{"id":55869,"date":"2020-01-30T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2020-01-29T21:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/blog_prohoster\/kak-sozdat-detsentralizovannoe-prilozhenie-kotoroe-masshtabiruetsya-ispolzujte-menshe-blokchejna"},"modified":"2020-02-18T14:04:02","modified_gmt":"2020-02-18T11:04:02","slug":"kak-sozdat-detsentralizovannoe-prilozhenie-kotoroe-masshtabiruetsya-ispolzujte-menshe-blokchejna","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/et\/blog\/administrirovanie\/kak-sozdat-detsentralizovannoe-prilozhenie-kotoroe-masshtabiruetsya-ispolzujte-menshe-blokchejna","title":{"rendered":"Kuidas luua skalaarne detsentraliseeritud rakendus? Kasutage v\u00e4hem plokiahelat","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

Ei, det sentraliserte applikasjonen (dapp) p\u00e5 blockchain vil ikke f\u00f8re til en vellykket virksomhet. Faktisk tenker ikke de fleste brukere engang p\u00e5 om applikasjonen fungerer p\u00e5 blockchain \u2014 de velger bare et produkt som er billigere, raskere og enklere.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Dessverre, selv om blockchain har sine unike egenskaper og fordeler, er de fleste applikasjoner som kj\u00f8rer p\u00e5 den mye dyrere, tregere og mindre forst\u00e5elige enn deres sentraliserte konkurrenter.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\"Kuidas<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u0414\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e \u0432 whitepaper’\u0430\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043d\u044b \u043d\u0430 \u0431\u043b\u043e\u043a\u0447\u0435\u0439\u043d\u0435, \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444, \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c \u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043e: "\u0431\u043b\u043e\u043a\u0447\u0435\u0439\u043d \u0434\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0439 \u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0435\u043d \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u0443\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0435 \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u043e \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0437\u0430\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0439 \u0432 \u0441\u0435\u043a\u0443\u043d\u0434\u0443. \u041a \u0441\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e, \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0430\u0434 \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0448\u0442\u0430\u0431\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0431\u043b\u043e\u043a\u0447\u0435\u0439\u043d\u0430 \u0438 \u043a \u043c\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0443 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0448\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043e\u043d \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0442 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0448\u0442\u0430\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u043c".<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u0412 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043c \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0435, \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0447\u0438\u043a dapp’\u0430 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0442 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0433\u043b\u0443\u0431\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0441\u0443\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0448\u0442\u0430\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u0430\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c. \u042d\u0442\u043e \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u043a \u043d\u0435\u044d\u0444\u0444\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0435, \u0433\u0434\u0435 \u0431\u044d\u043a\u0435\u043d\u0434\u043e\u043c \u0438 \u044f\u0434\u0440\u043e\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0430\u0442 \u0441\u043c\u0430\u0440\u0442-\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u044b, \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0431\u043b\u043e\u043a\u0447\u0435\u0439\u043d\u0435. <\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Det finnes imidlertid fortsatt upr\u00f8vde tiln\u00e6rminger i arkitekturen for desentraliserte applikasjoner som muliggj\u00f8r mye bedre skalerbarhet ved \u00e5 redusere avhengigheten av blockchain. For eksempel arbeider Blockstack med en arkitektur der de fleste dataene og logikken i applikasjonen lagres utenfor blockchain.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

La oss f\u00f8rst se p\u00e5 en mer tradisjonell tiln\u00e6rming, der blockchain brukes som en direkte mellommann mellom brukerne av applikasjonen, og som ikke skalerer spesielt godt.<\/p>\n

<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n

Tiln\u00e6rming #1: Blockchain som backend<\/h1>\n

<\/p>\n

For \u00e5 gj\u00f8re det mer illustrerende, la oss bruke hotellbransjen som et eksempel. Dette er en enorm industri der mellomledd som Booking.com, tar h\u00f8ye avgifter<\/a><\/noindex> for \u00e5 koble gjester og hoteller.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

