{"id":52137,"date":"2019-11-01T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T21:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/blog_prohoster\/nb-iot-kak-on-rabotaet-chast-2"},"modified":"2020-02-18T13:59:48","modified_gmt":"2020-02-18T10:59:48","slug":"nb-iot-kak-on-rabotaet-chast-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/et\/blog\/administrirovanie\/nb-iot-kak-on-rabotaet-chast-2","title":{"rendered":"NB-IoT: kuidas see t\u00f6\u00f6tab? Osa 2","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p><b>Eelmisel korral r\u00e4\u00e4kisime uutest NB-IoT standardi omadustest raadioside v\u00f5rgu arhitektuuri vaatenurgast. T\u00e4na arutame, mis on muutunud tuumv\u00f5rgus (Core Network) seoses NB-IoT-ga. Nii et, alustame.<br \/>\n<\/b><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"NB-IoT: kuidas see t\u00f6\u00f6tab? Osa 2\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/ef0e9fab23936e8ba104f65a7440a487.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nTuumv\u00f5rgus on toimunud m\u00e4rkimisv\u00e4\u00e4rsed muudatused. Alustame uue elemendi ilmumisega ja mitmete mehhanismide rakendamisega, mida standard m\u00e4\u00e4ratleb kui \"CIoT EPS optimization\" ehk tugiv\u00f5rgu optimeerimine mobiilsete asjade interneti jaoks. <\/p>\n<p>Nagu teada, on mobiilsetes v\u00f5rkudes kaks peamist kommunikatsioonikanalit, mida nimetatakse Control Plane (CP) ja User Plane (UP). Control Plane on m\u00f5eldud teenuseteabe vahetamiseks erinevate v\u00f5rguelementide vahel ja see tagab seadmete (UE) mobiilsuse (Mobility management) ning andmeedastus sessioonide loomise\/hoidmise (Session Management). User Plane on tegelikult kasutajatrahvi edastamise kanal. Klassikalises LTE-s jagunemine CP ja UP liideste vahel on j\u00e4rgmine:<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"habracut\"><\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"NB-IoT: kuidas see t\u00f6\u00f6tab? Osa 2\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/b252f5ac8a9b744f82d3f81cd659de8f.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nCP ja UP optimeerimise mehhanismid NB-IoT jaoks rakendatakse MME, SGW ja PGW s\u00f5lmedes, mida tinglikult \u00fchendatakse \u00fche elemendina nimega C-SGN (Cellular IoT Serving Gateway Node). Samuti eeldab standard uue v\u00f5rgu elemendi ilmumist \u2014 SCEF (Service Capability Exposure Function). Liides MME ja SCEF vahel on T6a ja see on rakendatud DIAMETER protokolli alusel. Kuigi DIAMETER on signaalimisprotokoll, on see NB-IoT-s kohandatud v\u00e4ikeste non-IP andmete edastamiseks.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"NB-IoT: kuidas see t\u00f6\u00f6tab? Osa 2\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/5f2b191d925485b5c841018bda52d9b5.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nNime j\u00e4rgi on SCEF teenusev\u00f5imaluste eksponeerimise s\u00f5lm. Teisis\u00f5nu, SCEF peidab operaatori v\u00f5rgu keerukuse ning vabastab rakenduste arendajad mobiilseadmete (UE) identifitseerimise ja autentimise vajadusest, pakkudes rakenduste serveritele (Application Server, edaspidi AS) v\u00f5imalust saada andmeid ja hallata seadmeid \u00fche API liidese kaudu. <\/p>\n<p>UE identifitseerimiseks ei kasutata enam telefoninumbrit (MSISDN) ega IP-aadressi, nagu see oli klassikalises 2G\/3G\/LTE-v\u00f5rgus, vaid nii-\u00f6elda \u00abexternal ID\u00bb, mis on standardis m\u00e4\u00e4ratletud arendajatele tuttavas formaadis \u00ab@\u00bb. See on eraldi suur teema, mis v\u00e4\u00e4rib omaette arutelu, seega ei r\u00e4\u00e4gi me sellest