{"id":53183,"date":"2019-11-25T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2019-11-24T21:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/blog_prohoster\/ot-blokchejna-k-dag-izbavlyaemsya-ot-posrednikov"},"modified":"2026-02-15T19:54:48","modified_gmt":"2026-02-15T17:54:48","slug":"ot-blokchejna-k-dag-izbavlyaemsya-ot-posrednikov","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/et\/blog\/administrirovanie\/ot-blokchejna-k-dag-izbavlyaemsya-ot-posrednikov","title":{"rendered":"Bloquehainist DAG-ini: vabaneme vahendajatest","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Selles artiklis r\u00e4\u00e4gin teile DAG (suunatud ak\u00fckliline graaf) ja selle rakendustest jagatud registrites ning v\u00f5rdleme seda plokiahelaga.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Bloquehainist DAG-ini: vabaneme vahendajatest\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/f88b40924dd24bf2756e482e3c4da798.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nDAG ei ole kr\u00fcptovaluutade maailmas midagi uut. V\u00f5ib-olla olete kuulnud sellest kui lahendusest plokiahelate skaleeritavuse probleemidele. Kuid t\u00e4na r\u00e4\u00e4gime mitte skaleeritavusest, vaid sellest, mis eristab kr\u00fcptovaluutasid k\u00f5igest muust: tsentraliseerimatus, vahendajate puudumine ja tsensuuri vastuolu.<br \/>\n<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"habracut\"><\/a><\/noindex><br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Bloquehainist DAG-ini: vabaneme vahendajatest\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/bb4a797e61928c81e9c960f4c8db190d.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nN\u00e4itan teile ka, et DAG on tegelikult tsensuuri suhtes vastupidavam ja selles puuduvad vahendajad registrisse p\u00e4\u00e4semiseks.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Bloquehainist DAG-ini: vabaneme vahendajatest\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/044082b8c18ec8bfc817ee79571e6648.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nTavap\u00e4rastes plokiahelates ei ole kasutajatel otsest juurdep\u00e4\u00e4su registrile. Kui soovite lisada tehingu registrisse, peate \u00abpaluma\u00bb, et plokkide tootja (plokkide tootja, tuntud ka kui \u201ekaevur\u201c) selle teeks. Just kaevurid otsustavad, milline tehing lisatakse j\u00e4rgmisse plokki ja milline mitte. Ainult kaevuritel on eksklusiivne juurdep\u00e4\u00e4s plokkidele ja \u00f5igus otsustada, kelle tehingut aktsepteerida registrisse lisamiseks.<\/p>\n<p>Kaevurid on vahendajad, kes seisavad teie ja jagatud registri vahel.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Bloquehainist DAG-ini: vabaneme vahendajatest\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/f8934341c09237dd28dbd4cef8c162a3.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nPraktikas kontrollib tavaliselt v\u00e4ike arv kaevurite gruppe kollektiivselt \u00fcle poole v\u00f5rgu arvutusv\u00f5imsusest. Bitcoini puhul on see neli gruppi, Ethereum'i puhul - kaks. Nende \u00f5iguskaitse korral v\u00f5ivad nad blokeerida mistahes tehingud, mida nad soovivad.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Bloquehainist DAG-ini: vabaneme vahendajatest\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/8ece2ba07abdb5a6a35e558c8665a8d7.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nViimastel aastatel on v\u00e4lja pakutud palju plokiahela variatsioone, mis erinevad plokkide tootjate valimise p\u00f5him\u00f5tetest. Kuid plokkide tootjad ei kao kuskile, nad seisavad endiselt \u00abtasul\u00bb kohal: iga tehing peab l\u00e4bima plokkide tootja ning kui ta ei aktsepteeri, siis tehingu sisuliselt ei eksisteeri.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Bloquehainist DAG-ini: vabaneme vahendajatest\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/e103226ac134f8bab195d030e6afc418.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nSee on paratamatu probleem plokiahela puhul. Ja kui soovime seda lahendada, peame radikaalselt muutma kujundust ja t\u00e4ielikult loobuma plokkidest ja plokkide tootjatest. Ja selle asemel, et ehitada plokkide ahelat, \u00fchendame tehingud ise, lisades igasse tehingusse mitme eelneva h\u00e4sse. Tulemuseks on struktuur, mida matemaatikas tuntakse suunatud ak\u00fcklilise graafina \u2013 DAG.<\/p>\n<p>N\u00fc\u00fcd on igal\u00fchel otsep\u00e4\u00e4s registrisse, ilma vahendajateta. Kui soovite lisada tehingu registrisse, siis lisate selle lihtsalt. Valite m\u00f5ned vanemtehingud, lisate oma andmed, allkirjastate ja saadate oma tehingu v\u00f5rku. Valmis. Ei ole kedagi, kes saaks seda takistada, seega on teie tehing juba registris.