{"id":53444,"date":"2019-12-02T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2019-12-01T21:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/blog_prohoster\/shema-razdeleniya-sekreta-shamira"},"modified":"2020-02-18T14:01:21","modified_gmt":"2020-02-18T11:01:21","slug":"shema-razdeleniya-sekreta-shamira","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/et\/blog\/administrirovanie\/shema-razdeleniya-sekreta-shamira","title":{"rendered":"Shamir's Secret Sharing Scheme","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Vaatame olukorda, kus on vaja tagada pangahoiustamise turvalisus. Seda peetakse t\u00e4iesti ligip\u00e4\u00e4smatuks ilma v\u00f5tmeta, mille saad esimesel t\u00f6\u00f6p\u00e4eval. Sinu eesm\u00e4rk on turvaliselt hoida v\u00f5ti.<\/p>\n<p>Oletame, et otsustasid alati hoida v\u00f5tit enda juures, andes ligip\u00e4\u00e4su hoiusele vastavalt vajadusele. Aga sa m\u00f5istad kiiresti, et selline lahendus ei skaleeru h\u00e4sti, kuna iga kord, kui on vaja avada hoius, on vajalik sinu f\u00fc\u00fcsiline kohalolek. Aga kuidas on puhkuseteemaga, mida lubati? Veelgi enam, hiilivad m\u00f5tted: mis juhtub, kui kaotad ainulaadse v\u00f5tme?<\/p>\n<p>Puhkuse m\u00f5ttega otsustasid sa teha v\u00f5tme koopia ja usaldada selle teisele t\u00f6\u00f6tajale. Siiski m\u00f5istad, et see pole ka ideaalne. Kahekordistades v\u00f5tmete arvu, kahekordistad sa ka varguse v\u00f5imalusi.<\/p>\n<p>Kehva v\u00e4lja, h\u00e4vitad sa koopia ja otsustad jagada algse v\u00f5tme kaheks. Praegu arvad sa, et kaks usaldusv\u00e4\u00e4rset inimest fragmentidega v\u00f5tmetest peavad f\u00fc\u00fcsiliselt kohal olema, et kokku koguda v\u00f5ti ja avada hoius. See t\u00e4hendab, et vargal on vaja varastada kaks fragmenti, mis on kahekordselt keerulisem kui \u00fche v\u00f5tme varastamine. Kuid peagi m\u00f5istad, et see skeem ei ole palju parem kui lihtsalt \u00fcks v\u00f5ti, kuna kui keegi kaotab \u00fche v\u00f5tme osa, ei saa kogu v\u00f5tit taastada.<br \/>\n<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"habracut\"><\/a><\/noindex><br \/>\nProbleemi saab lahendada t\u00e4iendavate v\u00f5tmete ja lukkudega, kuid sellise l\u00e4henemise puhul on kiiresti vaja <i>palju<\/i> v\u00f5tmeid ja lukke. Otsustad, et ideaalses skeemis tuleks jagada v\u00f5ti, et turvalisus ei s\u00f5ltuks t\u00e4ielikult \u00fchest inimesest. Oled ka veendunud, et peaks olema mingi l\u00e4vi fragmentide arvu osas, et \u00fche fraktsiooni kadumise (v\u00f5i kui inimene l\u00e4heb puhkusele) korral j\u00e4\u00e4ks kogu v\u00f5ti toimivaks.<\/p>\n<h1>Kuidas jagada saladust<\/h1>\n<p>\nSellise v\u00f5tmehalduse skeemi m\u00f5tles v\u00e4lja Adi Shamir 1979. aastal, kui ta avaldas oma t\u00f6\u00f6 <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/cs.jhu.edu\/~sdoshi\/crypto\/papers\/shamirturing.pdf\">\u201eKuidas jagada saladust\u201d<\/a><\/noindex>. Artiklis selgitab ta l\u00fchidalt nn <img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Shamir&#039;s Secret Sharing Scheme\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/64d1d06429d10e2571b04ba756a9e44d.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/> l\u00e4vitaskeemi, et t\u00f5husalt jagada saladuslik v\u00e4\u00e4rtus (n\u00e4iteks kr\u00fcptograafiline v\u00f5ti) osadeks <img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Shamir&#039;s Secret Sharing Scheme\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/d2ecc715b363a149fefb4cc647a30e6e.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/> j\u00e4rel. Siis, kui ja ainult siis, kui v\u00e4hemalt <img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Shamir&#039;s Secret Sharing Scheme\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/7a3f94d0d7874387726d18ef0c5c4174.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/> API-s <img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Shamir&#039;s Secret Sharing Scheme\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/83808316ecdccf2d3d1d05696c6d5507.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/> osa on kogutud, saab saladuse kergesti taastada. <img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Shamir&#039;s Secret Sharing Scheme\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/ec92794c36ed48497df201c55697e065.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/>.<\/p>\n<p>Turvalisuse seisukohalt on selle skeemi oluline omadus see, et r\u00fcndaja ei tohiks teada saada absoluutselt midagi, kui tal ei ole v\u00e4hemalt <img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Shamir&#039;s Secret Sharing Scheme\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/49419db7a603359c9d7f2949263e0f7d.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/> osakest. Isegi \u00fche osakese olemasolu ei tohiks anda mingit teavet. Me nimetame seda omadust <img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Shamir&#039;s Secret Sharing Scheme\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/13aad9d68bc8f0729bf06fc49435b7dc.