{"id":55121,"date":"2020-01-13T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2020-01-12T21:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/blog_prohoster\/a-vot-nakonets-i-rele"},"modified":"2020-02-18T14:03:12","modified_gmt":"2020-02-18T11:03:12","slug":"a-vot-nakonets-i-rele","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/et\/blog\/administrirovanie\/a-vot-nakonets-i-rele","title":{"rendered":"Ja l\u00f5puks, relee","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Ja l\u00f5puks, relee\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/3e16a1196fca3c5ff8f1c33cbeaa07b0.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\n<b class=\"spoiler_title\">Teised ts\u00fckli artiklid:<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Rela ajalugu\n<ul>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/404373\/\">Kiire teabe edastamise meetod ehk relee tekkimine<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/404475\/\">Kaugr\u00e9le<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/370545\/\">Galvanism<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/404657\/\">Ettev\u00f5tjad<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/404723\/\">Ja l\u00f5puks, relee<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/404889\/\">R\u00e4\u00e4kiv telegraaf<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/405025\/\">Lihtsalt \u00fchendamine<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/mailru\/blog\/370471\/\">Unustatud r\u00e4litsid kompuutritest<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/405207\/\">Elektriaeg<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Elektriliste kompuutrite ajalugu\n<ul>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/408611\/\">Proloog<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/374043\/\">Kolloss<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/408597\/\">ENIAC <\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/447916\/\">Elektriline revolutsioon<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Transistori ajalugu\n<ul>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/448238\/\">K\u00e4ies pimeduses tunde j\u00e4rgi<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/448576\/\">S\u00f5jakooretest<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/448576\/\"><\/a><\/noindex><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/449760\/\">Korduv leiutamine<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Interneti ajalugu\n<ul>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/450168\/\">Tugiv\u00f5rk<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/450522\/\">Lagunemine, osa 1<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/451606\/\">Lagunemine, osa 2<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/452030\/\">Interaktiivsuse avamine<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/453154\/\">Interaktiivsuse laiendamine<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/456200\/\">ARPANET \u2014 algus<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/457256\/\">ARPANET \u2014 pakett<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/461177\/\">ARPANET \u2014 alamv\u00f5rk<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/472582\/\">Arvuti kui sidevahend<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/483366\/\">Interneti ajalugu: v\u00f5rgu\u00fchendus<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nV <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/geektimes.ru\/post\/290165\/\">eelmisel jutustuse osal<\/a><\/noindex> me \u00f5ppisime, kuidas Ameerika teadlane ja \u00f5petaja <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/ru.