{"id":53753,"date":"2019-12-09T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2019-12-08T21:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/blog_prohoster\/nastupaet-epoha-arm-serverov"},"modified":"2020-02-18T14:01:41","modified_gmt":"2020-02-18T11:01:41","slug":"nastupaet-epoha-arm-serverov","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/et\/blog\/administrirovanie\/nastupaet-epoha-arm-serverov","title":{"rendered":"Kas algab ARM-serverite ajastu?","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

\"Kas<\/a><\/noindex>
\nSynQuacer E-seeria emaplaat 24 tuuma ARM-serverile, mis p\u00f5hineb ARM Cortex A53 protsessoril ja millel on 32 GB m\u00e4lu, detsember 2018<\/a><\/noindex><\/i> <\/p>\n

Paljude aastate jooksul on ARM-i RISC-protsessorid domineerinud mobiilseadmete turul. Kuid nad ei ole suutnud tungida andmekeskustesse, kus endiselt valitsevad Intel ja AMD x86-arhitektuuriga. Perioodiliselt ilmuvad \u00fcksikud eksootilised lahendused, nagu 24 tuuma ARM-server Banana Pi platvormil<\/a><\/noindex>, kuid t\u00f5siseid pakkumisi pole seni olnud. T\u00e4psemalt, ei olnud neid enne seda n\u00e4dalat.<\/p>\n

Sel n\u00e4dalal k\u00e4ivitas AWS pilves oma 64 tuuma ARM-protsessorid Graviton2<\/a><\/noindex>\u00a0\u2014 see on s\u00fcsteem-kiibina, mis sisaldab ARM Neoverse N1 tuuma. Ettev\u00f5te v\u00e4idab, et Graviton2 on EC2 A1 instantsides palju kiirem kui eelmine p\u00f5lvkond ARM-protsessoreid, ja siin on esimesed s\u00f5ltumatud testid<\/a><\/noindex>.
\n<\/a><\/noindex>
\nInfrastruktuuriettev\u00f5tluses on oluline numbrite v\u00f5rdlemine. P\u00f5him\u00f5tteliselt ei muretse andmekeskuse v\u00f5i pilveteenuse kliendid selle \u00fcle, milline on protsessorite arhitektuur. Neid huvitab hinna ja j\u00f5udluse suhe. Kui t\u00f6\u00f6tamine ARM-i platvormil on odavam kui x86, valivad nad selle. <\/p>\n

Kuni viimase ajani ei olnud selgelt v\u00f5imalik \u00f6elda, et ARM-arvutused oleksid kasumlikumad kui x86. N\u00e4iteks serveri 24-tuuma ARM Cortex A53 on mudel SocioNext SC2A11<\/a><\/noindex> mis maksab umbes 1000 dollarit ja suudab k\u00e4ivitada veebiserveri Ubuntu all, kuid on j\u00f5udluselt oluliselt kehvem x86 protsessoritest.<\/p>\n

Kuid ARM-protsessorite h\u00e4mmastav energiatarve paneb neile pidevalt uuesti pilku heitma. N\u00e4iteks SocioNext SC2A11 tarbib vaid 5 W. Energiakulud moodustavad ju peaaegu 20% andmekeskuse kuludest. Kui need kiibid n\u00e4itavad korralikku j\u00f5udlust, j\u00e4\u00e4b x86-lt mitte midagi.<\/p>\n

ARM-i esimene tulek: EC2 A1 instantsid<\/h2>\n

\n2018. aasta l\u00f5pus tutvustas AWS EC2 A1 instantsid<\/a><\/noindex> oma ARM-protsessoritel. Kindlasti oli see signaal t\u00f6\u00f6stusele potentsiaalsetest muutustest turul, kuid tulemused olid kurvad.<\/p>\n

Allolevas tabelis on n\u00e4idatud stressitestimise tulemused<\/a><\/noindex> EC2 A1 (ARM) ja EC2 M5d.metal (x86) instantside kohta. Testimiseks kasutati utiliiti stress-ng<\/code>:<\/p>\n

stress-ng --metrics-brief --cache 16 --icache 16 --matrix 16 --cpu 16 --memcpy 16 --qsort 16 --dentry 16 --timer 16 -t 1m<\/code><\/p>\n