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/> semantiliseks turvalisuseks <i>Pol\u00fcnoomi interpolatsioon<\/i>.<\/p>\n<h1>Shamira l\u00e4vendiskeem<\/h1>\n<p>\non \u00fcles ehitatud pol\u00fcnoomi interpolatsiooni kontseptsiooni \u00fcmber. Kui te pole selle kontseptsiooniga tuttav, siis see on tegelikult \u00fcsna lihtne. \u00dcldiselt, kui olete kunagi graafikule punkte joonistanud ja seej\u00e4rel neid joonte v\u00f5i k\u00f5veratega \u00fchendades, siis olete seda juba kasutanud! <img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Shamir&#039;s Secret Sharing Scheme\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/5bcbb5a7f61e4e37103c379964d49e63.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/> Kaks punkti v\u00f5ivad m\u00e4\u00e4rata piiramatult palju 2. astme pol\u00fcneome. Nende hulgast unikaalse valimiseks on vajalik kolmas punkt. N\u00e4ide: <b>V\u00f5tame \u00fche astme pol\u00fcnoomi,<\/b>. Kui soovite seda funktsiooni graafikule joonistada, kui palju punkte on vaja? Noh, me teame, et see on lineaarefunktsioon, mis moodustab joone, ning seet\u00f5ttu on vajalik v\u00e4hemalt kaks punkti. J\u00e4rgmine vaatleme kahe astme pol\u00fcnoomi,<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Shamir&#039;s Secret Sharing Scheme\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/66d66cc226dde7af9d71ab1ad7f92eea.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>. See on ruutfunktsioon, seega on graafiku loomiseks vajalik v\u00e4hemalt kolm punkti. Ent kuidas on kolme astme pol\u00fcneomiga? V\u00e4hemalt neli punkti. Ja nii edasi. <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/ru.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%A1%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0#\/media\/File:3_polynomials_of_degree_2_through_2_points.svg\">Vikipeedia<\/a><\/noindex><\/i> <\/p>\n<p>T\u00f5eliselt lahe asi selle omaduse juures on see, et arvestades pol\u00fcnoomi funktsiooni astet ja v\u00e4hemalt <img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Shamir&#039;s Secret Sharing Scheme\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/479ff09339b6907cf7fd5420a6b66907.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/>punkti, saame tuletada t\u00e4iendavaid punkte selle pol\u00fcnoomi funktsiooni jaoks. Nende t\u00e4iendavate punktide ekstrapoleerimist nimetatakse <img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Shamir&#039;s Secret Sharing Scheme\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/bd6591a5e317fadba394b9f93c03f813.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/>pol\u00fcnoomi interpolatsiooniks<\/p>\n<p>Saladuse koostamine <img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Shamir&#039;s Secret Sharing Scheme\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/97d23bb431f561738675a8eecd78c8bd.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/> V\u00f5ite juba aru saada, et siin astub m\u00e4ngu nutikas Shamiri skeem. Oletame, et meie saladus on <i>. Saame muuta<\/i>.<\/p>\n<h1>punktiks graafikul<\/h1>\n<p>\nja v\u00e4lja m\u00f5elda pol\u00fcnoomi funktsiooni astmega <img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Shamir&#039;s Secret Sharing Scheme\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/9f18d04feb91617cc6b17ee999f7621e.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/> \u2014 see on <img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Shamir&#039;s Secret Sharing Scheme\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/724e6fe3c0b6e8460207592d515dde4a.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/>, mis rahuldab seda punkti. Peame meeles pidama, et <img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Shamir&#039;s Secret Sharing Scheme\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/e1bb80717e0e060d77dc3fa2bff5e396.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/> on meie n\u00f5utud fragmentide l\u00e4vend, seega kui seadistame l\u00e4ve kolme fragmenti peale, siis peame valima pol\u00fcnoomi funktsiooni astmega kaks. <img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Shamir&#039;s Secret Sharing Scheme\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/d7291bf682131a3cd1dc9fb65c351a5d.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/> Meie pol\u00fcnoom on kujul <img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Shamir&#039;s Secret Sharing Scheme\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/c63b9a9efa9409f73baf5916cd77b8b5.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/>\u2014 juhuslikult valitud positiivsed t\u00e4isarvud. Me ehitame lihtsalt pol\u00fcnoomi astmega <img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Shamir&#039;s Secret Sharing Scheme\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/4670e092c7dc86f70984a3d5e875ae7e.