{"id":69443,"date":"2020-02-19T14:42:01","date_gmt":"2020-02-19T11:42:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/internet-v-turkmenistane-czena-dostupnost-i-ogranicheniya"},"modified":"2020-03-03T16:14:55","modified_gmt":"2020-03-03T13:14:55","slug":"internet-v-turkmenistane-czena-dostupnost-i-ogranicheniya","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/et\/blog\/administrirovanie\/internet-v-turkmenistane-czena-dostupnost-i-ogranicheniya","title":{"rendered":"Internet K\u00f5rg\u00f5vitas: hind, k\u00e4ttesaadavus ja piirangud","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

\"Internet
\n
\nT\u00fcrkmenistan on \u00fcks k\u00f5ige varjatud riike maailmas. Mitte nii varjatud kui n\u00e4iteks P\u00f5hja-Korea, kuid l\u00e4hedal. Peamine erinevus on avalik internet, millele riigi kodanikud saavad h\u00f5lpsalt juurdep\u00e4\u00e4su. See artikkel r\u00e4\u00e4gib riigi interneti t\u00f6\u00f6stuse olukorrast, v\u00f5rgu k\u00e4ttesaadavusest, \u00fchenduse maksumusest ja ametnike kehtestatud piirangutest.
\n <\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n

Millal ilmus T\u00fcrkmenistanis internet?<\/h3>\n

\nSaparmurat Niyazovi ajal oli internet eksootika. Riigis t\u00f6\u00f6tas toona mitu \u00fchenduspunkti globaalsete v\u00f5rkudega, kuid ligip\u00e4\u00e4sul olid vaid k\u00f5rged ametnikud ja julgeoleku ametnikud, harva \u2014 tsiviilkasutajad. Eksisteeris mitu v\u00e4ikest interneti pakkujat. 2000. aastate alguses sulges osa ettev\u00f5tteid, osa liideti. Tulemuseks oli riiklik monopool \u2014 teenusepakkuja \"T\u00fcrkmentelekom\". On ka v\u00e4ikeseid kohalikke teenusepakkujaid, kuid tegelikult on nad k\u00f5ik \"T\u00fcrkmentelekomi\" t\u00fctarettev\u00f5tted ja alluvad t\u00e4ielikult sellele.<\/p>\n

P\u00e4rast president Berdimuhamedovi v\u00f5imule tulekut ilmusid T\u00fcrkmenistanis internetikohvikud ja hakkas arenema v\u00f5rgu infrastruktuur. Esimesed kaasaegsed internetikohvikud avati 2007. aastal. T\u00fcrkmenistanis on ka kolmanda ja neljanda p\u00f5lvkonna mobiiliv\u00f5rk. \u00dcksk\u00f5ik, kes riigis elab, saab sellele \u00fchenduda ja seega ka internetti p\u00e4\u00e4seda. Peab lihtsalt ostma SIM-kaardi ja panema selle seadmesse. <\/p>\n

Kui palju maksab internet ja mida on vaja \u00fchendamiseks?<\/h3>\n

\nK\u00f5ik on nagu enamustes teistes riikides \u2014 teenusepakkujale tuleb esitada avaldus. Paari p\u00e4eva jooksul tagatakse uue abonendi \u00fchendus. Hinnapoliitika on aga m\u00f5nev\u00f5rra halvem. Vastavalt Maailmapanga ekspertide arvutustele on internet T\u00fcrkmenistanis endise N\u00f5ukogude Liidu riikide seas k\u00f5ige kallim. \u00dcks gigabait maksab siin 3,5 korda rohkem kui Venemaal. \u00dchendamise maksumus on kuus vahemikus 2500 kuni 6200 rubla. V\u00f5rdluseks \u2014 pealinna riigiasutuses on palga suurus ligikaudu 18 113 rubla (1000 manat), teiste ametite esindajate, eriti piirkondades, palgad on oluliselt madalamad. <\/p>\n

Nagu eespool mainitud, on veel \u00fcks variant interneti\u00fchenduseks mobiilside, 4G-v\u00f5rgud. Kui 4G-infrastruktuur alles tekkis, olid kiirus kuni 70 Mbit\/s isegi maa taga. Praegu, kui tellijate arv on oluliselt suurenenud, on kiirus v\u00e4henenud 10 korda \u2014 kuni 7 Mbit\/s linna sees. Ja see on 4G; r\u00e4\u00e4kides 3G-st, siis seal pole isegi 500 Kbit\/s. <\/p>\n

Ameerika agenteuuringu \u00abAkamai Technologies\u00bb andmetel on riigis interneti k\u00e4ttesaadavus 20%. \u00dchel pealinna T\u00fcrkmenistanis pakkujal on vaid 15 000 kasutajat, samas kui linna elanikkond \u00fcletab 1 miljon inimest.<\/p>\n

Keskmine interneti\u00fchenduse kiirus kasutajatele riigis on madalam kui 0,5 Mbit\/s.<\/p>\n