Nagu n\u00e4ha, A1 on k\u00f5ikides testides, v\u00e4lja arvatud vahem\u00e4lu osas, olnud kehvemad. Enamikus teistes n\u00e4itajates j\u00e4i ARM v\u00e4ga palju maha. See j\u00f5udluse erinevus on suurem kui 46% hinnavahe A1 ja M5 vahel. Teisis\u00f5nu, x86-p\u00f5hised instantsid j\u00e4\u00e4vad endiselt soodsamaks hinna ja j\u00f5udluse suhtes:<\/p>\n

Test
\nEC2 A1
\nEC2 M5d.metal
\nErinevus<\/p>\n

cache
\n1280
\n311
\n311,58%<\/strong><\/p>\n

icache
\n18209
\n34368
\n-47,02%<\/strong><\/p>\n

matrix
\n77932
\n252190
\n-69,10%<\/strong><\/p>\n

cpu
\n9336
\n24077
\n-61,22%<\/strong><\/p>\n

memcpy
\n21085
\n111877
\n-81,15%<\/strong><\/p>\n

qsort
\n522
\n728
\n-28,30%<\/strong><\/p>\n

dentry
\n1389634
\n2770985
\n-49.85%<\/strong><\/p>\n

timer
\n4970125
\n15367075
\n-67,66%<\/strong><\/p>\n

\nMuidugi ei pruugi mikrobemched alati objektiivset pilti n\u00e4idata. Oluline on erinevus reaalses rakenduse j\u00f5udluses. Kuid ka siin ei osutunud pilt paremaks. Scylla kolleegid v\u00f5rdlesid instantsse a1.metal ja m5.4xlarge, millel on sama palju protsessoreid. Standardse NoSQL andmebaasi lugemiskatses, mille konfiguratsioonis oli \u00fcks s\u00f5lm, n\u00e4itas esimene 102 000 lugemisoperatsiooni sekundis, kaheksas 610 000. K\u00f5igil juhtudel olid k\u00f5ik saadaval olevad protsessorid 100% kasutuses. See vastab umbes kuue korra j\u00f5udluse langusele, mida madalam hind ei kompenseeri.<\/p>\n

Lisaks t\u00f6\u00f6tavad A1 instantsid ainult EBS-iga, ilma kiirete NVMe-seadmete toeta, nagu teistes instantsides.<\/p>\n

Kokkuv\u00f5ttes oli A1 samm uude suunda, kuid ei \u00f5igustanud ootusi ARM-i osas.<\/p>\n

ARMi teine tulek: EC2 M6 instantsid<\/h2>\n

\n\"Kas<\/p>\n

K\u00f5ik muutus sel n\u00e4dalal, kui AWS tutvustas uut ARM-serverite klassi ja rida uusi instantsse, mis p\u00f5hinevad uutel protsessoritel. Graviton2<\/a><\/noindex>, sealhulgas M6g ja M6gd<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n

Nende instantside v\u00f5rdlemine n\u00e4itab juba t\u00e4iesti erinevat pilti. M\u00f5nedes testides kasutab ARM ennast paremini, m\u00f5nikord aga palju paremini kui x86.<\/p>\n

Siin on tulemused sama stressitestimise k\u00e4su t\u00e4itmisest:<\/p>\n

Test<\/strong>
\nEC2 M6g<\/strong>
\nEC2 M5d.metal<\/strong>
\nErinevus<\/strong><\/p>\n

cache
\n218
\n311
\n-29,90%<\/strong><\/p>\n

icache
\n45887
\n34368
\n33,52%<\/strong><\/p>\n

matrix
\n453982
\n252190
\n80,02%<\/strong><\/p>\n

cpu
\n14694
\n24077
\n-38,97%<\/strong><\/p>\n

memcpy
\n134711
\n111877
\n20,53%<\/strong><\/p>\n

qsort
\n943
\n728
\n29,53%<\/strong><\/p>\n

dentry
\n3088242
\n2770985
\n11,45%<\/strong><\/p>\n

timer
\n55515663
\n15367075
\n261,26%<\/strong><\/p>\n

\nSee on t\u00e4iesti teine teema: M6g on viis korda kiirem kui A1, kui tegemist on Scylla NoSQL andmebaasi lugemistoimingutega, ja uutes M6gd instantsides kasutavad kiireid NVMe salvestusseadmeid.<\/p>\n