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/> , kus vaba kordaja<\/p>\n<p>on meie saladus <img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Shamir&#039;s Secret Sharing Scheme\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/06e96a58093b9e00d7c37ad5f832a6f4.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/>, kus <img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Shamir&#039;s Secret Sharing Scheme\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/fc9ce1b274e8224fcfee33290fee6455.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/> ja <img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Shamir&#039;s Secret Sharing Scheme\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/ec120b09589c1ee882f1f93b47626c94.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/> , ja iga j\u00e4rgmine <img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Shamir&#039;s Secret Sharing Scheme\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/ef10f07dfb8496cca70579246c1d9c48.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/>punkti jaoks <img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Shamir&#039;s Secret Sharing Scheme\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/d7db113a15325721c9fea613a379026f.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/>\u00a0. <img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Shamir&#039;s Secret Sharing Scheme\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/093bd4575a590bed819e6ec9f9b41aa0.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/>, ja iga\u00fchel j\u00e4rgmistest <img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Shamir&#039;s Secret Sharing Scheme\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/6c33d819871b32ff7d347d00408d02d1.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/> liikmetel on juhuslikult valitud positiivne koefitsient. Kui naasta algse n\u00e4ite juurde ja eeldada, et <img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Shamir&#039;s Secret Sharing Scheme\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/c6ff5a7ad5a6a82ae31c583148ea5274.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/>, saame siis funktsiooni <img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Shamir&#039;s Secret Sharing Scheme\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/b3386ca5ec27e0dacd17874d6f5720c8.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/>.<\/p>\n<p>Selles etapis saame genereerida fragmente, \u00fchendades <img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Shamir&#039;s Secret Sharing Scheme\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/50a46de4540f90ddba6b1bbfa3702892.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/> ainulaadseid t\u00e4isarve <img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Shamir&#039;s Secret Sharing Scheme\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/fcbc7f0b6d9353e6eae0fafe4a06a4f2.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/>, kus <img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Shamir&#039;s Secret Sharing Scheme\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/c58e20b2b97950112194f6a51707289c.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/> (sest see on meie saladus). Antud n\u00e4ites soovime jagada nelja fragmenti l\u00e4vendi kolme, seet\u00f5ttu genereerime juhuslikult punktid <img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Shamir&#039;s Secret Sharing Scheme\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/720b820e264f0314cb2e14ab6502ee96.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/> ja saadame igale neljale usaldusv\u00e4\u00e4rsele isikule, v\u00f5tmekaitsjale, \u00fche punkti. Anname ka inimestele teada, et <img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Shamir&#039;s Secret Sharing Scheme\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/c441ff2a652b58011e13d60855c7e404.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/>, kuna seda peetakse avalikuks informatsiooniks ja see on vajalik taastamiseks <img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Shamir&#039;s Secret Sharing Scheme\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/2011019c98b6d1a77a0cd25a3667c9e4.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/>.<\/p>\n<h1>Saladuse taastamine<\/h1>\n<p>\nOleme juba arutanud pol\u00fcnoomi interpolatsiooni kontseptsiooni ja et see on aluseks Shamir'i l\u00e4ve skeemile <img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Shamir&#039;s Secret Sharing Scheme\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/6f93e17d2d2ce5659972b98a9c8eee83.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/>. Kui tahes kolm neljast usaldusisikust soovivad taastada <img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Shamir&#039;s Secret Sharing Scheme\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/9b5ba8c78e395d3dee229e222c31d85a.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/>, peavad nad lihtsalt interpolatsiooni tegema <img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Shamir&#039;s Secret Sharing Scheme\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/cfec467c0571c4d54d74938c5667146f.