<\/p>\n<p>See on k\u00f5ige detsentraliseeritum ja tsensuuri suhtes k\u00f5ige kindlam viis tehingute lisamiseks registrisse ilma vahendajateta. Sest iga\u00fcks, kes soovib, saab lihtsalt oma tehingud registrisse lisada, k\u00fcsimata kellegi k\u00e4est luba.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Bloquehainist DAG-ini: vabaneme vahendajatest\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/3f2842b7e38612faf8654b06ab37e53f.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nDAG-i v\u00f5ib pidada registrite evolutsiooni kolmandaks etapiks. Esmalt olid tsentraliseeritud registrid, kus \u00fcks pool kontrollis juurdep\u00e4\u00e4su. Siis tulid plokiahelad, kus juba oli mitu kontrollijat, kes registreerisid tehingud. Ja l\u00f5puks, DAG-is ei ole \u00fcldse kontrollijaid, kasutajad lisavad oma tehingud otse.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Bloquehainist DAG-ini: vabaneme vahendajatest\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/5785ef60099fcd11df11ad146d44d683.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nN\u00fc\u00fcd, kui meil on selline vabadus, ei tohiks see viia kaoseni. Me peame omama kokkulepet registri oleku \u00fcle. Ja see kokkulepe, v\u00f5i konsensus, t\u00e4hendab tavaliselt kokkulepet kahe asja \u00fcle:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Mis juhtus?\n<\/li>\n<li>Millises j\u00e4rjekorras see toimus?\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\nEsimesele k\u00fcsimusele saame kergesti vastata: kui \u00f5igesti loodud tehing on registrisse lisatud, siis see on toimunud. Ja punkt. Info selle kohta v\u00f5ib j\u00f5uda k\u00f5ikide osaliste juurde erineval ajal, kuid l\u00f5puks saavad k\u00f5ik s\u00f5lmed selle tehingu ja saavad teada, et see on toimunud.<\/p>\n<p>Kui see oleks plokiahel, otsustaksid kaevandajad, mis toimub. K\u00f5ik, mida kaevandaja otsustab plokki lisada \u2013 see toimub. K\u00f5ik, mida ta plokki ei lisa \u2013 see ei toimu.<\/p>\n<p>Plokiahelates otsustavad kaevandajad ka teise konsensuse probleemi: j\u00e4rjekorra. Neil on lubatud korraldada tehingud ploki sees kuidas iganes nad soovivad.<\/p>\n<p>Kuidas m\u00e4\u00e4rata tehingute j\u00e4rjekorda DAG-is?<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Bloquehainist DAG-ini: vabaneme vahendajatest\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/b9ecdf3f01650876f6ba918b323269f3.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nAinult seet\u00f5ttu, et graaf on suunatud, on meil juba teatav kord. Iga tehing viitab \u00fchele v\u00f5i mitmele eelnevale, vanematele. Vanemad viitavad omakorda oma vanematele ja nii edasi. Vanemad ilmuvad ilmselgelt enne t\u00fctartehingut. Kui m\u00f5ni tehing on saavutatav linkide 'vanem-laps' kaudu, teame me t\u00e4pselt j\u00e4rjekorda nende tehingute vahel selle tehingute ahela sees.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Bloquehainist DAG-ini: vabaneme vahendajatest\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/8f5e798d2b207dd01092c160578a1ae4.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nKuid tehingute vahelise j\u00e4rjekorra m\u00e4\u00e4ramine ei ole alati v\u00f5imalik ainult graafi kuju p\u00f5hjal. N\u00e4iteks, kui kaks tehingut asuvad graafiku paralleelsetes okstele.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Bloquehainist DAG-ini: vabaneme vahendajatest\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/02fdc355912499069a306b19da5a634f.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nSellistes olukordades kahtluste lahendamiseks toetume nn j\u00e4rjekorra pakkujatele. Me nimetame neid ka \"tunnistajateks\". Need on tavalised kasutajad, kelle \u00fclesanne on pidevalt saata tehinguid v\u00f5rku vastava j\u00e4rjekorra alusel, st nii, et iga nende eelmine tehing on saavutatav linkide 'vanem-laps' kaudu. J\u00e4rjekorra pakkujad \u2013 <a href=\"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/et\/ssl-sertifikat\/thawte-123-wildcard\/\"  data-wpil-monitor-id=\"3311\">usaldusv\u00e4\u00e4rsed kasutajad<\/a>, ja kogu v\u00f5rk toetub sellele, et nad ei riku seda reeglit. Selleks, et <b>ratsionaalselt<\/b> neisse usaldada, n\u00f5uame, et iga j\u00e4rjekorra pakkuja oleks tuntud (anon\u00fc\u00fcmne) inimene v\u00f5i organisatsioon ning omaks midagi, mida nad v\u00f5ivad kaotada reeglite rikkumise korral, n\u00e4iteks maine v\u00f5i usaldusv\u00e4\u00e4rsusele tuginev \u00e4ri.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Bloquehainist DAG-ini: vabaneme vahendajatest\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/8d9a5605f781f3abe160cf142ac0df73.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nJ\u00e4rjekorra pakkujad valitakse kasutajate poolt ning iga kasutaja lisab oma usaldusv\u00e4\u00e4rsete pakkujate nimekirja igasse tehingusse, mille ta saadab v\u00f5rku. See nimekiri koosneb 12 pakkujast. See on piisavalt v\u00e4ike arv, et inimene saaks iga\u00fche isikuid ja mainet kontrollida ning piisav, et v\u00f5rk j\u00e4tkaks t\u00f6\u00f6d v\u00f5imalike probleemide korral v\u00e4ikese pakkujate v\u00e4hemuse osas.