I enhver situasjon der vi \u00f8nsker \u00e5 overvinne et slikt mellomledd ved \u00e5 bruke denne tiln\u00e6rmingen, vil vi pr\u00f8ve \u00e5 gjenskape forretningslogikken deres ved \u00e5 bruke smarte kontrakter p\u00e5 en blockchain som for eksempel Ethereum.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u0421\u043c\u0430\u0440\u0442-\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u044b \u0441 \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u044b\u043c \u0438\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043a\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043c, \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0443\u0449\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043d\u0430 "\u0432\u0441\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u044c\u044e\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435", \u043c\u043e\u0433\u0443\u0442 \u0441\u043e\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u044f\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0446\u043e\u0432 \u0441 \u043f\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u043d\u0438\u043c\u0438, \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0447\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0438\u0442\u043e\u0433\u0435 \u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044c\u0448\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043b\u0430\u0442\u0443 \u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044e, \u0432\u0437\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0435\u043c\u0443\u044e \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043c.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Kuidas on n\u00e4idatud alloleval pildil, kasutavad hotellid detsentraliseeritud rakendust, et salvestada plokiahelas teavet tubade, nende saadavuse ja hindade kohta n\u00e4dalap\u00e4evadel v\u00f5i n\u00e4dalavahetustel, ning v\u00f5ib-olla isegi tubade kirjeldust koos kogu muu sobiva teabega.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\"Kuidas<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Iga\u00fcks, kes soovib tuba broneerida, kasutab seda rakendust hotellide ja tubade otsimiseks, mis on plokiahelas registreeritud. Kui kasutaja valib toa, toimub broneering, saates hotelli vajalik summa tokenitena tagatisena. Vastuseks v\u00e4rskendab nutileping plokiahelas teavet, et tuba ei ole enam saadaval.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Selles l\u00e4henemisviisis on kaks probleemiga seotud mastaapsuse aspekti. Esiteks on maksimaalne tehingute arv sekundis. Teiseks on andmemaht, mida saab plokiahelas salvestada.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Tehkem umbkaudsed arvutused. Booking.com teatab, et neil on registreeritud peaaegu 2 miljonit hotelli. Oletame, et keskmiselt on igal hotellil 10 tuba ja iga\u00fcht broneeritakse vaid 20 korda aastas - see annab meile keskmiselt 13 broneeringut sekundis.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Seda arvu hinnates tasub mainida, et Ethereum suudab t\u00f6\u00f6delda umbes 15 tehingut sekundis.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Samuti on oluline arvestada, et meie rakenduses on samuti tehingud hotellide poolt - nende tubade teabe laadimiseks ja pidevaks v\u00e4rskendamiseks. Hotellid uuendavad tubade hindu v\u00e4ga sageli, m\u00f5nikord isegi igap\u00e4evaselt, ja iga hinnamuutus v\u00f5i kirjelduse muutmine n\u00f5uab plokiahelas tehingut.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Siin on ka suuruse probleem - Ethereum plokiahela kaal on hiljuti \u00fcletanud 2TB. Kui sellised rakendused muutuksid t\u00f5eliselt populaarseks, siis muutuks Ethereum'i v\u00f5rk \u00e4\u00e4rmiselt ebastabiilseks.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Selline plokiahelal p\u00f5hinev s\u00fcsteem suudab v\u00e4listada kolmandad osalised oma erapooletuse ja kesksete elementide puudumise t\u00f5ttu - plokiahela tehnoloogia peamised eelised. Kuid plokiahelal on ka teisi omadusi - see on jaotatud ja mitte \u00fcmberkirjutatav, need on suurep\u00e4rased omadused, kuid nende eest tuleb maksta tehingute kiirus ja komisjonitasud. <\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u041f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0447\u0438\u043a\u0438 dapp’\u043e\u0432 \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u043d\u044b \u0442\u0449\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u043b\u0438 \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u043e\u0439 \u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435, \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0431\u043b\u043e\u043a\u0447\u0435\u0439\u043d, \u043d\u0443\u0436\u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0438 \u043d\u0435\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

