{"id":75250,"date":"2020-03-24T19:42:19","date_gmt":"2020-03-24T17:42:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/administrirovanie\/obsuzhdenie-standartnye-unix-utility-kotorye-malo-kto-ispolzoval-i-ispolzuet-sejchas"},"modified":"2020-03-24T19:42:19","modified_gmt":"2020-03-24T17:42:19","slug":"obsuzhdenie-standartnye-unix-utility-kotorye-malo-kto-ispolzoval-i-ispolzuet-sejchas","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/et\/blog\/administrirovanie\/obsuzhdenie-standartnye-unix-utility-kotorye-malo-kto-ispolzoval-i-ispolzuet-sejchas","title":{"rendered":"Arutelu: standardsed UNIX-utiliid, mida on harva kasutatud ja kasutatakse ka praegu","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

N\u00e4dal tagasi r\u00e4\u00e4kis Douglas McIlroy, UNIX-i konveieri arendaja ja komponentide programmeerimise m\u00f5iste looja, r\u00e4\u00e4kis<\/a><\/noindex> huvitavatest ja ebatavalistest UNIX-programmidest, mis ei leidnud laialdast kasutamist. Avaldus k\u00e4ivitas aktiivse arutelu Hacker News'is. Oleme kokku pannud k\u00f5ige huvitavama ja meid r\u00f5\u00f5mustab, kui liitute aruteluga.<\/p>\n

\"Arutelu:<\/a><\/noindex><\/a><\/noindex>
\nFoto \u2014 Virginia Johnson<\/a><\/noindex> \u2014 Unsplash<\/i><\/p>\n

T\u00f6\u00f6tamine tekstiga<\/h2>\n

\nUNIX-iharu operatsioonis\u00fcsteemides on standardne t\u00f6\u00f6riistade komplekt tekstide vormindamiseks. Utiliit typo<\/i><\/b> v\u00f5imaldas dokumenti tr\u00fckivigu j\u00e4lgida ja hapak m\u00f5isted<\/a><\/noindex> \u2014 s\u00f5nad, mis esinevad materjalis ainult \u00fche korra. Mis on huvitav, et tr\u00fckivigade otsimiseks programm ei kasuta<\/a><\/noindex> s\u00f5nastikke. See toetub ainult failis olevale teabele ja viib l\u00e4bi sagedusanal\u00fc\u00fcsi trigrammide (kolme s\u00fcmboli j\u00e4rjestus) p\u00f5hjal. Samal ajal hoitakse k\u00f5ik vajalikud loendurid massiivis 26x26x26. Douglas McIlroy s\u00f5nul ei olnud selline m\u00e4lu piisav mitme \u00fchekohalise loenduri jaoks. Seet\u00f5ttu kirjutati nad kokkuhoiu eesm\u00e4rgil logaritmiliselt.<\/a><\/noindex> T\u00e4nap\u00e4eval on typo asendatud uuemate ja t\u00e4psemate \u00f5igekirjakontrolli programmidega, mis p\u00f5hinevad s\u00f5nastikel. Kuid t\u00f6\u00f6riista m\u00e4letatakse endiselt \u2014 paar aastat tagasi t\u00f6\u00f6tas entusiast<\/p>\n

typo rakenduse v\u00e4lja Go. Repositoorium uuendatakse siiani. esitles<\/a><\/noindex> Veel \u00fcks dokumentide t\u00f6\u00f6tlemise t\u00f6\u00f6riist 80-ndatest on pakett<\/p>\n

Writer\u2019s Workbench Kirjaniku T\u00f6\u00f6riistakast<\/i><\/b> t\u00f6\u00f6riistad k\u00f5nesageduse ja dokumentide stiili m\u00e4\u00e4ramiseks, tautoloogiate leidmiseks ja liialt keeruliste lauseehituste tuvastamiseks. Utiliidid t\u00f6\u00f6tati v\u00e4lja \u00fcli\u00f5pilaste toetamiseks ning mingil ajal kasutasid neid Colorado osariigi \u00fclikooli \u00f5pilased USA-s. Kuid 90-ndate alguseks unustati Writer\u2019s Workbench, kuna seda ei kaasatud Version 7 Unix'i. Siiski j\u00e4tkas see t\u00f6\u00f6riist oma teed j\u00e4ljendajatele \u2014 n\u00e4iteks<\/a><\/noindex> Grammatik IBM PC-le.<\/a><\/noindex> Colorado \u00dclikooli \u00f5pilased USA-s. Kuid 1990. aastate alguseks unustati Kirjaniku T\u00f6\u00f6riistakast, kuna seda ei kaasatud Version 7 Unix'i. Siiski j\u00e4tkas see t\u00f6\u00f6riist teed j\u00e4rgijatele \u2014 n\u00e4iteks, eqn<\/a><\/noindex> IBM PC jaoks.<\/p>\n