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/> oma ainulaadsete punktidega. Selleks v\u00f5ivad nad m\u00e4\u00e4rata oma punktid <img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Shamir&#039;s Secret Sharing Scheme\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/035e1f8407434fdbe1b8814d7fd3ee1f.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/> ja arvutada Lagrange'i interpolatsioonipol\u00fcnoomi, kasutades j\u00e4rgmist valemit. Kui programmeerimine on teile tuttavam kui matemaatika, siis pii on p\u00f5him\u00f5tteliselt operaator <code>for<\/code>, mis korrutab k\u00f5ik tulemused, ja sigma on <code>for<\/code>, mis on k\u00f5ik summad.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Shamir&#039;s Secret Sharing Scheme\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/01a47d3bc38f07f7b65da2ca1f772e28.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Shamir&#039;s Secret Sharing Scheme\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/cc0039bc38e27a62161bc0fde3b1472d.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\nKaugjuhtimisega <img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Shamir&#039;s Secret Sharing Scheme\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/b41d5abefcac0bb813291063f0a56404.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/> saame selle lahendada j\u00e4rgmiselt ja tagastada oma algse pol\u00fcnoomi funktsiooni:<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Shamir&#039;s Secret Sharing Scheme\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/b7af6d68d1fa639442f96ed11cc96bd7.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\nKuna me teame, et <img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Shamir&#039;s Secret Sharing Scheme\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/df250c5c331d0a2903867efcad71d325.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/>, taastamine <img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Shamir&#039;s Secret Sharing Scheme\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/a6968a889776d0caa3db0dd6e10842d4.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/> k\u00e4ib lihtsalt:<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Shamir&#039;s Secret Sharing Scheme\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/b89862098c973d18a75a104092364a04.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<h1>Ohutu t\u00e4isarvude aritmeetika kasutamine<\/h1>\n<p>\nKuigi oleme edukalt rakendanud Shamir'i p\u00f5hiideed <img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Shamir&#039;s Secret Sharing Scheme\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/626be5c238019fc0a2ff08798b8e620c.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/>, on meil probleem, mida oleme seni ignoreerinud. Meie pol\u00fcnoomi funktsioon kasutab ebaturvalist t\u00e4isarvude aritmeetikat. Pidage meeles, et iga t\u00e4iendava punkti puhul, mille r\u00fcnde\u00f5igus omandab meie funktsiooni graafikult, j\u00e4\u00e4b v\u00e4hem v\u00f5imalusi teiste punktide jaoks. Saate seda oma silmaga n\u00e4ha, kui joonistate graafikut, suurendades pol\u00fcnoomi funktsioonile punkte, kasutades t\u00e4isarvude aritmeetikat. See on meie deklaratsiooni turvalisuse eesm\u00e4rgiga vastuolus, sest kurjategija ei tohiks absoluutselt midagi teada, kuni neil pole v\u00e4hemalt <img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Shamir&#039;s Secret Sharing Scheme\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/d5278c748b7713fc387c37425d43656d.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/> fragmente.<\/p>\n<p>Kuna demonstreerime, kui n\u00f5rk on t\u00e4isarvude aritmeetika skeem, arvestame stsenaariumi, kus kurjategija on saanud kaks punkti <img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Shamir&#039;s Secret Sharing Scheme\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/ebe75137fa19aaccdc733618707de3c0.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/> ja teab avalikku teavet, et <img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Shamir&#039;s Secret Sharing Scheme\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/45dc1dbd7564637c96d1c8383af19e15.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/>. Selle teabe p\u00f5hjal saab j\u00e4reldada <img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Shamir&#039;s Secret Sharing Scheme\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/16e75561bf051ecd3232f0560f75e494.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/>, mis on kaks, ja sisestada valemisse tuntud v\u00e4\u00e4rtused <img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Shamir&#039;s Secret Sharing Scheme\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/e6c550b9a0d630e62d5be66e61ff3a89.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/> ja <img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Shamir&#039;s Secret Sharing Scheme\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/e2a3c2a324c159cf73852513dda5ff3b.