<\/p>\n<p>See nimekiri pakkujatest varieerub kasutajalt kasutajale, kuid naabertehingute nimekirjad v\u00f5ivad erineda maksimaalselt \u00fchte pakkujat.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Bloquehainist DAG-ini: vabaneme vahendajatest\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/362e673ec4968152a7ccef6bd02c795a.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nN\u00fc\u00fcd, kui meil on j\u00e4rjekorra pakkujad, saame eraldada nende tehingud DAG-is ja korraldada k\u00f5ik muud tehingud nende poolt loodud j\u00e4rjekorra \u00fcmber. Selle t\u00fc\u00fcpi algoritmi loomise v\u00f5imalus on olemas (vt. <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/obyte.org\/Byteball.pdf\">Obyte White Paper<\/a><\/noindex> tehniliste \u00fcksikasjade jaoks).<\/p>\n<p>Aga kogu v\u00f5rgu j\u00e4rjekorda ei saa kohe m\u00e4\u00e4rata, kuna meil on vaja aega, et korraga laekuks piisavalt tehingute j\u00e4rjekordi, et olla kindel varasemate tehingute l\u00f5ppj\u00e4rjekorras.<\/p>\n<p>Ja kuna j\u00e4rjekord m\u00e4\u00e4ratakse ainult tehingute positsioonide p\u00f5hjal DAG-is, saavad k\u00f5ik v\u00f5rgu s\u00f5lmed varem v\u00f5i hiljem k\u00f5ik tehingud ning j\u00f5uavad sama j\u00e4reldusele tehingute j\u00e4rjekorra osas.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Bloquehainist DAG-ini: vabaneme vahendajatest\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/f2552c791ba8dea22027f1985f967d5f.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nNii et meil on kokkulepe selle \u00fcle, mis on toimunud: iga tehing, mis on DAG-i j\u00f5udnud, on toimunud. Samuti on meil kokkulepe s\u00fcndmuste j\u00e4rjekorra \u00fcle: see on kas n\u00e4htav tehingute omavaheline seos v\u00f5i tuletatakse see tehingute j\u00e4rjekorrast, mille on saatnud j\u00e4rjekorranduse pakkujad. Seega on meil konsensus.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Bloquehainist DAG-ini: vabaneme vahendajatest\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/4e444114e65ef6bfd3f64576772778f0.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nSee konsensuse variant eksisteerib Obyte'is. Kuigi Obyte'i registrile on t\u00e4ielik detsentraliseeritud juurdep\u00e4\u00e4s, on tehingute j\u00e4rjekorra osas konsensus endiselt tsentraliseeritud, kuna 10 12-st pakkujast on kontrollitud loojate (Anton Churyumov) poolt, ja vaid kaks neist on iseseisvad. Otsime kandidaate, kes soovivad saada \u00fcheks iseseisvaks j\u00e4rjekorranduse pakkujaks, et aidata meil detsentraliseerida j\u00e4rjekorra kehtestamine registris.<\/p>\n<p>Hiljuti on ilmunud kolmas iseseisev kandidaat, kes soovib luua ja hoida j\u00e4rjekorranduse pakkuja s\u00f5lme \u2013 Nikosia \u00dclikool.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Bloquehainist DAG-ini: vabaneme vahendajatest\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/35106151208f4891f67c2fd4f12426a0.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nN\u00fc\u00fcd, kuidas me kontrollime kahekordseid kulutusi (double-spends)?<\/p>\n<p>Reeglite kohaselt, kui avastatakse kaks tehingut, mis kulutavad sama m\u00fcnti, v\u00f5idab see tehing, mis on k\u00f5igi tehingute l\u00f5ppj\u00e4rjekorras varem. Teine kehtetuks tunnistatakse konsensuse algoritmi poolt.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Bloquehainist DAG-ini: vabaneme vahendajatest\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/5f1669b7f87c3de4a25995456e729aff.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\nJuhul, kui on v\u00f5imalik m\u00e4\u00e4rata j\u00e4rjekord kahe m\u00fcnti kulutava tehingu vahel (lastevanema seostest), siis k\u00f5ik s\u00f5lmed t\u00f5rjuvad koheselt sellise katse kahekordse kulutuse.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Bloquehainist DAG-ini: vabaneme vahendajatest\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/30e482c5dc630663d3c9b23e8d2f093b.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nKuid juhul, kui j\u00e4rjekord ei ole n\u00e4htav kahe sellise tehingu vahel, v\u00f5etakse m\u00f5lemad registrisse ja peame ootama konsensust ja j\u00e4rjekorra m\u00e4\u00e4ramist j\u00e4rjekorranduse pakkujate abil. Siis v\u00f5idab varasem tehing ja teine muutub kehtetuks.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Bloquehainist DAG-ini: vabaneme vahendajatest\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/ab7944bea1b84b1d3cef53705f3f2817.