n\u00fc\u00fcd \u00fcksikasjalikult. <\/p>\n<p>N\u00fc\u00fcd vaatame l\u00e4hemalt k\u00f5ige olulisemaid uuendusi. \u00abCIoT EPS Optimization\u00bb on mehhanismide optimeerimine andmeside edastamiseks ja abonentide sessioonide haldamiseks. Siin on nende peamised aspektid:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>DoNAS <\/li>\n<li>NIDD <\/li>\n<li>Energiat\u00f5hususe mehhanismid PSM ja eDRX<\/li>\n<li>HLCOM<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n<b>DoNAS (Data over NAS):<\/b><\/p>\n<p>See on mehhanism, mis on v\u00e4lja t\u00f6\u00f6tatud v\u00e4ikeste andmehulkade edastamise optimeerimiseks. <\/p>\n<p>Klassikalises LTE registreerib abonentseade v\u00f5rku \u00fchenduse PDN (edasi PDN) kaudu eNodeB MME-SGW-PGW. UE-eNodeB-MME \u00fchendus on nii nimetatud 'Signaling Radio Bearer' (SRB). Kui on vaja edastada \/ saada andmeid, loob UE veel \u00fche \u00fchenduse eNodeB-ga \u2014 'Data Radio Bearer' (DRB), et edastada kasutajat rafik SGW-le ja sealt edasi PGW-le (liidesed S1-U ja S5 vastavalt). P\u00e4rast vahetuse l\u00f5petamist ja kui liiklust ei ole teatud aja jooksul (tavaliselt 5-20 sekundit) \u00fchendused katkestatakse ja seade l\u00e4heb ootere\u017eiimi v\u00f5i 'Idle Mode'. Uue andmepaki vahetuse korral SRB ja DRB taastatakse.<\/p>\n<p>NB-IoT-s saab kasutajat rafikat edastada signalisatsiooni kanali (SRB) kaudu, NAS protokolli s\u00f5numites (<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.3gpp.org\/more\/96-nas\">http:\/\/www.3gpp.org\/more\/96-nas<\/a><\/noindex>). DRB loomine ei ole enam vajalik. See v\u00e4hendab oluliselt signalisatsiooni koormust, s\u00e4\u00e4stab v\u00f5rgu raadioressursse ja, mis k\u00f5ige t\u00e4htsam \u2014 pikendab seadme aku eluiga. <\/p>\n<p>eNodeB-l\u00f5igus \u2014 MME kasutajaandmed hakkavad edastama S1-MME liidese kaudu, mida klassikalises LTE-tehnoloogias ei olnud, ja selleks kasutatakse NAS-protokolli, kus ilmub \"User data container\".<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"NB-IoT: kuidas see t\u00f6\u00f6tab? Osa 2\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/aa2ea680deac42cca298036d7e1fbb30.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nKasutaja andmete edastamiseks MME-lt SGW-le luuakse uus liides S11-U, mis on m\u00f5eldud v\u00e4ikeste andmemahtude edastamiseks. S11-U protokoll p\u00f5hineb GTP-U v1-l, mida kasutatakse ka 3GPP-arkhitktuuri muudel liidestel User Plane edastamiseks.<br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"NB-IoT: kuidas see t\u00f6\u00f6tab? Osa 2\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/0a295d230c8f0c1858c7eaf278ea472a.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<b>NIDD (non-IP andmeedastus):<\/b><\/p>\n<p>Edasiarendamisel v\u00e4ikeste andmemahutite edastamise mehhanismide optimeerimiseks, lisaks juba olemasolevatele PDN-t\u00fc\u00fcpidele nagu IPv4, IPv6 ja IPv4v6, on lisatud veel \u00fcks t\u00fc\u00fcp \u2014 non-IP. Sel juhul ei omistata UE-le IP-aadressi ning andmed edastatakse ilma IP-protokolli kasutamiseta. Selleks on mitmeid p\u00f5hjuseid:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>IoT seadmed, nagu andurid, v\u00f5ivad edastada v\u00e4ga v\u00e4ikseid andmemahte, 20 baidi ja isegi v\u00e4hem. Arvestades, et IP-paketi minimaalne suurus on 20 baidi, v\u00f5ib IP-inkapsulatsioon m\u00f5nikord olla piisavalt kallis.<\/li>\n<li>IP-steki rakendamine kiibid ei ole vajalik, mis v\u00e4hendab nende maksumust (arutelu k\u00fcsimus kommentaarides).