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/>.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Shamir&#039;s Secret Sharing Scheme\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/003b535b08b5de17b573c7af61110dbb.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\n Seej\u00e4rel v\u00f5ib r\u00fcndaja leida <img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Shamir&#039;s Secret Sharing Scheme\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/76d496e3442e88c7d5a238612f2ee8da.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/>, arvestades <img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Shamir&#039;s Secret Sharing Scheme\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/96ef9b4a0657cd258978e2eda974bd09.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/>:<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Shamir&#039;s Secret Sharing Scheme\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/8e677012c61e1cc45f1f3be6e44aa1c1.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\nKuna oleme m\u00e4\u00e4ratlenud <img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Shamir&#039;s Secret Sharing Scheme\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/62af08665bef7cd3fc447411455352c6.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/> kui juhuslikult valitud positiivsed t\u00e4isarvud, on piiratud arv v\u00f5imalikke <img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Shamir&#039;s Secret Sharing Scheme\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/66c39a1014c0acab55fea137f28a6d0f.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/>. Selle teabe abil saab r\u00fcndaja j\u00e4reldada <img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Shamir&#039;s Secret Sharing Scheme\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/0c3caaa1e189ffea0001ca9ad08a65d1.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/>, kuna k\u00f5ik, mis on \u00fcle 5, muudab <img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Shamir&#039;s Secret Sharing Scheme\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/104807891ce9ab1d3adc649f8d1dcd29.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/> negatiivseks. See osutub t\u00f5eks, kuna oleme m\u00e4\u00e4ratlenud <img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Shamir&#039;s Secret Sharing Scheme\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/cf2bebff28344be58b02c492fd0e49ba.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Seej\u00e4rel v\u00f5ib r\u00fcndaja arvutada v\u00f5imalikke v\u00e4\u00e4rtusi <img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Shamir&#039;s Secret Sharing Scheme\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/7c9c09333ee4ab432122e959892daeda.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/>, asendades <img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Shamir&#039;s Secret Sharing Scheme\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/c5d88d7a2488ae0c40e5ec3edb66dd2d.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/> ja <img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Shamir&#039;s Secret Sharing Scheme\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/8fd97c507a4d2bc8d4e4619e10e97063.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/>:<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Shamir&#039;s Secret Sharing Scheme\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/1f2fb897dc37702dd543a6d7783339cb.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\nPiiratud valikute komplektiga <img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Shamir&#039;s Secret Sharing Scheme\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/9960ad727ecf47084cacfb9f487f329a.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/> on selge, kui lihtne on leida ja kontrollida v\u00e4\u00e4rtusi <img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Shamir&#039;s Secret Sharing Scheme\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/47f9786e9728ed72e10dd505d7445b41.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/>. Siin on kokku viis varianti.<\/p>\n<h1>Probleemi lahendamine ohtliku t\u00e4isarvuarvutusega<\/h1>\n<p>\nSelle haavatavuse k\u00f5rvaldamiseks soovitab Shamir kasutada moodulaarset aritmeetikat, asendades <img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Shamir&#039;s Secret Sharing Scheme\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/503fd220af76c5e96cce3a84a4673f91.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/> . Tundub, et <img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Shamir&#039;s Secret Sharing Scheme\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/49ab2b2ee61d6551a1b41f6a1795a295.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/>, kus <img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Shamir&#039;s Secret Sharing Scheme\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/bb5a5adda52f7d4dd401efd8a040be69.