{"id":54351,"date":"2019-12-24T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2019-12-23T21:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/blog_prohoster\/istoriya-sistemy-domennyh-imen-pervye-dns-servery"},"modified":"2020-02-18T14:02:21","modified_gmt":"2020-02-18T11:02:21","slug":"istoriya-sistemy-domennyh-imen-pervye-dns-servery","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/et\/blog\/administrirovanie\/istoriya-sistemy-domennyh-imen-pervye-dns-servery","title":{"rendered":"Domeeninimede s\u00fcsteemi ajalugu: esimesed DNS-serverid","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

Viimasel korral r\u00e4\u00e4kisime DNS-i ajaloost<\/a><\/noindex> \u2014 meenutasime, kust projekt alguse sai ja milliseid probleeme pidi see lahendama ARPANETis. T\u00e4na r\u00e4\u00e4gime esimesest DNS-serverist BIND.<\/p>\n

\"Domeeninimede<\/a><\/noindex><\/a><\/noindex>
\nFoto \u2014 John Markos O’Neill<\/a><\/noindex> \u2014 CC BY-SA<\/i><\/p>\n

Esimesed DNS-serverid<\/h2>\n

\nP\u00e4rast seda, kui 1983. aastal Paul Mockapetris ja Jon Postel\u00a0ettepaneku tegid<\/a><\/noindex>\u00a0domeenide nimede kohta ARPANETis, sai see kiiresti IT-ringkondade heakskiidu. \u00dcks esimesi, kes selle praktikasse viis, olid Berkeley \u00fclikooli insenerid. 1984. aastal esitas neli \u00fcli\u00f5pilast esimese DNS-serveri \u2014 Berkeley Internet Name Domain (BIND). Nad t\u00f6\u00f6tasid USA kaitseministeeriumi edusammude uurimisprojektide agentuuri (DARPA) antud toetuse raames.<\/p>\n

\u00dclikooli \u00f5pilaste loodud s\u00fcsteem muundas automaatselt DNS-nime IP-aadressiks ja vastupidi. Huvi pakub, et kui selle kood laaditi \u00fcles BSD<\/a><\/noindex> (tarkvara jaotuss\u00fcsteem), esimesed l\u00e4htekoodid olid juba versiooninumbriga 4.3. Alguses kasutasid DNS-serverit \u00fclikooli laborite t\u00f6\u00f6tajad. Kuni versioonini 4.8.3 vastutas BINDi arendamise eest Berkelei \u00dclikooli teadusgrupi \u2013 Computer Systems Research Group (CSRG) \u2013 liikmed, kuid 1980. aastate teises pooles p\u00e4\u00e4ses DNS-server \u00fclikoolist v\u00e4lja \u2013 selle \u00fcleandmine Paul Vixiele (Paul Vixie) ettev\u00f5ttest\u00a0DEC<\/a><\/noindex>. Paul v\u00e4ljastas uuendused 4.9 ja 4.9.1, seej\u00e4rel asutas Internet Software Consortium (ISC), mis on alates sellest ajast vastutav BINDi toe eest. Paul \u00fctles, et k\u00f5ik eelnevad versioonid tuginesid Berkelei \u00fcli\u00f5pilaste koodile, ja m\u00f6\u00f6dunud viieteistk\u00fcmne aasta jooksul on ta t\u00e4ielikult \u00e4ra kasutanud oma v\u00f5imalused t\u00e4iendamiseks. Seet\u00f5ttu 2000. aastal kirjutati BIND nullist \u00fcmber.<\/p>\n

BIND-server sisaldab mitmeid teeke ja komponente, mis k\u00e4ivitavad DNS-i \u201eklient-server\u201d arhitektuuri ja vastutavad DNS-serveri funktsioonide seadistamise eest. BIND on laialdaselt levinud, eriti Linuxis, ja j\u00e4\u00e4b populaarseks DNS-serveri teostuseks. See lahendus<\/a><\/noindex> on paigaldatud serveritesse, mis toetavad juurkoodi<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\nBINDi alternatiiveid on ka olemas. N\u00e4iteks PowerDNS, mis tuleb koos Linuxi distributsioonidega. Selle on kirjutanud Bert Hubert Hollandi ettev\u00f5ttest PowerDNS.COM ja selle katab avatud l\u00e4htekoodiga kogukond. 2005. aastal viidi PowerDNS kasutusele Wikimedia fondi serverites. Seda lahendust kasutavad ka suured pilveteenuse pakkujad, Euroopa telekomiettev\u00f5tted ja Fortune 500 ettev\u00f5tted.<\/p>\n