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\nP\u00f5him\u00f5tteliselt on IP-aadress vajalik IoT-seadmete andmete edastamiseks internetis. NB-IoT kontseptsioonis toimib SCEF \u00fche \u00fchenduspunktina AS-ile, ning seadmete ja rakendusserverite vahel toimub andmevahetus API kaudu. Ilma SCEF-ta v\u00f5ib mitte-IP andmeid AS-ile edastada punkt-punkt (PtP) tunnel kaudu PGW-st ja IP kapseldamine toimub juba seal.<\/p>\n<p>See k\u00f5ik sobib kokku NB-IoT paradigma, mille eesm\u00e4rk on seadmete maksimumi lihtsustamine ja odavdamine.<\/p>\n<p><b>Energiat\u00f5hususe mehhanismid PSM ja eDRX:<\/b><\/p>\n<p>\u00dcks LPWAN-v\u00f5rkude peamistest eelistest on energiat\u00f5husus. V\u00e4idetavalt on seadme autonoomne t\u00f6\u00f6aeg \u00fchel patareil kuni 10 aastat. Uurime, kuidas sellised v\u00e4\u00e4rtused saavutatakse. <\/p>\n<p>Millal seade tarbib k\u00f5ige v\u00e4hem energiat? \u00d5ige, kui see on v\u00e4lja l\u00fclitatud. Ja kui seadet t\u00e4ielikult v\u00e4lja l\u00fclitada ei saa, siis l\u00fclitame raadiomoodi v\u00e4lja ajaks, mil seda ei vajata. Kuid eelnevalt tuleb see v\u00f5rgu n\u00f5usolekuga kokku leppida.<\/p>\n<p> <b>PSM (energias\u00e4\u00e4stu re\u017eiim):<\/b><\/p>\n<p>PSM energiatalituse re\u017eiim v\u00f5imaldab seadmel raadiomooduli pikka aega v\u00e4lja l\u00fclitada, j\u00e4\u00e4des samas v\u00f5rku registreerituks ja v\u00e4ltides PDN-i iga kord uuesti seadistamist, kui on vaja andmeid edastada. <\/p>\n<p>Kuna v\u00f5rk peab teadma, et seade on endiselt k\u00e4tte saadav, algatab see perioodiliselt uuendamise protseduuri \u2014 Tracking Area Update (TAU). Selle protseduuri sagedus m\u00e4\u00e4ratakse v\u00f5rgu poolt T3412 ajastiga, mille v\u00e4\u00e4rtus edastatakse seadmele Attach'i v\u00f5i j\u00e4rgnevate TAU protseduuride k\u00e4igus. Klassikalises LTE-s on selle ajasti vaikimisi v\u00e4\u00e4rtus 54 minutit ja maksimaalne \u2014 186 minutit. Siiski on raadioeetrisse v\u00e4ljumise vajadus iga 186 minuti tagant energiat\u00f5hususe seisukohalt liiga kulukas. Selle probleemi lahendamiseks loodi PSM mehhanism.<\/p>\n<p>Seade aktiveerib PSM-re\u017eiimi, edastades s\u00f5numites \u201eAttach Request\u201d v\u00f5i \u201eTracking Area Request\u201d kahe taimeri T3324 ja T3412-Extended v\u00e4\u00e4rtused. Esimene m\u00e4\u00e4rab aega, mille jooksul seade on p\u00e4rast \u201eIdle Mode\u201d re\u017eiimi \u00fcleminekut saadaval. Teine on aeg, mille jooksul peab toimuma TAU, kuid n\u00fc\u00fcd v\u00f5ib selle v\u00e4\u00e4rtus ulatuda 35 712 000 sekundini ehk 413 p\u00e4evani. Vastavalt seadistustele v\u00f5ib MME aktsepteerida seadme poolt saadud taimeri v\u00e4\u00e4rtusi v\u00f5i neid muuta, edastades uusi v\u00e4\u00e4rtusi s\u00f5numites \u201eAttach Accept\u201d v\u00f5i \u201eTracking Area Update Accept\u201d. N\u00fc\u00fcd v\u00f5ib seade olla radio mooduli sissel\u00fclitamata 413 p\u00e4eva jooksul ja samal ajal j\u00e4\u00e4da v\u00f5rku registreerituks. Sellega saavutame tohutu v\u00f5rguressursside kokkuhoiu ja seadmete energiat\u00f5hususe!<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"NB-IoT: kuidas see t\u00f6\u00f6tab? Osa 2\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/2ac7fdc892c8b569b5b19a33472c6045.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nKuid sellel re\u017eiimil ei ole seade saadaval ainult sissetulevate kommunikatsioonide jaoks. Kui on vaja andmeid edastada rakenduste serverisse, v\u00f5ib seade igal ajal PSM-ist v\u00e4lja minna ja andmed saata, j\u00e4\u00e4des p\u00e4rast seda aktiivseks taimeri T3324 ajal, et vastu v\u00f5tta teateid AS-ilt (kui neid peaks olema).