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%B8,_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%84\">Joseph Henry<\/a><\/noindex> esmakordselt Euroopas r\u00e4ndas. Londonis viibides k\u00fclastas ta s\u00fcgavalt austatud inimest, matemaatikut <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/ru.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%91%D1%8D%D0%B1%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B6,_%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B7\">Charles Babbage<\/a><\/noindex>. Henry kaasas oli tema s\u00f5ber, Aleksander Bach, ja tema uus tuttav, samuti telegraphi katsetaja, <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/ru.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%A3%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD,_%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B7\">Charles Wheatstone<\/a><\/noindex>. Babbage r\u00e4\u00e4kis k\u00fclalistele, et plaanib varsti oma arvestusmasinat Parlamendi liikmele demonstreerida, kuid veel suurema r\u00f5\u00f5muga jagas ta nendega oma uue masina ideed, \"mis \u00fcletab oluliselt esimese v\u00f5imalusi.\" Henry m\u00e4rkis oma p\u00e4evikusse selle plaani \u00fcldised \u00fcksikasjad:<\/p>\n<p>See masin jaguneb kaheks osaks, millest \u00fche h\u00e4rrasmees B. nimetab hoidmiseks ja teise \u2013 jahvatajaks. Hoidja on t\u00e4idetud ratastega, millel on joonistatud numbrid. Perioodiliselt t\u00f5mbavad kangid need v\u00e4lja ja viivad jahvatajas, kus toimuvad vajalikud manipulatsioonid. L\u00f5puks suudab see masin koostada tabeli igast algebralise iseloomuga valemist.<br \/>\n<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"habracut\"><\/a><\/noindex><br \/>\nAjaloolane ei saa mitte tunda k\u00fclma, mis jookseb selja taga selliste juhuslike ristmike t\u00f5ttu inimeludes. Siin p\u00f5imusid kaks arvutite ajaloo niiti, millest \u00fcks l\u00e4henes oma l\u00f5pule, samas kui teine alles alustas.<\/p>\n<p>Kuigi Babbage'i masinat esitatakse sageli kui kaasaegsete universaalsete arvutite ajaloo algust, on nende vaheline seos siiski \u00fcsna n\u00f5rk. Tema masin (mida ta kunagi ei ehitanud) oli mehaaniliste arvutuste unistuse kulminatsioon. See unistus, mille esmakordselt v\u00e4ljendas Leibniz, sai inspiratsiooni \u00fcha keerukamatest kellamehhanismidest, mida meisterdate loomiseks kasutati alates keskajast. Kuid \u00fckski \u00fcldotstarbeline arvuti ei ole ehitatud puhtalt mehaanika alusel \u2013 see \u00fclesanne on liiga keeruline.<\/p>\n<p>Ja elektromagnetiline relee, mille l\u00f5id Henry ja teised, oli suhteliselt lihtsalt integreeritav arvutiringidesse, mille keerukus ilma selleta tundub kujuteldamatu. Kuid selle hetkeni j\u00e4i veel k\u00fcmneid aastaid ja sellist arengut ei suutnud Henry ja tema kaasmaalased ette n\u00e4ha. Sellest sai lugematu hulga transistorite eelk\u00e4ija, mis tegi v\u00f5imalikuks t\u00e4nap\u00e4eva digitaalse maailma, mis on nii tihedalt seotud meie t\u00e4nase eluga. Releed t\u00e4itsid varajaste programmeeritavate arvutite sisemust, mis valitsesid l\u00fchikest aega, kuni need asendati nende puhtalt elektrooniliste sugulastega.<\/p>\n<p>Releed leiutati mitu korda s\u00f5ltumatult \u00fcksteisest 1830ndatel. Selle eesm\u00e4rgid olid mitmekesised (viie leiutaja seas oli v\u00e4hemalt kolm rakendust) \u2013 nagu ka kasutusn\u00e4idised. Kuid seda on mugav m\u00f5elda kui kahefaktilist seadet. Seda v\u00f5ib kasutada l\u00fclitina, mis juhib veel \u00fcht elektriseadet (sealhulgas, mis on oluline, teist releed), v\u00f5i kui v\u00f5imendina, mis muundab n\u00f5rga signaali tugevaks.<\/p>\n<h2>L\u00fcliti<\/h2>\n<p>\nJoseph Henry \u00fchendas endas s\u00fcgavad teadmised loodusfilosoofias, mehaanikas ja huvi mehaanilise telegrafi probleemi vastu. 