BIND ja PowerDNS on \u00fcldiselt k\u00f5ige levinumad, kuid mitte ainsad DNS-serverid. Tasa on m\u00e4rkida\u00a0Unbound<\/a><\/noindex>,\u00a0djbdns<\/a><\/noindex> ja\u00a0Dnsmasq<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n

Domeeninimede s\u00fcsteemi areng<\/h2>\n

\nDNS-i ajaloos on spetsiifikasse tehtud palju muudatusi. \u00dcks esimestest ja suurimatest uuendustest oli\u00a0lisasid<\/a><\/noindex>\u00a0mechanismid NOTIFY ja IXFR 1996. aastal. Need lihtsustasid domeeninimede s\u00fcsteemi andmebaaside replikatsiooni esmase ja teise serveri vahel. Uus lahendus v\u00f5imaldas seadistada teateid DNS-kirjade muutmise kohta. Selline l\u00e4henemine tagas teise ja esmase DNS-tsooni identiteedi ja s\u00e4\u00e4stis ribalaiust \u2014 s\u00fcnkroniseerimine toimus ainult vajadusel, mitte fikseeritud intervallide kaudu.<\/p>\n

\"Domeeninimede
\nFoto \u2014 Richard Masoner<\/a><\/noindex> \u2014 CC BY-SA<\/i><\/p>\n

Alguses oli DNS-v\u00f5rk avatud vaid piiratud ringile ning v\u00f5imalikke turvariske ei peetud s\u00fcsteemi arendamisel prioriteediks, kuid selline l\u00e4henemine andis ennast hiljem tunda. Interneti arenguga hakkasid s\u00fcsteemi haavatavusi \u00e4ra kasutama \u2014 n\u00e4iteks ilmusid sellised r\u00fcnnakud nagu DNS-pettus. Sellisel juhul t\u00e4idetakse DNS-serverite vahem\u00e4lu andmetega, millel ei ole autoriteetset allikat, ning suunatakse p\u00e4ringud kurjategijate serveritesse.<\/p>\n

K\u00fcsimuse lahendamiseks, DNS-s\u00a0Sisse<\/a><\/noindex>\u00a0digitalloodid DNS-vastustele (DNSSEC) \u2014 mehhanism, mis v\u00f5imaldab luua usalduspinget domeeni jaoks juureala kaudu. Oluline on m\u00e4rkida, et sarnane mehhanism lisati hostide autentimiseks DNS-tsooni edastamise ajal \u2014 see sai nimeks TSIG.<\/p>\n

Muutused, mis lihtsustasid DNS-andmebaaside replikatsiooni ja parandasid turvaprobleeme, said IT-kogukonnalt sooja vastuv\u00f5tu. Kuid esines ka muudatusi, mida kogukond ei v\u00f5tnud h\u00e4sti vastu. Eriti muutus tasuta domeeninimedest tasulisteks. See on vaid \u00fcks n\u00e4ide DNS-i ajaloos toimunud 's\u00f5dadest'. Rohkem sellest r\u00e4\u00e4gime j\u00e4rgmises artiklis.<\/p>\n

\"DomeeninimedeMe 1cloudis pakume teenust \u00abVirtuaalne server<\/a><\/noindex>\u00bb. Selle abil saab paari minutiga rentida ja seadistada kaug-VDS\/VPS-serverit.
\n\"DomeeninimedeSamuti on olemas partnerprogram<\/a><\/noindex> k\u00f5ikidele kasutajatele. Asetage meie teenuse suunamislingid ja teenige tasu toimetatud klientide eest.<\/p>\n

Allikas: habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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T\u00e4nane teema on esimene DNS-server BIND. Foto \u2014 John Markos O'Neill \u2014 CC BY-SA Esimesed DNS-serverid P\u00e4rast seda, kui Paul Mockapetris ja Jon Postel 1983. aastal domeenide kontseptsiooni ettepanekut tegid,","canonical_url":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/et\/blog\/administrirovanie\/istoriya-sistemy-domennyh-imen-pervye-dns-servery","robots":"max-image-preview:large","keywords":"","webmasterTools":{"miscellaneous":""},"schema":null,"og:locale":"et_EE","og:site_name":"ProHoster | \u041a\u0443\u043f\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0445\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0433 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0441\u0430\u0439\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0441 \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0442 DDoS, VPS VDS \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440\u044b","og:type":"article","og:title":"\ud83e\udd47\u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b \u0434\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d: \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0435 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