<\/p>\n<p><b>eDRX (pikendatud katkestatud vastuv\u00f5tt):<\/b><\/p>\n<p>eDRX, t\u00e4iustatud katkendliku vastuv\u00f5tu re\u017eiim. Andmete edastamiseks seadmele, mis on \"Idle mode\"-is, t\u00e4idab v\u00f5rk teavitamisprotseduuri \u2014 \"Paging\". Pagingi saamisel algatab seade SRB loomise edasiseks suhtlemiseks v\u00f5rguga. Kuid et mitte j\u00e4\u00e4da ilma adresseeritud Pagingi s\u00f5numist, peab seade pidevalt j\u00e4lgima raadiosidet, mis on samuti energias\u00e4\u00e4stu poolest \u00fcsna kulukas. <\/p>\n<p>eDRX on re\u017eiim, kus seade saab s\u00f5numeid v\u00f5rgult mitte pidevalt, vaid perioodiliselt. Attach- v\u00f5i TAU-protseduuride k\u00e4igus \u00fchitab seade v\u00f5rguga ajavahemikud, mille jooksul see \"kuulab\" raadiosidet. Vastavalt toimub ka Pagingi protseduur nende ajavahemike jooksul. eDRX-re\u017eiimis jaguneb seadme t\u00f6\u00f6 ts\u00fckliteks (eDRX cycle). Iga ts\u00fckli alguses on nn \"pagingiaken\" (Paging Time Window, edaspidi PTW) \u2014 see on aeg, mil seade kuulab raadiosidet. PTW l\u00f5ppedes l\u00fclitab seade raadiomoduli v\u00e4lja kuni ts\u00fckli l\u00f5puni.<br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"NB-IoT: kuidas see t\u00f6\u00f6tab? Osa 2\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/924110cbe84765d11efec28238de3dd1.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<b>HLCOM (high latency communication):<\/b><\/p>\n<p>Kui on vajalik andmete edastamine, v\u00f5ib seade igal ajal sellest kahest energias\u00e4\u00e4sture\u017eiimist v\u00e4lja tulla, ootamata PSM v\u00f5i eDRX ts\u00fckli l\u00f5puni. Kuid andmete edastamine seadmesse on v\u00f5imalik ainult siis, kui seade on aktiivne.<\/p>\n<p>HLCOM funktsioon v\u00f5i k\u00f5rged latentsuskommunikatsioonid t\u00e4hendavad Downlink pakettide vahetamist SGW-s ajaks, mil seade on energias\u00e4\u00e4sture\u017eiimis ja ei ole kommunikatsiooniks k\u00e4ttesaadav. Bufferdatud paketid tarnitakse kohe, kui seade v\u00e4ljub PSM-ist, tehes TAU v\u00f5i edastades Uplink liiklust, v\u00f5i kui saabub PTW.<\/p>\n<p>See n\u00f5uab kindlasti IoT-toodete arendajate t\u00e4helepanu, kuna seadmega suhtlemine ei toimu reaalajas ning n\u00f5uab teatud l\u00e4henemisviisi rakenduste \u00e4ri loogika koostamisel.<\/p>\n<p>Kokkuv\u00f5tteks v\u00f5iks \u00f6elda: uue rakendamine on alati p\u00f5nev ja praegu seisame silmitsi standardiga, mida ei ole l\u00f5puni katsetatud isegi maailma suurte tegijate, nagu Vodafone ja Telefonica, seas \u2013 seega on see kahekordselt p\u00f5nev. Meie materjali esitus ei pretendeeri absoluutsele t\u00e4ielikkusele, kuid loodame, et see tagab piisava arusaama tehnoloogiast. Oleme t\u00e4nulikud tagasiside eest.<\/p>\n<p><i>Autor: Konvergeerivate lahenduste ja multimeedia teenuste ekspert Aleksei Lapshin\u2028 <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/users\/aslapsh\/\" class=\"user_link\">aslapsh<\/a><\/noindex><\/i><br \/>\n<br \/>Allikas: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/ru_mts\/blog\/431648\/\">habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0412 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0448\u043b\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0437 \u043c\u044b \u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043e\u0431 \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044f\u0445 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0430 NB-IoT \u0441 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0438 \u0437\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u0441\u0435\u0442\u0438 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