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/> ja <img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Shamir&#039;s Secret Sharing Scheme\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/1e062a8784dfb6da2bc708d3de027042.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/> \u2014 k\u00f5ikide algarvude hulk.<\/p>\n<p>Korrake kiiresti, kuidas moodulaarne aritmeetika t\u00f6\u00f6tab. Kellad on juba tuttav kontseptsioon. Need kasutavad kelli, mis on <img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Shamir&#039;s Secret Sharing Scheme\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/93520a0c8bdbbe57ab424e58c3bbfe30.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/>. Kui tunni k\u00e4si l\u00e4bib kaksteist, p\u00f6\u00f6rdub see tagasi \u00fchte. Selle s\u00fcsteemi huvitav omadus on see, et lihtsalt kelladele vaadates ei saa me j\u00e4reldada, mitu korda tundidoos on k\u00e4inud. Kuid kui me teame, et tunni k\u00e4si on neli korda m\u00f6\u00f6dunud 12-st, saame kogu m\u00f6\u00f6dunud tunni arvu t\u00e4iesti m\u00e4\u00e4rata lihtsa valemi abil <img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Shamir&#039;s Secret Sharing Scheme\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/5b8b7655f38ee900b989fdc070616a6b.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/>, kus <img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Shamir&#039;s Secret Sharing Scheme\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/0ec5da4245e1eac619b42bb62f682773.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/>\u00a0\u2014 see on meie jagaja (siin <img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Shamir&#039;s Secret Sharing Scheme\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/a8656dac61ddb1097f06781c5b5aad69.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/>), <img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Shamir&#039;s Secret Sharing Scheme\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/3ba5b3dc4f29fac3c9d4f5f2072d688b.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/>\u00a0\u2014 see on koefitsient (mitu korda jagaja jagab algset numbrit ilma j\u00e4\u00e4gita, siin <img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Shamir&#039;s Secret Sharing Scheme\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/ac9bb70e1511109b0181e14b6227f57e.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/>), ja <img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Shamir&#039;s Secret Sharing Scheme\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/57b6842c2bfd39b19ce428e5b9345946.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/>\u00a0\u2014 see on j\u00e4\u00e4k, mille tavaliselt tagastab mooduliga operatsiooni v\u00e4ljakutse (siin <img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Shamir&#039;s Secret Sharing Scheme\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/28f71e672ecc717d2bd1845e27273398.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/>). K\u00f5ikide nende v\u00e4\u00e4rtuste teadmine v\u00f5imaldab meil lahendada v\u00f5rrandi <img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Shamir&#039;s Secret Sharing Scheme\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/9548f9d6b522258582be1f8968752866.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/>, kuid kui me j\u00e4tame koefitsiendi vahele, ei saa me kunagi taastada algset v\u00e4\u00e4rtust.<\/p>\n<p>Saame demonstreerida, kuidas see parandab meie skeemi turvalisust, rakendades skeemi meie eelnevale n\u00e4itele ja kasutades <img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Shamir&#039;s Secret Sharing Scheme\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/c0f760bdd2b67444bd233d4ea7fe5e72.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/>. Meie uus pol\u00fcnoomiline funktsioon <img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Shamir&#039;s Secret Sharing Scheme\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/afddb9747f68076bc6dbe9b5cf60d107.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/>, ja uued punktid <img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Shamir&#039;s Secret Sharing Scheme\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/da9d9ecfcf949b6be4bc8e3a29d670ab.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/>. N\u00fc\u00fcd saavad v\u00f5tmehoidjad uuesti kasutada pol\u00fcnoomilist interpoleerimist, et taastada meie funktsioon, ainult et seekord peavad liitmis- ja korrutamisoperatsioonid olema koos j\u00e4\u00e4giga jagamisel <img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Shamir&#039;s Secret Sharing Scheme\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/f94ae5343347b38dc64228472b564f0e.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/> (nt. <img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Shamir&#039;s Secret Sharing Scheme\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/d19138189cd40c6c01ab68d3d6b7027b.