N\u00e4iteks: mis on eelised, kui iga hotelli andmeid jagatakse sadade masinate vahel \u00fcle kogu maailma ja hoitakse seal pidevalt? Kas on t\u00f5eliselt oluline, et ajaloolised andmed hindade ja numbrite saadavuse kohta oleksid alati plokiahelas? T\u00f5en\u00e4oliselt mitte.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Kui hakkame selliseid k\u00fcsimusi esitama, hakkame n\u00e4gema, et me ei vaja k\u00f5iki kalleid plokiahela omadusi k\u00f5igi meie funktsioonide jaoks. Nii milline on alternatiiv? <\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u041f\u043e\u0434\u0445\u043e\u0434 #2: \u0410\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430, \u0432\u0434\u043e\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f Blockstack’\u043e\u043c<\/h1>\n

<\/p>\n

Kuigi peamine r\u00f5hk Blockstackil<\/a><\/noindex> on rakendustel, kus kasutajad on oma andmete omanikud (n\u00e4iteks sellised nagu Airtext<\/a><\/noindex>, BentenSound<\/a><\/noindex>, ImageOptimizer<\/a><\/noindex> v\u00f5i Graphite<\/a><\/noindex>), on Blockstackil ka filosoofia plokiahela v\u00e4hese kasutamise kohta \u2014 ainult siis, kui see on absoluutselt vajalik. Nende peamine argument on, et plokiahel on aeglane ja kallis, seega tuleks seda kasutada ainult \u00fcksikute v\u00f5i harvade tehingute jaoks. K\u00f5ik muu rakendusega suhtlemine peaks toimuma peer-to-peer, st hajutatud rakenduste kasutajad peaksid andmeid vahetama otse \u00fcksteisega, mitte plokiahela kaudu. L\u00f5ppude l\u00f5puks olid k\u00f5ige vanemad ja edukamad hajutatud rakendused, nagu BitTorrent, e-post ja Tor, loodud juba enne plokiahela kontseptsiooni tekkimist.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\"Kuidas
\nVasakul: esimene l\u00e4henemine, kus kasutajad suhtlevad plokiahela kaudu. Paremal: kasutajad suhtlevad otse \u00fcksteisega, plokiahel kasutatakse ainult identifitseerimiseks ja sarnaseks.<\/em>.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Naaseme hotelli broneerimise n\u00e4ite juurde. Soovime objektiivset, s\u00f5ltumatut ja avatud protokolli, et siduda k\u00fclalisi hotellidega. Teisis\u00f5nu, soovime eemaldada tsentraliseeritud vahendaja. Meil ei ole vaja n\u00e4iteks pidevalt hoida numbrite hindu \u00fcldises hajutatud registris.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Miks me lihtsalt ei luba k\u00fclalistel ja hotellidel omavahel otse suhelda, mitte l\u00e4bi plokiahela? Hotellid saavad salvestada oma hinnad, tubade saadavuse ja muu teabe, kus iganes see on k\u00f5igile kergesti k\u00e4ttesaadav \u2014 n\u00e4iteks IPFS, Amazon S3 v\u00f5i isegi nende enda kohaliku serveri kaudu. Just selle pakub Blockstacki nime all tuntud detsentraliseeritud salvestuss\u00fcsteem Gaia<\/a><\/noindex>. See v\u00f5imaldab kasutajatel valida, kus nad soovivad oma andmeid hoida, ja kontrollida, kellel on ligip\u00e4\u00e4s nendele andmetele l\u00e4henemise kaudu, mida nimetatakse mitmekasutuseks m\u00f5eldud salvestuseks<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Usalduse loomiseks allkirjastab hotell kogu teabe kr\u00fcptograafiliselt. \u00dcksk\u00f5ik, kus need andmed on salvestatud, on nende terviklikkust v\u00f5imalik kontrollida, kasutades avalikke v\u00f5tmeid, mis on seotud selle hotelli tuvastamisinformatsiooniga, mis on salvestatud plokiahelas.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Blockstacki puhul salvestatakse plokiahelas ainult teie tuvastamisinformatsioon. Teave, kuidas iga kasutaja andmetele ligi p\u00e4\u00e4seda, salvestatakse tsoonifailidesse ja jagatakse peer-to-peer v\u00f5rgu kaudu s\u00f5lmede abil. Ja veel kord \u2014 te ei pea usaldama s\u00f5lmede edastatavaid andmeid, kuna v\u00f5ite kontrollida nende autentsust, v\u00f5rreldes neid plokiahelas ja teistel kasutajatel hoitavate hash'idega.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Lihtsustatud versioonis kasutavad k\u00fclalised Blockstacki peer-to-peer v\u00f5rku hotellide leidmiseks ja nende tubade kohta teabe saamiseks. Ja k\u00f5igi saadud andmete autentsust ja terviklikkust on v\u00f5imalik kontrollida, kasutades avalikke v\u00f5ti ja hashesid, mis on salvestatud virtuaalsesse ahelasse<\/a><\/noindex> Blockstack.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