1830. aastatel oli selline oskuste kogum t\u00f5en\u00e4oliselt vaid Whitestone'il. Aastaks 1831 oli ta ehitanud 2,5 km pikkuse vooluahela, mis suudab aktiveerida kellaklapi, kasutades selleks \u00fcht v\u00f5imsamat magnetit oma ajast. V\u00f5ib-olla, kui ta oleks j\u00e4tkanud sama aktiivset t\u00f6\u00f6d telegraafi kallal ning n\u00e4idanud samasugust visadust nagu Morse, oleks just tema nimi kirjutatud \u00f5pikutesse.<\/p>\n<p>Kuid Henry, \u00f5petaja Albany akadeemias ja hiljem New Jersey kolled\u017eis (t\u00e4nap\u00e4eval Princetoni \u00fclikool) ehitas ja t\u00e4iustas ta elektriliste seadmeid teadusuuringute, \u00f5petamise ja teaduslike demonstratsioonide eesm\u00e4rgil. Teda ei huvitanud, et muuta pedagoogilist instrumenti s\u00f5numite edastamise s\u00fcsteemiks.<\/p>\n<p>Umbes 1835. aastal tuli ta v\u00e4lja eriti nutika demonstraatsiooniga kahe vooluringi abil. Meenutage, et Henry avastas, et elektril on kaks m\u00f5\u00f5det - intensiivsus ja hulk (me nimetame neid pingeks ja vooluks). Ta l\u00f5i vooluringe intensiivsete patareide ja magnetitega, et edastada elektromagnetismi suurte vahemaid pidi, ning vooluringe koguseliselt s\u00f5lmitud patareide ja magnetite abil, et luua suure v\u00f5imsusega elektromagnetilisi j\u00f5ude.<\/p>\n<p>Tema uus seade \u00fchendas endas k\u00f5ik need omadused. V\u00f5imas koguseline elektromagnet suutis t\u00f5sta sadu kilogramme kaalu. K\u00f5rge intensiivsusega magnet pikka vooluringi otsas kasutati v\u00e4ikese metalltraadi t\u00f5stmiseks: l\u00fclitiks. Intensiivse vooluringi sulgemine pani magneti traadi \u00fcles t\u00f5stma, mis avas l\u00fcliti ja koguselisest ringist. Seej\u00e4rel kukutas koguseline elektromagnet \u00e4kki oma koorma vali m\u00fcraga.<\/p>\n<p>See rull \u2013 just such a role was executed by the intensive magnet and its wire \u2013 was necessary to demonstrate the conversion of electrical energy into mechanical energy, as well as how a small force can control a large one. A light immersion of the wire in acid to close the circuit resulted in a small movement of the minor switch, which ultimately ended in a catastrophe involving the fall of metal, sufficient to crush anyone foolish enough to stand beneath it. For Henry, the relay was a tool for demonstrating scientific principles. It was an electric lever.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Ja l\u00f5puks, relee\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/93bd7103b03032ddb16cc69b8e28cf29.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nHenry was likely the first to connect two circuits in this way \u2013 to control one using the electromagnetism of the other. The second place, as far as we know, belongs to William Cook and Charles Whitstone, although they had entirely different objectives.<\/p>\n<p>M\u00e4rtsis 1836, vahetult p\u00e4rast k\u00fclastust Heidelbergis toimuvale demonstraatsioonile, kus kasutati galvaniseeritud n\u00f5ela signaalide edastamiseks, sai Cook inspiratsiooni muusika karbist. Cooki arvates n\u00f5uab reaalses telegraafis n\u00f5elte kasutamine, mis t\u00e4histavad t\u00e4hti, mitmeid n\u00f5elu, ning nende jaoks on vaja mitmeid kontuure. Cook soovis, et elektromagnet aktiveeriks mehhanismi, mis v\u00f5iks olla n\u00f5utud t\u00e4he demonstreerimisel piiramatu keerukusega.<\/p>\n<p>Ta m\u00f5tles v\u00e4lja masina, mis meenutab muusikakasti, millel on tynkar, \u00fcmbritsetud paljude n\u00f6\u00f6ridega. \u00dchel pool tynkarist peaks olema ringikujuline skaala t\u00e4htedega. Iga telegraafiliini otsas peaks olema selline kastike. Pingutatud vedru peaks sundima tynkarit p\u00f6\u00f6rlema, kuid suurema osa ajast on see kinni piduri all. Kui telegraafiv\u00f5tmele vajutada, sulgub kontuur, aktiveerides elektromagnetid, mis avavad m\u00f5lemad lukud, ja m\u00f5lemad masinad p\u00f6\u00f6rlevad. Kui skaalal kuvatakse vajalik kiri, vabastatakse v\u00f5tmed, lukud asuvad tagasi oma kohale ja peatavad tynkarite liikumise. Kuk, ise seda teadmata, rekonstrueeris Ronald'i telegraafi kronomeetrilise mudeli, mis oli v\u00e4lja m\u00f5eldud kaks k\u00fcmnendit tagasi, ja vendade Shapp varasemad eksperimendid telegrafiga (ainult nemad kasutasid skaala s\u00fcnkroniseerimiseks heli, mitte elektrit).