ARMi pealetung igas suunas<\/h2>\n

\nAWS Graviton2 protsessor on vaid \u00fcks n\u00e4ide ARM-i kasutamisest andmekeskustes. Kuid signaalid tulevad erinevatelt suhundelt. N\u00e4iteks t\u00f5mbas 15. novembril 2019 Ameerika idufirma Nuvia $53 miljonit riskikapitali<\/a><\/noindex>. <\/p>\n

Startupi asutasid kolm juhtivat inseneri, kes on t\u00f6\u00f6tanud protsessorite loomise juures Apple'is ja Googles. Nad lubavad v\u00e4lja t\u00f6\u00f6tada andmekeskuste protsessorid, mis suudavad konkureerida Inteliga ja AMD-ga.<\/p>\n

Kohal olemasolevates teadetes<\/a><\/noindex>, Nuvia on kujundanud nullist protsessorituuma, mis saab ehitada \"ARM\" arhitektuuri peale, kuid ilma ARM litsentsi omamata.<\/p>\n

See k\u00f5ik viitab sellele, et ARM-protsessorid on valmis vallutama serveriturgu. L\u00f5ppude l\u00f5puks elame me post-PC ajastul. Aastased x86 tarneid on alates 2011. aasta tipust langenud peaaegu 10%, samas kui RISC-kiibid on t\u00f5usnud 20 miljardi tasemele. T\u00e4na on 99% maailma 32- ja 64-bitistest protsessoritest RISC.<\/p>\n

T\u00fc\u00fcringa auhinna laureaadid John Hennessy ja David Patterson avaldasid 2019. aasta veebruaris artikli \"Uus kuldajastu arvutiarhitektuurile\"<\/a><\/noindex>. Siin on, mida nad kirjutavad: <\/p>\n

Turg reguleeris RISC-i ja CISC-i vaidluse. Kuigi CISC v\u00f5itis isiklike arvutite ajastu hilisemaid etappe, on RISC n\u00fc\u00fcd v\u00f5iduk\u00e4igus post-PC ajastu alguses. CISC-u p\u00f5hjal uusi ISA-sid ei ole k\u00fcmnete aastate jooksul loodud. \u00dcllataval kombel kaldub t\u00e4nap\u00e4eval \u00fcldine arvamus parimate ISA p\u00f5him\u00f5tete kohta \u00fcldotstarbeliste protsessorite jaoks endiselt RISC-i poole, 35 aastat p\u00e4rast selle leiutamist... Avatud l\u00e4htekoodiga \u00f6kos\u00fcsteemides t\u00f5estavad oskuslikult v\u00e4lja t\u00f6\u00f6tatud kiibid veenvalt saavutusi ja kiirendavad seel\u00e4bi kaubanduslikku kasutuselev\u00f5ttu. Nendes kiipides on \u00fcldotstarbeliste protsessorite filosoofia t\u00f5en\u00e4oliselt RISC, mis on ajaproovile vastu pidanud. Oodata on sama kiireid uuendusi nagu eelmisel kuldajastul, kuid seekord kulude, energia ja turvalisuse t\u00f5hususe, mitte ainult v\u00f5imekuse aspektist.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\n\u00abJ\u00e4rgmise k\u00fcmnendi jooksul toimub uusi arvutiarhitektuure t\u00e4histav kambriumi plahvatus, mis t\u00e4hendab p\u00f5nevaid aegu arvutiarhitektide jaoks akadeemilistes ringkondades ja t\u00f6\u00f6stuses,\u00bb j\u00e4reldavad nad artikli l\u00f5petuseks.
\n
Allikas: habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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