See arhitektuur on keerulisem kui esialgne l\u00e4henemine ja n\u00f5uab keerukamat infrastruktuuri. Tegelikult on see just see, kus Blockstack astub m\u00e4ngu, pakkudes k\u00f5iki vajalikke komponente sellise detsentraliseeritud s\u00fcsteemi loomiseks.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\"Kuidas<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Sellise arhitektuuri korral salvestame plokiahelas ainult andmed, mis peavad t\u00f5eliselt olema jagatud ja mitte \u00fclekirjutatavad. Blockstacki puhul vajate plokiahelas tehinguid ainult selleks, et registreeruda ja n\u00e4idata, kus teie andmed peaksid olema salvestatud. Teil v\u00f5ib vaja minna rohkem tehinguid, kui soovite muuta midagi sellest teabest, kuid see ei ole korduv s\u00fcndmus. <\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Lisaks sellele t\u00f6\u00f6tab rakenduse loogika, erinevalt esimesest l\u00e4henemisest, kliendi poolel, mitte nutilepingutes. See v\u00f5imaldab arendajal seda loogikat muuta ilma kulukate v\u00f5i m\u00f5nikord isegi v\u00f5imatute nutilepingute uuendusteta. Hoides andmeid ja rakenduse loogikat v\u00e4ljaspool plokiahelat, saavad detsentraliseeritud rakendused saavutada tootlikkuse ja skaalautuvuse taset, mis vastab traditsioonilistele kesksetele s\u00fcsteemidele. <\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Kokkuv\u00f5te<\/h1>\n

<\/p>\n

Blockstackil t\u00f6\u00f6tavad rakendused saavad skaleeruda palju paremini kui tavalised plokiahela rakendused, kuid see on noorem l\u00e4henemine, millel on oma probleemid ja vastamata k\u00fcsimused.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

N\u00e4iteks, kui detsentraliseeritud rakendus ei t\u00f6\u00f6ta nutilepingute peal, v\u00e4hendab see utiliit-tokenite vajadust. See v\u00f5ib ettev\u00f5tetele probleeme tekitada, kui arvestada, et ICO-d olid peamine rahastamisallikas detsentraliseeritud rakenduste jaoks (sealhulgas Blockstack ise).<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Siin on ka tehnilised probleemid. N\u00e4iteks on suhteliselt lihtne rakendada hotellide broneerimise funktsiooni nutilepingus, kus atomaarse tehingu k\u00e4igus toimub ruumide broneerimine tokenite vahetamise eest. Ja ei ole v\u00e4ga ilmne, kuidas broneerimine t\u00f6\u00f6tab Blockstacki rakenduses ilma nutilepinguteta.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Rakendused, mis sihivad globaalseid turge, millel on potentsiaal miljoneid kasutajaid, peavad olema v\u00e4ga h\u00e4sti skaleeritavad, et olla edukad. Ekslik on loota ainult plokiahelatele, et saavutada sellist skaleeritavust l\u00e4hiajal. Suuremate kesksete turu m\u00e4ngijatega, nagu Booking.com, konkurentsis p\u00fcsimiseks peavad detsentraliseeritud rakenduste arendajad kaaluma alternatiivseid l\u00e4henemisviise oma rakenduste projekteerimisele, n\u00e4iteks Blockstacki pakutavat.<\/p>\n

Allikas: habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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