<\/p>\n<p>Cook sai, et sarnane mehhanism v\u00f5iks aidata lahendada pikaajalist telegraafi probleemi \u2013 teavitada vastuv\u00f5tjat uuest s\u00f5numist. Selleks v\u00f5iks kasutada teist kontuuri koos teise elektromagnetiga, mis aktiveeriks mehaanilise kellakella. Kontuuri sulgemine t\u00f5mbaks piduri ja kell heliseks.<\/p>\n<p>M\u00e4rtsis 1837 alustas Cook koost\u00f6\u00f6d Whistone'iga telegraafi kallal ja umbes sel ajal hakkasid nad m\u00f5tlema teise kontuuri vajalikkusele. Kas ei oleks lihtsam kasutada peamist kontuuri signaali kontrollimiseks, selle asemel et luua s\u00f5ltumatut kontuuri teavitussignaaliks (ja venitada kilomeetrite kaupa liigseid juhtmeid)?<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Ja l\u00f5puks, relee\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/b68f58167a89c00819655299ee5178d7.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nSel ajal olid Cook ja Whitson naasnud n\u00f5elu kujundusse, ja oli t\u00e4iesti selge, et v\u00e4ikese juhe v\u00f5ib olla \u00fchendatud n\u00f5elaga nii, et kui elektromagnet t\u00f5mbab selle otsa, sulgeb n\u00f5ela saba teise voolu. See vool p\u00f5hjustaks signaali. P\u00e4rast teatud aega, mille jooksul s\u00f5numi vastuv\u00f5tja saaks \u00e4rgata, signaali v\u00e4lja l\u00fclitada ja pliiatsi ning paberiga valmistuda, saaks n\u00f5ela juba kasutada s\u00f5numi edastamiseks tavap\u00e4raselt.<\/p>\n<p>Kaks aastat kestnud kahe kontinendi jooksul, kahes erinevas eesm\u00e4rgis, m\u00f5istsid inimesed, et elektromagnetit v\u00f5is kasutada l\u00fclitina, mis juhtis teist voolu. Kuid oli v\u00f5imalik ette kujutada ka t\u00e4iesti teistsugust viisi kahe voolu omavaheliseks suhtlemiseks.<\/p>\n<h2>K\u00fcllitser<\/h2>\n<p>\n\u041a \u043e\u0441\u0435\u043d\u0438 1837 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0421\u044d\u043c\u044e\u044d\u043b \u041c\u043e\u0440\u0437\u0435 \u0431\u044b\u043b \u0443\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d \u0432 \u0442\u043e\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0438\u0434\u0435\u044e \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0430 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c. \u0418\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u044f \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0441\u0438\u0432\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0431\u0430\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0435\u044e \u0438 \u043c\u0430\u0433\u043d\u0438\u0442 \u0413\u0435\u043d\u0440\u0438, \u043e\u043d \u043e\u0442\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u043b \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043a\u0438\u043b\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0430. \u041d\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u044c \u041a\u043e\u043d\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0443 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u043e \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0443 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u0432\u0435\u0441\u044c \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0442, \u0435\u043c\u0443 \u043d\u0443\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u043e \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435. \u0411\u044b\u043b\u043e 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\u0441\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0442 \u0441\u043b\u0430\u0431\u0435\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u043d\u0451\u0440\u0430 \u0438 \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0434\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435 \u0441 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0439.