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nKuigi teine tehing muutub kehtetuks, j\u00e4\u00e4b see ikkagi registrisse, kuna sellel on juba sellele viitavad j\u00e4rgmised tehingud, mis ei rikkunud midagi ja ei teadnud, et see tehing muutub tulevikus kehtetuks. Vastasel juhul peaksime eemaldama headelt j\u00e4rgmistelt tehingutelt vanema, mis rikuks v\u00f5rgu peamist p\u00f5him\u00f5tet \u2013 iga \u00f5ige tehing v\u00f5etakse registrisse.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Bloquehainist DAG-ini: vabaneme vahendajatest\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/67e2741764c8e9e5cf46b1fab6d091bc.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nSee on v\u00e4ga oluline reegel, mis v\u00f5imaldab kogu s\u00fcsteemil olla vastupidav tsenseerimiskatsetele.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>Kujutame ette, et k\u00f5ik korraldajate pakkujad on koost\u00f6\u00f6d teinud, et p\u00fc\u00fcda \"tsenseerida\" \u00fchte konkreetset tehingut. Nad v\u00f5ivad seda ignoreerida ja mitte kunagi valida \"vanemaks\" oma tehingutele, kuid see pole piisav, see tehing v\u00f5ib ikkagi olla kaudse vanemana m\u00f5nele teisele tehingule, mille on v\u00e4lja andnud mis tahes v\u00f5rgu kasutaja, kes ei osale kokkuleppes. Aja jooksul hakkab see tehing saama \u00fcha rohkem ja rohkem lapsi, lapselapsi ja lapselaste lapsi tavalistelt kasutajatelt, laienedes nagu lumepall, ja k\u00f5ik koost\u00f6\u00f6d teinud korraldajate pakkujad peavad ignoreerima ka need tehingud. L\u00f5puks peavad nad tsenseerima kogu v\u00f5rgu, mis on samav\u00e4\u00e4rne saboteerimisega.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Bloquehainist DAG-ini: vabaneme vahendajatest\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/02164f94b6fa93b8f888289c69dcb6ae.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nNii j\u00e4\u00e4b DAG tsenseerimiskindlaks, isegi kui korraldajate pakkujate kokkulepe on olemas, \u00fcletades seega bitti ahelat tsenseerimise vastupidavuses, kus me ei saa midagi teha, kui kaevurid otsustavad mitte kaasata m\u00f5nda tehingut. Ja see tuleneb DAGi peamisest omadusest: osalemine registris on t\u00e4iesti s\u00f5ltumatu ja vahendajateta ning tehingud on p\u00f6\u00f6rdumatud.<br \/>\n<br \/>Allikas: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/obyte\/blog\/477032\/\">habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0412 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u044f \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0436\u0443 \u0432\u0430\u043c \u043e DAG (Directed Acyclic Graph, \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0430\u0446\u0438\u043a\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444) \u0438 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0451\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0440\u0435\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0445, \u0438 \u043c\u044b \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0441 \u0431\u043b\u043e\u043a\u0447\u0435\u0439\u043d\u043e\u043c. DAG \u043d\u0435 \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0447\u0435\u043c-\u0442\u043e \u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u043c \u0432 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0435 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u043f\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u044e\u0442. \u0412\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0432\u044b \u0441\u043b\u044b\u0448\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u043e \u043d\u0451\u043c \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043e \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0448\u0442\u0430\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0431\u043b\u043e\u043a\u0447\u0435\u0439\u043d\u043e\u0432. \u041d\u043e \u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044f \u043c\u044b \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0435\u043c \u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0435 \u043e \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0448\u0442\u0430\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u0430 \u043e [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[688],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-53183","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-administrirovanie"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.1.1 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u0412 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u044f \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0436\u0443 \u0432\u0430\u043c \u043e DAG (Directed Acyclic Graph, \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0430\u0446\u0438\u043a\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444) \u0438 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0432 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