{"id":54351,"date":"2019-12-24T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2019-12-23T21:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/blog_prohoster\/istoriya-sistemy-domennyh-imen-pervye-dns-servery"},"modified":"2020-02-18T14:02:21","modified_gmt":"2020-02-18T11:02:21","slug":"istoriya-sistemy-domennyh-imen-pervye-dns-servery","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/et\/blog\/administrirovanie\/istoriya-sistemy-domennyh-imen-pervye-dns-servery","title":{"rendered":"Domeeninime s\u00fcsteemi ajalugu: esimesed DNS-serverid","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

Eelmisel korral r\u00e4\u00e4kisime DNS-i ajaloost<\/a><\/noindex> \u2014 meenutasime, kuidas projekt algas ja milliseid probleeme pidi see lahendama ARPANET-is. T\u00e4na r\u00e4\u00e4gime esimesest DNS-serverist BIND.<\/p>\n

\"Domeeninime<\/a><\/noindex><\/a><\/noindex>
\nFoto \u2014 John Markos O’Neill<\/a><\/noindex> \u2014 CC BY-SA<\/i><\/p>\n

Esimesed DNS-serverid<\/h2>\n

\nP\u00e4rast seda, kui 1983. aastal Paul Mockapetris ja Jon Postel\u00a0pakkusid v\u00e4lja kontseptsiooni<\/a><\/noindex>\u00a0domeeninimedest ARPANET-is, sai see kiiresti IT-kogukondades heakskiidu. \u00dcks esimesi, kes selle praktikasse viis, olid Berkley \u00fclikooli insenerid. 1984. aastal esitles neli \u00fcli\u00f5pilast esimest DNS-serverit \u2014 Berkeley Internet Name Domain (BIND). Nad t\u00f6\u00f6tasid Ameerika \u00dchendriikide kaitseministeeriumi edus uurimisprojektide b\u00fcroo (DARPA) eraldatud rahastuse raames.<\/p>\n

\u00dclikooli \u00f5pilaste loodud s\u00fcsteem muutis automaatselt DNS-nime IP-aadressiks ja vastupidi. Huvi on see, et kui selle kood laaditi \u00fcles BSD<\/a><\/noindex> (tarkvara levitamise s\u00fcsteem), olid esimesed l\u00e4htefailid juba versiooninumbriga 4.3. Alguses kasutas DNS-serverit \u00fclikooli laborite personali. Fase kuni versioonini 4.8.3 vastutas BIND-i arendamise eest Berkley \u00fclikooli teadusgrupp \u2014 Computer Systems Research Group (CSRG), kuid 1980-ndate aastate teisel poolel v\u00e4ljus DNS-server \u00fclikooli piiridest \u2014 see anti Paul Vixie k\u00e4tte ettev\u00f5ttest\u00a0DEC<\/a><\/noindex>. Paul vabastas uuendused 4.9 ja 4.9.1 ning asutas seej\u00e4rel Internet Software Consortium (ISC), mis on BIND-i toetamise eest vastutav alates sellest ajast. Paul \u00fctles, et k\u00f5ik varasemad versioonid p\u00f5hinesid \u00fcli\u00f5pilaste koodil Berkley-st ja viimase viieteist aasta jooksul on see t\u00e4ielikult oma uuendamise v\u00f5imalused ammendanud. Seet\u00f5ttu kirjutati 2000. aastal BIND nullist \u00fcmber.<\/p>\n

BIND-server sisaldab mitmeid raamatukogusid ja komponente, mis rakendavad DNS-i \u00abkliendiserveri\u00bb arhitektuuri ja on vastutavad DNS-serveri funktsioonide seadistamise eest. BIND on laialdaselt levinud, eriti Linuxil, ja j\u00e4\u00e4b populaarseks DNS-serveri rakenduseks. See otsuse<\/a><\/noindex> on installitud serveritesse, mis toetavad juurkonda<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\nBINDile on alternatiive. N\u00e4iteks PowerDNS, mis tuleb koos Linuxi distributsioonidega. Selle on kirjutanud Bert Hubert Hollandist ettev\u00f5ttest PowerDNS.COM ja seda toetab avatud l\u00e4htekoodiga kogukond. 2005. aastal rakendati PowerDNS Wikimedia fondi serverites. Seda lahendust kasutavad ka suured pilveteenuse pakkujad, Euroopa telekommunikatsiooniettev\u00f5tted ja Fortune 500 nimekirjas olevad organisatsioonid.<\/p>\n