<\/p>\n<p>Ei ole teada, kas see idee oli inspireeritud Henry t\u00f6\u00f6dest, kuid Morse oli kindlasti esimene, kes kasutas releed selle eesm\u00e4rgi jaoks. Tema jaoks oli relee mitte l\u00fcliti, vaid v\u00f5imendi, mis suudab n\u00f5rga signaali muuta tugevaks.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Ja l\u00f5puks, relee\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/8a632be6166e4b337ba9fa6515c15031.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nTeiselt poolt Atlandi ookeani umbes samal ajal <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Edward_Davy\">Edward Davy<\/a><\/noindex>, Londonis tegutsev apteeker, tuli v\u00e4lja sarnase ideega. Ta oli t\u00f5en\u00e4oliselt huvitatud telegraafist umbes 1835. aastal. 1837. aasta alguseks tegi ta regulaarselt katseid \u00fche ja poole kilomeetri pikkuse ringiga Regent's Parkis Londoni loodeosas.<\/p>\n<p>Peagi p\u00e4rast Cooki ja Whitstoni kohtumist 1837. aasta m\u00e4rtsis tundis Davy konkurentsi ja hakkas t\u00f5sisemalt kaaluma praktilise s\u00fcsteemi ehitamist. Ta m\u00e4rkas, et galvanomeeteri n\u00f5ela k\u00f5rvalekalde tugevus v\u00e4henes m\u00e4rgatavalt juhe pikkuse suurenedes. Kuidas ta kirjutas palju aastaid hiljem:<\/p>\n<p>Siis m\u00f5tlesin, et isegi k\u00f5ige v\u00e4iksem n\u00f5ela liikumine juukse paksuse v\u00f5rra on piisav, et tuua kontakt kahe metallpinna vahele, luues uue ringi, mis s\u00f5ltub kohalikust akust; ja nii v\u00f5iks seda igavesti korrata.<\/p>\n<p>Deyvi nimetas seda ideed n\u00f5rga elektrisignaali tugevaks muutmise \"elektriliseks uuendajaks\". Kuid tal ei \u00f5nnestunud seda v\u00f5i m\u00f5nda muud telegrafi ideed ellu viia. Ta sai telegraphi patendi 1838. aastal, s\u00f5ltumatult Cookist ja Whistlest. Kuid 1839. aastal lahkus ta Austraaliasse, p\u00e4\u00e4stes end eba\u00f5nnestunud abielust, ja j\u00e4ttis tegevusala konkurentide hooleks. Nende telegraphi ettev\u00f5te ostis selle patendi m\u00f5ne aasta p\u00e4rast.<\/p>\n<h2>Relee maailmas<\/h2>\n<p>\nTehnoloogia ajaloos p\u00f6\u00f6rame palju t\u00e4helepanu s\u00fcsteemidele, kuid sageli ignoreerime nende komponente. R\u00e4\u00e4gime telegraphi, telefoni ja elektrivalguse ajaloost, kiidame nende loojaid soojade kiirtega meie heakskiidust. Kuid need s\u00fcsteemid said tekkida alles t\u00e4nu olemasolevate elementide kombinatsioonide, rekombinatsioonide ja muutmisele, mis kasvasid vaikselt varjus.<\/p>\n<p>Relee on \u00fcks selline element. See on kiiresti arenenud ja muutunud mitmekesiseks, kui telegraafilised v\u00f5rgud hakkasid aktiivselt kasvama 1840. ja 1850. aastatel. J\u00e4rgnenud sajandi jooksul leidis see rakendust erinevat t\u00fc\u00fcpi elektris\u00fcsteemides. K\u00f5ige varasemaks variandiks oli j\u00e4iga metallist ankur, nagu telegraafihelis, v\u00f5rgus oleva kontakti sulgemiseks. P\u00e4rast elektromagneti v\u00e4lja l\u00fclitamist eraldus ankur kontuurist vedruga. Selline mehhanism oli usaldusv\u00e4\u00e4rsem ja vastupidavam kui juhtme t\u00fckid v\u00f5i n\u00f5elad. Arendati ka vaikimisi suletud mudeleid, lisaks algsele disainile, mis oli vaikimisi avatud.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Ja l\u00f5puks, relee\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/0aeebcad0701208c571f3909df9034c1.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>T\u00fc\u00fcpiline 19. sajandi l\u00f5pu relee. Vedru T hoiab ankru B kokkupuute eest kontaktiga C. Kui elektromagnet M aktiveeritakse, \u00fcletab see vedru ja sulgeb kontuuri juhi W ja kontaktil C.