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/>).<\/p>\n<p>Kasutades seda uut n\u00e4idet, oletame, et r\u00fcndaja teada kaks neist uutest punktidest, <img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Shamir&#039;s Secret Sharing Scheme\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/4f13c2640360f124305f3f023d6cfa83.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/>, ning avalik teave <img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Shamir&#039;s Secret Sharing Scheme\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/376e0e059b761e3f3e7473d8d2d3428f.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/>. Seekord r\u00fcndaja tugineb kogu oma olemasolevale teabele, et tuletada j\u00e4rgmisi funktsioone, kus <img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Shamir&#039;s Secret Sharing Scheme\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/f0aedf279cc2418e2d62d51e63e324b2.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/>\u00a0\u2014 k\u00f5ik positiivsete t\u00e4isarvude kogum, ja <img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Shamir&#039;s Secret Sharing Scheme\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/c92efad35129d61013f6e37ec1907fd3.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/> esindab mudelit. <img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Shamir&#039;s Secret Sharing Scheme\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/c2679ec08a40d7aa13a9d375b610642c.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/>.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Shamir&#039;s Secret Sharing Scheme\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/0f6d09b6c15f013e9a445fef060f8091.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\nN\u00fc\u00fcd leiab meie kurjategija taas <img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Shamir&#039;s Secret Sharing Scheme\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/8e01640ea802740996150d09277cbf1f.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/>, arvutades <img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Shamir&#039;s Secret Sharing Scheme\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/78fa395ca715c36835c38f4fe16d63e0.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/>:<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Shamir&#039;s Secret Sharing Scheme\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/d739d7e52d675aeba9abcc6ada4097e1.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\nSeej\u00e4rel proovib ta taas tuletada <img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Shamir&#039;s Secret Sharing Scheme\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/e47c9bd27ac92787c287b7db249a345f.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/>, asendades <img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Shamir&#039;s Secret Sharing Scheme\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/15c82f6824ad986351d3358c32b28f26.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/> ja <img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Shamir&#039;s Secret Sharing Scheme\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/56cddebdf83ddc105aa8aba91bd0bb38.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/>:<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Shamir&#039;s Secret Sharing Scheme\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/6e9643108864d1d2cf9e04bed493fff7.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\nSeekord on tal t\u00f5sine probleem. Valemist puuduvad v\u00e4\u00e4rtused <img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Shamir&#039;s Secret Sharing Scheme\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/217282ca338c79dd058db66f405b07a0.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/>, <img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Shamir&#039;s Secret Sharing Scheme\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/fb908d84b7eac873bba662cf69d95b95.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/> ja <img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Shamir&#039;s Secret Sharing Scheme\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/83389928ca52ffce5266fe6a414e1f18.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/>. Kuna nende muutuja kombinatsioone on l\u00f5pmatu arv, ei saa ta mingit lisainfot.<\/p>\n<h1>Turvakaalutlused<\/h1>\n<p>\nShamir'i saladuse jagamise skeem pakub <i>turvalisust teooria kohaselt<\/i>. See t\u00e4hendab, et matemaatika on tugev isegi r\u00fcndaja vastu, kellel on piiramatu arvutusv\u00f5ime. Siiski sisaldab skeem endiselt mitmeid tuntud probleeme.<\/p>\n<p>N\u00e4iteks Shamir'i skeem ei loo <i>kontrollitavaid fragmente<\/i>, see t\u00e4hendab, et inimesed saavad vabalt esitada valefragmente ja segada \u00f5ige saladuse taastamist. Vaenulik fragmentide hoidja, kellel on piisavalt teavet, v\u00f5ib isegi luua teise fragmendi, muutes <img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Shamir&#039;s Secret Sharing Scheme\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/8f646ae3193da8c9be778eceb315e902.