BIND ja PowerDNS on k\u00f5ige levinumad, kuid mitte ainsad DNS-serverid. Samuti tuleks mainida\u00a0Unbound<\/a><\/noindex>,\u00a0djbdns<\/a><\/noindex> ja\u00a0Dnsmasq<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n

Domeenide nimede s\u00fcsteemi areng<\/h2>\n

\nKogu DNS-i ajaloo jooksul on selle spetsifikatsiooni tehtud palju muudatusi. \u00dcheks esimeseks ja suureks uuenduseks\u00a0lisanud<\/a><\/noindex>\u00a0olid 1996. aastal mehhanismid NOTIFY ja IXFR. Need lihtsustasid DNS-i andmebaaside replikeerimist peamise ja sekundaarsete serverite vahel. Uus lahendus v\u00f5imaldas seadistada teavitusi DNS-kirjete muutumise kohta. Selline l\u00e4henemine tagas sekundaarse ja peamise DNS-tsooni identiteedi ning s\u00e4\u00e4stis liiklust \u2014 s\u00fcnkroniseerimine toimus ainult vajaduse korral, mitte kindlate intervallidega.<\/p>\n

\"Domeeninime
\nFoto \u2014 Richard Masoner<\/a><\/noindex> \u2014 CC BY-SA<\/i><\/p>\n

Alguses ei olnud DNS-v\u00f5rk laialdaselt kergesti k\u00e4tsetav ja potentsiaalsed infotehnoloogia probleemid ei olnud s\u00fcsteemi arendamisel prioriteediks, kuid selline l\u00e4henemine andis end hiljem tunda. Interneti arengu k\u00e4igus hakati s\u00fcsteemi haavatavusi \u00e4ra kasutama \u2014 n\u00e4iteks ilmusid sellised r\u00fcnnakud nagu DNS-t\u00e4iendamine. Sel juhul t\u00e4idetakse DNS-serverite vahem\u00e4lu andmetega, millel ei ole autoriteetset allikat, ja suunatakse p\u00e4ringud kurjategijate serveritesse.<\/p>\n

Probleemi lahendamiseks on DNS\u00a0rakendusteadlikud v\u00f5rgud ja \u00fcks Ameerika \u00dchendriikide kohalikest pilveteenuse pakkujatest.<\/a><\/noindex>\u00a0DNS-i vastuste kr\u00fcptograafilised allkirjad (DNSSEC) \u2014 mehhanism, mis v\u00f5imaldab luua usaldusketi domeeni alates juure tsoonist. Tuleb m\u00e4rkida, et sarnane mehhanism lisati hostide autentimiseks DNS-tsooni edastamisel \u2014 see sai nimeks TSIG.<\/p>\n

Muudatused, mis lihtsustasid DNS-i andmete replikeerimist ja parandasid turvaprobleeme, said IT-kogukonna poolt igati teretulnud. Kuid oli ka muudatusi, mida kogukond ei v\u00f5tnud h\u00e4sti vastu. Eelk\u00f5ige \u00fcleminek tasuta domeeninimedelt tasulistele. Ja see on ainult \u00fcks n\u00e4ide \"s\u00f5dadest\" DNS-i ajaloos. R\u00e4\u00e4gime sellest j\u00e4rgmises materjalis.<\/p>\n

\"DomeeninimeMeie 1cloudis pakume teenust \"Virtuaalne server<\/a><\/noindex>\". Selle abil on v\u00f5imalik m\u00f5ne minutiga rentida ja seadistada kaug-VDS\/VPS-server.
\n\"DomeeninimeSeal on ka partnerprogram<\/a><\/noindex> k\u00f5ikidele kasutajatele. Asetage meie teenuse soovituslingid ja teenige tasu soovitatud klientide eest.<\/p>\n

Allikas: habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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