<\/i><\/p>\n<p>Telegrafi varajastes aastates ei kasutatud releesid harva v\u00f5imendite v\u00f5i \"uuendajatena\", kuna \u00fchte ringi sai venitada 150 km. Kuid need olid v\u00e4ga kasulikud n\u00f5rkade pikade liinide \u00fchendamiseks kohalike k\u00f5rgepingeliinidega, mida sai kasutada teiste masinate, n\u00e4iteks Morse'i registreerija toitmiseks.<\/p>\n<p>Ameerika \u00dchendriikide 19. sajandi teise poole k\u00fcmned patendid kirjeldavad uusi releid ja nende uusi rakendusi. Diferentsiaalrelee, mis jagas m\u00e4hise nii, et elektromehaaniline efekt kompenseeriti \u00fches suunas ja tugevnes teises, v\u00f5imaldas kasutada dupleks-telegrammi side: kaks signaali, mis liiguvad vastassuunas \u00fche jaotuse kaudu. Thomas Edison kasutas polariseeritud (v\u00f5i polaarsed) releed, et luua kvadrubleksi, mis suudab edastada 4 signaali korraga \u00fche jaotuse kaudu: kaks igas suunas. Polariseeritud relees oli ankur ise p\u00fcsiv magnet, mis reageeris voolu suunale, mitte j\u00f5ule. P\u00fcsivate magnetite kasutamise t\u00f5ttu oli v\u00f5imalik valmistada releesid vahetuvate kontaktidega, mis peale vahetamist j\u00e4id avatud v\u00f5i suletud.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Ja l\u00f5puks, relee\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/607d82895b9f1a3786719824ffc81a02.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>Polariseeritud relee<\/i><\/p>\n<p>Releed, lisaks telegrammi sidele, hakati kasutama ka raudtee signalisatsioonis\u00fcsteemides. Elektriv\u00f5rkude tekkimisega hakati releesid kasutama ka nendes s\u00fcsteemides, eriti kaitse seadmetena.<\/p>\n<p>Kuid isegi need laiad ja keerulised v\u00f5rgud ei n\u00f5udnud releedelt rohkem, kui nad suudavad pakkuda. Telegraaf ja raudtee j\u00f5udsid igasse linna, kuid mitte igasse hoonesse. Neil oli k\u00fcmneid tuhandeid l\u00f5pp-punkte, kuid mitte miljoneid. Elektri\u00fclekande s\u00fcsteemidel polnud t\u00e4htis, kus nad l\u00f5petavad \u2013 nad andsid lihtsalt voolu kohalikku ringi ja iga kodu ja ettev\u00f5te v\u00f5is selle endale v\u00f5tta, nii palju kui vaja.<\/p>\n<p>Telefoni kommunikatsioon oli t\u00e4iesti erinev asi. Telefonidel tuli luua side punkti ja punkti vahel, igast kodust ja kontorist igasse teise, seet\u00f5ttu vajati nende jaoks juhtimisringlusi enneolematul skaalal. Inimese h\u00e4\u00e4l, mis liikles juhtmete kaudu lainetena, oli signaal, mis oli rikas, kuid n\u00f5rk. Seet\u00f5ttu vajas kaugtelefone parimat kvaliteeti tugevdajaid. Selgus, et l\u00fclitid saavad t\u00f6\u00f6tada ka selliste tugevdamistena. N\u00fc\u00fcd juhtisid telefoniv\u00f5rgud rohkem kui \u00fcksk\u00f5ik millised teised s\u00fcsteemid l\u00fclitite arengut.<\/p>\n<h2>Mida lugeda<\/h2>\n<p>\n\u2022 James B. Calvert, \u201cElektromagnetiline telegraaf\u201c<br \/>\n\u2022 Franklin Leonard Pope, \u00abKaasaegne praktika elektriteleskoop\u00bb (1891)<br \/>\n<br \/>Allikas: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/404723\/\">habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0414\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0438 \u0446\u0438\u043a\u043b\u0430: \u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0435 \u041c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434 \u00ab\u0431\u044b\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0438 \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439\u00bb, \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0417\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0435 \u0414\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0435\u0446 \u0413\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c 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