Mis puutub linna, siis sideminister esitas poolteist aastat tagasi teate, et<\/a><\/noindex>\u0410\u0448\u0445\u0430\u0431adis p\u00fcstitatud andmekeskuste vahel on andmeedastuskiirus keskmiselt 20 Gbit\/s. <\/p>\n

Mobiiliv\u00f5rk on h\u00e4sti arenenud \u2013 isegi v\u00e4ikeste asulate piirkonnas on see h\u00f5lmatud. Kui suunduda neist k\u00fcladesse v\u00e4lja, siis on siiski side olemas \u2013 kate on piisav. Kuid see kehtib vaid tavatelefonide kohta, samas mobiilse interneti kiirus ja kvaliteet ei ole v\u00e4ga head. <\/p>\n

\"Internet
\n <\/p>\n

Kas k\u00f5ik teenused on saadaval v\u00f5i on m\u00f5ni blokeeritud?<\/h3>\n

\nT\u00fcrgistanis on paljud tuntud veebilehed ja teenused blokeeritud, sealhulgas YouTube, Facebook, Twitter, Vkontakte, 'Elu Ajakiri', Lenta.ru. Samuti on lukus messengere nagu WhatsApp, Wechat, Viber. Blokeeritakse ka teisi veebisaite, enamasti neid, kus avaldatakse kriitikat valitsuse kohta. Kuidas on aga v\u00f5imalik, et MTS T\u00fcrgistani veebileht, naiste ajakiri Women.ru, m\u00f5ned retseptisaidid jms on samuti blokeeritud.<\/p>\n

Oktoobris 2019 l\u00f5petati juurdep\u00e4\u00e4s Google'i pilvele, mist\u00f5ttu kaotasid kasutajad ligip\u00e4\u00e4su ettev\u00f5tte teenustele nagu Google Drive, Google Docs ja teistele. T\u00f5en\u00e4oliselt on probleemiks see, et suvel oli sellel teenusel oppositsioonilise veebilehe peegel. <\/p>\n

V\u00f5imud on k\u00f5ige aktiivsemalt h\u00e4das blokeeringute \u00fcmbers\u00f5itmisvahenditega, sealhulgas anon\u00fc\u00fcmsusteenuste ja VPN-idega. Varem pakkusid mobiiltelefonide kauplustes ja teeninduskeskustes kasutajatele VPN-rakenduste installimist. V\u00f5imud on astunud samme ja alustanud regulaarselt ettev\u00f5tjate trahvimist. Selle tulemusena eemaldati teeninduskeskustes see teenus. Lisaks j\u00e4lgib valitsus k\u00fclastatavaid veebisaite. Keelatud ressurssi k\u00fclastamine v\u00f5ib viia v\u00e4lja kutsumiseni ametiv\u00f5imudele ja seletuskirja kirjutamiseni. M\u00f5nel juhul v\u00f5ivad \u00f5iguskaitseorganite esindajad kohale minna ja isiklikult sekkuda. <\/p>\n

Aususe huvides tuleb m\u00e4rkida, et m\u00f5ned aastat tagasi eemaldati torrentide keeld.<\/p>\n

Kuidas v\u00f5imud blokeerivad ebameeldivaid ressursse ja j\u00e4lgivad blokeerimise \u00fcmbers\u00f5idut attempts?<\/h3>\n

\nSee on k\u00f5ige huvitavam punkt. Nii palju kui teada, tarnivad j\u00e4lgimise jaoks vajalikud seadmed ja tarkvara l\u00e4\u00e4ne ettev\u00f5tted. Riikliku v\u00f5rgu kontrollimise ja tehnoloogilise baasi haldamise eest vastutab riigi Julgeolekuministeerium.<\/p>\n

\u041c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0441 \u043d\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0446\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435\u0439 Rohde & Schwarz. \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438 \u041f\u041e \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0438\u0437 \u0412\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438. \u041f\u0430\u0440\u0443 \u043b\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0434 \u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0435\u0448\u0438\u043b \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0438 \u0432 \u0422\u0443\u0440\u043a\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d, \u0421\u0430\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0443\u044e \u0410\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u044e, \u041e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0410\u0440\u0430\u0431\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u042d\u043c\u0438\u0440\u0430\u0442\u044b, \u0411\u0440\u0443\u043d\u0435\u0439, \u0422\u0443\u0440\u0446\u0438\u044e, \u0411\u0430\u0445\u0440\u0435\u0439\u043d.<\/p>\n

Interneti filtreerimise teenindamiseks on T\u00fcrkmenistanile vajalikud spetsialistid. Kohalikest spetsialistidest on puudus ja valitsus p\u00f6\u00f6rdub v\u00e4lisabi poole.<\/p>\n

Kohal ekspertide teatel<\/a><\/noindex> \u0422\u0443\u0440\u043a\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d \u0437\u0430\u043a\u0443\u043f\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0434\u0432\u0430 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043c\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0433\u0430 \u0441\u0435\u0442\u0438 \u2014 \u00abR&S INTRA\u00bb \u0438 \u00abR&S Unified Firewalls\u00bb, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u00abR&S PACE 2\u00bb.<\/p>\n

