts\u00fcklid \u2192 funktsioonid \u2192 struktuurid \u2192 objektid \u2192 \u2026) Scratchis keeruline.<\/p>\n

Siiski ei t\u00e4henda hariduskontseptsioonide (nimetame neid kontseptsioonideks) j\u00e4rjekorra muutmine, millele t\u00e4helepanu p\u00f6\u00f6rata, struktureeritud, objekt- ja s\u00fcndmusorienteeritud programmeerimises, nende varjamine erksate sprittide ja interaktiivse animatsiooni taha, et neid ei tasuks r\u00f5hutada. Eriti kui eesm\u00e4rk on pigem programmeerimise \u00f5petamine kui loominguliste v\u00f5imete arendamine. <\/a><\/noindex>Seda ideed olen p\u00fc\u00fcdnud peegeldada oma kursusel<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n

Esimene asi, millega algaja skratcher kokku puutub, on spritid. Kuigi Scratchis ei ole otseselt objektorienteeritud programmeerimist, v\u00f5ib spritte pidada objektideks. Sel etapil n\u00e4eb \u00f5pilane, et programmis v\u00f5ib olla palju objekte, mille k\u00e4itumist reguleerivad neile v\u00e4lised skriptid. Spritid saavad k\u00e4ske v\u00f5i edastavad n\u00f5udmisel teavet oma oleku kohta, mis t\u00e4hendab, et programmeerimine seisneb objekte juhtimises.<\/p>\n

Teine asi, millega Scratchis noor programmeerija silmitsi seisab, on mitme l\u00f5ime kontseptsioon. Igal spritil v\u00f5ivad olla mitmed skriptid, mis t\u00f6\u00f6tavad samal ajal. Samuti v\u00f5ivad mitmed spritid samaaegselt \u00fcksteisega oma programme t\u00e4iendada. Samas on j\u00e4rjestikuse t\u00e4itmise korraldamine keerulisem.<\/p>\n

\"Scratchi<\/p>\n

\"Scratchi<\/p>\n

Juba esimeses tunnis ei saa me v\u00e4ltida tutvumist ts\u00fcklitega. Muud moodi ei saa kass liiga kaugele joosta. Sel etapil j\u00e4\u00e4b tutvumine intuitiivseks ja pinnapealseks. Piirame selle ts\u00fcklitega \u201ekorda alati\u201c ja \u201ekorda ... korda\u201d, mis on arusaadavamad. Tingimust sisaldavat ts\u00fcklit \u00f5pitakse tunnis, mis on spetsiaalselt p\u00fchendatud ts\u00fcklitele. See tund eeldab loogiliste v\u00e4ljendite ja muutujate tundmist.<\/p>\n

Kuna Scratch on s\u00fcndmusorienteeritud keskkond, on tingimuslause bloki \u00f5ppimine mugavam enne muutujate \u00f5petamist. Tingimuseks v\u00f5ivad olla erinevad s\u00fcndmused.<\/p>\n

\"Scratchi<\/p>\n

Minu arvates on selline j\u00e4rjestus parem, kuna iga tunni jooksul tutvustame me minimaalset arusaamade kogumit. Ja need ei ole abstraktsed, vaid n\u00e4eme nende praktilist kasu kohe.<\/p>\n

Kui aga alustada muutuja \u00f5ppimisest, siis on nende eesm\u00e4rki ja kasu keeruline demonstreerida, kuna enne ei ole tutvustatud tingimuslauset, andmete sisestamist ja juhuslike numbrite genereerimist. <\/p>\n

Scratchis, v\u00e4lja arvatud nimekirjad, seisab programmeerija silmitsi kolme andmet\u00fc\u00fcbiga: numbrid, stringid ja boolean-t\u00fc\u00fcp. Samas on t\u00fc\u00fcp seotud v\u00e4\u00e4rtusega, mitte muutuja. Stringide muutmine numbriteks ja vastupidi ei ole vajalik. Stringid ei ole jutum\u00e4rkidesse pandud.<\/p>\n

Plokk, mis tagastab loogilise v\u00e4\u00e4rtuse ja millel on sellele iseloomulik nurgeline kuju, saab asetada \u00fcmmargustesse v\u00e4ljadele. Vastupidi ei kehti: seal, kus eeldatakse loogilist v\u00e4ljendust, ei saa asetada tavalist muutujat.<\/p>\n

\"Scratchi<\/p>\n

Scratch on loodud nii, et t\u00e4itmise ajal ei tekiks kriitilisi vigu. T\u00f5en\u00e4oliselt seet\u00f5ttu, kui p\u00fc\u00fcda kasutada stringi arvutuste tegemiseks, asendatakse see nulliga (vt esimest ekraanipilti).<\/p>\n

Programmeeringu keeltes laienevad v\u00f5imalused raamatukogude kaudu. Scratchis t\u00f6\u00f6tades v\u00f5ib \u00f5pilane lisada t\u00e4iendusi, mis toovad keskkonda uusi k\u00e4ske.<\/p>\n

\"Scratchi<\/p>\n

Scratchis on funktsioonid rakendatud jaotises 'Teised plokid', kus \u00fchelt poolt loote oma ploki, mida saab lisada teistesse skriptidesse. Teiselt poolt peate koguma selle ploki funktsionaalsuse, see t\u00e4hendab mida see teeb.<\/p>\n

\"Scratchi<\/p>\n

Scratch-funktsioonist v\u00e4\u00e4rtuste tagastamist ei ole.<\/p>\n

Seega m\u00f5jutab programmikontseptsioonide \u00f5ppimine s\u00fcndmustele orienteeritud keskkonnas. Sisuliselt \u00f5pime esmalt keerulisemaid ja abstraktsemaid m\u00f5isteid ja alles s\u00fcvenedes protsessi, liigume struktuurse programmeerimise elementide juurde. Kas see on pluss v\u00f5i miinus esmakordseks tutvustamiseks \u2013 see on vaieldav.<\/p>\n

Allikas: habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u041c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0438\u043c \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043c Scratch \u2013 \u0434\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u043e\u0431\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u044b\u0447\u043d\u043e \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043a \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u043f\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043f\u0443 \u00ab\u043e\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443\u00bb. \u041f\u0440\u0438 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u00ab\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0445\u043e\u0434\u00bb \u043a \u0438\u0437\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f (\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u2192 \u0432\u0435\u0442\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u2192 \u0446\u0438\u043a\u043b\u044b \u2192 \u0444\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u2192 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u2192 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u044b \u2192 \u2026) \u0432 Scratch \u0437\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d. \u041e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438\u0437\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0439 (\u043d\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043c \u0438\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435\u043f\u0446\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438) \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043d\u043e- […]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[702],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-42216","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-news"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\n","aioseo_head_json":{"title":"\ud83e\udd47Programmeerimiskontseptsioonid Scratchis | ProHoster","description":"Paljudele on Scratch tuttav \u2013 laste 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