{"id":54788,"date":"2020-01-04T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2020-01-03T21:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/blog_prohoster\/jpeg-algoritm-szhatiya"},"modified":"2020-02-18T14:02:50","modified_gmt":"2020-02-18T11:02:50","slug":"jpeg-algoritm-szhatiya","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/et\/blog\/administrirovanie\/jpeg-algoritm-szhatiya","title":{"rendered":"JPEG. Kompressioonialgoritm","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

Tere j\u00e4lle! Leidsin selle artikli, mis on kirjutatud juba 2019. aasta mais. See on osa artiklite sarjast WAVE ja JPEG kohta, esmalt<\/a><\/noindex>. See postitus sisaldab teavet pildikoodeerimise algoritmi ja formaadi enda kohta.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Natuke ajalugu<\/h3>\n

<\/p>\n

Supilusikat\u00e4is artiklit Vikipeediast:<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group) on \u00fcks populaarsemaid rastergraafika formaate, mida kasutatakse fotograafia ja sarnaste piltide salvestamiseks.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

See standard loodi fotospetsialistide \u00fchendatud grupi poolt 1991. aastal, et tagada piltide efektiivne tihendamine.<\/p>\n

<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n

Millised on sammud, mille pildid l\u00e4bivad toorelt JPEG-ini.<\/h3>\n

<\/p>\n

M\u00f5ned arvavad, et JPEG-pildid on Huffmani meetodil tihendatud toored andmed, kuid see pole t\u00f5si. Enne itsetihedust l\u00e4bivad andmed pika tee.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Esimene samm on v\u00e4rvimudeli muutmine RGB-st YCbCr-ks. Selle jaoks on isegi spetsiaalne algoritm \u2014 siin<\/a><\/noindex>. Y-d ei muudetud, kuna see vastutab heleduse eest ja selle muutmine oleks kohe m\u00e4rgatav.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Esimene, mida pildiga tehakse, on «\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435»<\/strong> (subsampling). Seda on lihtne m\u00f5ista: v\u00f5tame 2x2 pikslite massiivi, seej\u00e4rel v\u00f5tame Cb ja Cr \u2014 iga YCbCr komponendi keskmised v\u00e4\u00e4rtused nendest neljast pikslitest. Nii saime me 6 baiti kokkuhoiust<\/em>, \u0432\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e 4 Y, 4 Cb, 4 Cr \u043c\u044b \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0438\u043b\u0438 4 Y \u0438 \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u0437 \u043d\u0438\u0445 Cb \u0438 Cr (4 + 4 + 4 = 12; 4 + 1 + 1 = 6; 12 \u2014 6 = 6). \u0412 \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0448\u0442\u0430\u0431\u0430\u0445 \u0434\u0430\u0436\u0435 2×2 \u0441\u0436\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u0441 \u043f\u043e\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0439 \u0441 \u043a\u043e\u044d\u0444\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0441\u0436\u0430\u0442\u0438\u044f 2:1 \u0437\u0432\u0443\u0447\u0438\u0442 \u0441\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0434\u043d\u043e. \u042d\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043a\u043e \u0432\u0441\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0438\u0437\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e. \u0418 \u0442\u0430\u043a \u2014 \u0441\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043d\u0443 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0430. \u0410 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0435\u043c \u043c\u044b \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043c \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0440\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0448\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0446\u0432\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0432\u043e\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0438\u044e. \u0427\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a \u0441 \u043b\u0435\u0433\u043a\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0442 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0443 \u0432 \u044f\u0440\u043a\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u043d\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u0432 \u0446\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0435, \u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u043e\u043d \u0443\u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0432 \u043c\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043d\u044c\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0431\u043b\u043e\u043a\u0435 \u043f\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439. \u0422\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u044b\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u044f\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0438\u044e, 4 \u043f\u0438\u043a\u0441\u0435\u043b\u044f \u043f\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0438 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043b\u0438. \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0447\u0430\u0449\u0435. \u0415\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043d\u043e \u043a\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0438\u0437\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0435 \u0432\u044b\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435.
\nVisuaalne illustreerimine proportsioneerimisest (Habr ei lubanud gif'i lisada) \u2014 https:\/\/i.ibb.co\/Rg5Th9H\/150953010617579181.gif<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Peamine ettevalmistus<\/h5>\n

\nDCT<\/p>\n

\u0422\u0435\u043f\u0435\u0440\u044c \u0441\u0430\u043c\u0430\u044f \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0436\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0438 \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0430\u044f \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c. \u0412\u0441\u044f \u043a\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u043d\u043a\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0431\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0431\u043b\u043e\u043a\u0438 8×8 (\u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u044e\u0442 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0435, \u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0435 \u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043d\u043e \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0435 \u0431\u043b\u043e\u043a\u0430).<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