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/> oma \u00e4ran\u00e4gemisel. See probleem lahendatakse <i>kontrollitavate saladuse jagamise skeemide abil<\/i>, nagu Felmani skeem.<\/p>\n<p>Teine probleem on see, et igasuguse fragmenti pikkus v\u00f5rdub vastava saladuse pikkusega, mist\u00f5ttu on saladuse pikkust kerge m\u00e4\u00e4rata. See probleem lahendatakse triviaalsete <i>t\u00e4idete<\/i> saladuse t\u00e4iendamisega juhuslike numbritega kindla pikkuseni.<\/p>\n<p>L\u00f5puks on oluline m\u00e4rkida, et meie mured turvalisuse osas v\u00f5ivad ulatuda kaugemale skeemi enda piiridest. Reaalsetes kr\u00fcptograafilistes rakendustes eksisteerib sageli oht k\u00f5rvalkanali r\u00fcnnakuteks, kui r\u00fcndaja p\u00fc\u00fcab v\u00e4lja tuua kasuliku teabe rakenduse t\u00f6\u00f6ajast, vahem\u00e4lu, t\u00f5rgetest jne. Kui see teeb murettekitavaks, tuleks arendada kaitsemeetmete kasutamist, nagu pideva t\u00f6\u00f6tlemise ajaga funktsioonid ja otsingud, v\u00e4ltida m\u00e4lu salvestamist kettale ning kaaluda mitmeid muid aspekte, mis j\u00e4\u00e4vad selle artikli piiridest v\u00e4ljapoole.<\/p>\n<h1>Demo<\/h1>\n<p>\nPealehe <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/ericrafaloff.com\/shamirs-secret-sharing-scheme\/\">sellel lehek\u00fcljel<\/a><\/noindex> on interaktiivne Shamir'i saladuse jagamise skeem. Demonstreerimine on tehtud libraryst <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/gburca\/ssss-js\/\">ssss-js<\/a><\/noindex>, mis on iseenesest populaarse programmi <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/point-at-infinity.org\/ssss\/\">ssss<\/a><\/noindex>Pange t\u00e4hele, et suurte v\u00e4\u00e4rtuste arvutamine <img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Shamir&#039;s Secret Sharing Scheme\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/4d8ec4bf92d337e22ed38aef8c2afa60.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/>, <img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Shamir&#039;s Secret Sharing Scheme\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/cadfa859ca9627c9c3d63d52e1270de2.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/> ja <img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Shamir&#039;s Secret Sharing Scheme\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/c66b23e0128c4b7a50e9d8b0ed99e406.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/> v\u00f5ib v\u00f5tta aega.<br \/>\n<br \/>Allikas: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/431392\/\">habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0420\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0438\u043c \u0441\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0439, \u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0431\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0431\u0430\u043d\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0449\u0430. \u041e\u043d\u043e \u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0430\u0431\u0441\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0442\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0435\u043f\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0439 \u0432\u0430\u043c \u0432\u044b\u0434\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0432 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u0436\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u043d\u044c \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u044b. \u0412\u0430\u0448\u0430 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u044c\u00a0\u2014 \u043d\u0430\u0434\u0451\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447. \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0438\u043c, \u0432\u044b \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0432\u0441\u0451 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0441\u0435\u0431\u0435, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044f \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f \u043a \u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0449\u0443 \u043f\u043e \u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435 \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438. \u041d\u043e \u0432\u044b \u0431\u044b\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0439\u043c\u0451\u0442\u0435, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0435 \u043d\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0448\u0442\u0430\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f, [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[688],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-53444","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-administrirovanie"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.1.1 - 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