J\u00e4lgimist ei tee mitte ministeerium ise, vaid kaks erasektoris tegutsevat telekommunikatsiooniettev\u00f5tet, mis on ministeeriumi s\u00f5pradega seotud. \u00dche ettev\u00f5tte omanik on endine T\u00fcrkmenistanis t\u00f6\u00f6tanud riikliku julgeoleku t\u00f6\u00f6taja. Samad ettev\u00f5tted saavad riiklikke lepinguid veebilehtede, tarkvara ja v\u00f5rgu seadmete hoolduse arendamiseks.<\/p>\n

Euroopast tarnitud tarkvara anal\u00fc\u00fcsib k\u00f5net ja kasutab s\u00f5nade, fraaside ja t\u00e4isteksti tuvastamise filtreid. Anal\u00fc\u00fcsi tulemus v\u00f5rreldakse \"mustade nimekirjadega\". Kui leitakse kokkulangevus, astuvad m\u00e4ngu \u00f5iguskaitseorganid. J\u00e4lgitakse ka SMS-e koos s\u00f5numirakendustega.<\/p>\n

Blokikontrolli v0.0.9.8 n\u00e4idis kontroll.<\/p>\n

\"Internet
\n
\n\"Internet
\n<\/p>\n

V\u00f5itlus VPN-ide vastu<\/h3>\n

\nT\u00fcrkmenistani v\u00f5imud teevad VPN-idega v\u00f5itlust varieeruva eduga, arvestades tehnoloogia populaarsust internetikasutajate seas, kes ei lepi suurte v\u00e4lismaiste veebisaitide blokeerimisega. Valitsus kasutab sama Saksamaa ettev\u00f5tte seadmeid liikluse filtreerimiseks.<\/p>\n

Lisaks p\u00fc\u00fctakse takistada mobiilsete VPN-rakenduste blokeerimist. Meie poolt t\u00e4heldame, et m\u00f5nede kasutajate jaoks on meie mobiilne VPN-rakendus kergesti k\u00e4tte saamatu. Abiks on ainult sisse ehitatud API kaudu proxy kasutamise funktsioon.<\/p>\n

\"Internet
\n
\nMeil on \u00fchendust mitu kasutajat T\u00fcrkmenistanist ja nad te periodically teavitavad meid esinevatest probleemidest \u00fchenduses. \u00dcks neist andis m\u00f5tte kirjutada selle artikli. Niisiis, isegi p\u00e4rast rakendusse edukat sisenemist pole k\u00f5igile serveritele \u00fchendust. Tundub, et t\u00f6\u00f6tavad mingid automaatsed VPN-liiklust tuvastavad filtrid. Nende kasutajate teabe p\u00f5hjal on uusimatele serveritele, mis hiljuti lisati, \u00fchendus parim.<\/p>\n

\"Internet
\n
\nEelmisel aasta jaanuaris l\u00e4ks valitsus veel kaugemale ja blokeeris<\/a><\/noindex> juurdep\u00e4\u00e4su Google Play poodile.<\/p>\n

... T\u00fcrkmenistanlastel kadus juurdep\u00e4\u00e4s Google Play'le, kust kasutajad laadisid alla rakendusi, mis v\u00f5imaldasid blokeeringutest m\u00f6\u00f6da hiilida.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\nK\u00f5ik need sammud suurendasid vaid blokeeringute \u00fcmbersaatmise tehnoloogiate populaarsust. Selle aja jooksul suurenes ka VPN-iga seotud otsingup\u00e4ringute arv T\u00fcrkmenistanis 577%.<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n

Tulevikus lubavad T\u00fcrkmenistan ametiv\u00f5imud parandada v\u00f5rgutaristut, suurendada \u00fchenduse kiirus ja laiendada 3G ja 4G katvust. Kuid ei ole selge, millal t\u00e4pselt see juhtub ja mis edasi saab blokeeringutega.
\n
Allikas: habr.com<\/a> <\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u0422\u0443\u0440\u043a\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d \u2014 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430 \u0438\u0437 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u044b\u0445 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0430. \u041d\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0437\u0430\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u0430\u044f, \u043a\u0430\u043a, \u0441\u043a\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043c, \u0421\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430\u044f \u041a\u043e\u0440\u0435\u044f, \u043d\u043e \u0431\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043a\u043e \u043a \u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443. \u0412\u0430\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u0435 \u2014 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0435\u0442, \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u043a \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043d \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044b \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c. \u042d\u0442\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043e \u0441\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0441 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0435\u0442-\u0438\u043d\u0434\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u0432 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435, \u043e \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u0435\u0442\u0438, \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0445, \u043d\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0447\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438. \u041a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u0432 \u0422\u0443\u0440\u043a\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u044f\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0441\u044f […]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":69444,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[688],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-69443","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-administrirovanie"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\n","aioseo_head_json":{"title":"\ud83e\udd47Internet T\u00fcrkmenistanis: hind, k\u00e4ttesaadavus ja piirangud | ProHoster","description":"T\u00fcrkmenistan on \u00fcks k\u00f5ige sulgematumaid riike maailmas. 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