N\u00fc\u00fcd rakendatakse igale plokile DCT (Diskreetkosinusmuundur).<\/strong>. \u0412 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438\u0437 \u043a\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u043d\u043a\u0438 \u0432\u044b\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u043b\u0438\u0448\u043d\u0435\u0435. \u0418\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u044f \u0414\u041a\u041f \u043d\u0430\u0434\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u044c, \u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043b\u0438 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0431\u043b\u043e\u043a (8×8) \u043a\u0430\u043a\u0443\u044e-\u043d\u0438\u0431\u0443\u0434\u044c \u043c\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0438\u0437\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f: \u043d\u0435\u0431\u0430, \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043d\u044b; \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043e\u043d \u0441\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0438\u0442 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0436\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0443 (\u0432\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044b, \u0441\u0438\u043c\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044b \u0438 \u0442.\u0434.). \u041b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e 64 \u043f\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0436\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u043e \u0446\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0443 \u043f\u0438\u043a\u0441\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e 1-\u0438\u043c, \u0442.\u043a. \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440 \u0431\u043b\u043e\u043a\u0430 \u0443\u0436\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043d. \u0412\u043e\u0442 \u0432\u0430\u043c \u0438 \u0441\u0436\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0435: 64 \u043a 1.<\/p>\n

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DCT muudab ploki spektriks ja seal, kus lugemised j\u00e4rsult muutuvad, muutub koefitsient positiivseks, ja mida j\u00e4rsem on \u00fcleminek, seda k\u00f5rgem on v\u00e4ljund. Seal, kus koefitsient on k\u00f5rgem, on pildil selged \u00fcleminekud v\u00e4rvis ja heleduses, kus see on madalam \u2014 n\u00f5rgad (siledad) muutused YCbCr komponentide v\u00e4\u00e4rtustes plokis.<\/p>\n

\nKvantimine<\/p>\n

\u0422\u0443\u0442 \u0443\u0436\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u043a\u0438 \u0441\u0436\u0430\u0442\u0438\u044f. \u041a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u044b\u0439 \u0438\u0437 \u043a\u043e\u044d\u0444\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0432 \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0437 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0446 8×8 \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u043e. \u0415\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u043a\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0438\u0437\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0445 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439 \u0432\u044b \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044c\u0448\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0435 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435, \u0442\u043e \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0435\u043d \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0435\u0439. \u0415\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0432\u0430\u043c \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043d\u0435\u0435 \u043f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u044c, \u0437\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0435\u043c\u0430\u044f \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0444\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0435\u0439, \u0442\u043e \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435 1, \u0438 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043e\u043a\u0440\u0443\u0433\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f. \u0422\u0430\u043a \u0432\u044b\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u043e\u043a\u0440\u0443\u0433\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043a\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0443\u043b\u0435\u0439.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Kvantimine tehakse, et luua veelgi suurema kompressimise v\u00f5imalus. Nii see v\u00e4lja n\u00e4eb, v\u00f5ttes arvesse kvantimist funktsioonil y = sin(x):<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\"JPEG.<\/p>\n

\nKompressioon<\/p>\n

Esmalt liigume maatriksis nagu ziku-zakuga:<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\"JPEG.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Saame \u00fchem\u00f5\u00f5tmelise massiiviga, kus on numbrid. N\u00e4eme, et seal on palju nullide, mida saab eemaldada. Selleks asendame j\u00e4rjestuse paljusest nullist 1 nulliga ja p\u00e4rast seda numbriga, mis t\u00e4histab nende arvu j\u00e4rjestuses. Nii saab kogu massiivi suurust v\u00e4hendada kuni 1\/3. Ja siis kompressitakse neid massiivi Haffmani meetodil ja kirjutame juba faili.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Kus kasutatakse<\/h3>\n

<\/p>\n

\u0412\u0435\u0437\u0434\u0435. \u041a\u0430\u043a \u0438 PNG, JPEG \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0444\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0445, OS’\u044f\u0445 (\u0432 \u043a\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u043b\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0442\u0438\u043f\u043e\u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438, \u0438\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043a \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439, thumbnail’\u043e\u0432) \u0438 \u0432\u043e \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0445 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0445, \u0433\u0434\u0435 \u043d\u0443\u0436\u043d\u043e \u044d\u0444\u0444\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e \u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0438\u0437\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Kokkuv\u00f5te<\/h3>\n

<\/p>\n

Praegu on teadmised JPEG-i kohta v\u00e4\u00e4rtuslikud vaid hariduse seisukohalt, kuna see on juba igale poole integreeritud ja suured r\u00fchmad inimesi on seda optimeerinud, kuid teaduse kivi on siiski maitsev.<\/p>\n

\nAllikad<\/p>\n

Artikkel YCbCr-ist Vikipeedias<\/a><\/noindex>
\nArtikkel JPEG-ist Vikipeedias<\/a><\/noindex>
\nVeidi DCT-st postitusest Pikabu-st<\/a><\/noindex>
\nArtikkel DCT-st Vikipeedias<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n

Allikas: habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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