UNIXis on samuti standardseid vahendeid, mis lihtsustavad valemitega t\u00f6\u00f6tamist. On keelet\u00f6\u00f6tleja matemaatiliste v\u00e4ljendite esitamiseks. eqn<\/i><\/b>See on t\u00e4helepanuv\u00e4\u00e4rne, et arendajal on piisav, et formuleerida lihtsalt s\u00f5nade ja s\u00fcmbolitega. Peamised m\u00e4rks\u00f5nad v\u00f5imaldavad nihutada matemaatilisi m\u00e4rke vertikaalselt ja horisontaalselt, muuta nende suurust ja muid parameetreid. Kui edastada utiliidile rida:<\/p>\n

sum from { k = 1 } to N { k sup 2 }<\/code><\/pre>\n
\nV\u00e4ljundina genereeritakse j\u00e4rgmine valem:<\/p>\n
\"Arutelu:<\/p>\n
\n1980\u20131990. aastatel eqn aitas<\/a><\/noindex> IT-spetsialistidel kirjutada tarkvara manuaale. Hiljem asendas selle LaTeX s\u00fcsteem, mida kasutab<\/a><\/noindex> isegi Habr. Kuid eqn on esimene sarnase klassi t\u00f6\u00f6riist, mis on endiselt osa UNIX-sarnastest ops\u00fcsteemidest.<\/p>\n
Failidega t\u00f6\u00f6tamine<\/h2>\n
\nHacker News'i teemas m\u00e4rkisid elanikud m\u00f5ningaid harva kasutatavaid utiliite failide t\u00f6\u00f6tlemiseks. \u00dcks neist oli<\/a><\/noindex> comm<\/i><\/b> , et neid v\u00f5rrelda. See on lihtsustatud analoog diff<\/a><\/noindex>, mis on kohandatud skriptides t\u00f6\u00f6tamiseks. Selle kirjutas<\/a><\/noindex> Richard Stallman koos David MacKenzie'ga.<\/p>\n
Programmide v\u00e4ljund koosneb kolmest veerust. Esimese veeru v\u00e4\u00e4rtused on unikaalsed esimese faili jaoks, teise veeru v\u00e4\u00e4rtused on unikaalsed teise faili jaoks. Kolmas veerg sisaldab \u00fchiseid v\u00e4\u00e4rtusi. Korralikuks t\u00f6\u00f6ks peab v\u00f5rreldavad dokumendid olema leksikaliselt sorteeritud. Seet\u00f5ttu pakkus \u00fcks saidi elanikest soovitust<\/a><\/noindex> t\u00f6\u00f6tada utiliidiga j\u00e4rgmiselt:<\/p>\n
comm <(sort fileA.txt) <(sort fileB.txt)<\/code><\/pre>\n
\nComm on mugav kasutada s\u00f5nade kirjutamise kontrollimiseks. Piisab, kui v\u00f5rrelda neid standarddokumendiga-s\u00f5nastikuga. V\u00f5ttes arvesse faile seondunud sorteerimise erip\u00e4ra, on arvamus<\/a><\/noindex>, et Stallman ja MacKenzie kirjutasid oma utiliidi ainult selle kasutusjuhendi jaoks.<\/p>\n
\"Arutelu:
\nFoto \u2014 Marnix Hogendoorn<\/a><\/noindex> \u2014 Unsplash<\/i><\/p>\n
Samuti m\u00e4rkis HN arutelu osaleja operatsioonide<\/a><\/noindex> paste , mille v\u00f5imalused olid talle ebaselged. See v\u00f5imaldab vahetada andmevooge v\u00f5i jagada \u00fche voog kaheks veeruks v\u00e4ljundis:<\/b><\/i>$ paste <( echo -e 'foonbar' ) <( echo -e 'baznqux' )\nfoo     baz\nbar     qux\n$ echo -e 'foonbarnbaznqux' | paste - -\nfoo     bar\nbaz     qux<\/p>\n
\u00dcks kasutajatest\n<\/code><\/pre>\n
\nm\u00e4rkis , et tihti ei kasutata nende lihtsate toimingute t\u00e4itmiseks k\u00f5ige optimaalsemaid lahendusi: alates<\/a><\/noindex>fmt ex<\/a><\/noindex>, ja l\u00f5petades<\/a><\/noindex> mlr ja<\/a><\/noindex> jot rs<\/a><\/noindex> ja Millised standardsed UNIX-sarnaste operatsioonis\u00fcsteemide v\u00f5imalused on teile avastuseks olnud?<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n
Mida me kirjutame oma ettev\u00f5tte ajaveebis:<\/i><\/p>\n
Kuidas domeeninimede s\u00fcsteem arenes: ARPANETi ajastu<\/b><\/p>\n
\"Arutelu: Domeeninimede s\u00fcsteemi ajalugu: esimesed DNS-serverid<\/a><\/noindex>
\n\"Arutelu: Domeeninime s\u00fcsteemi ajalugu: esimesed DNS-serverid<\/a><\/noindex>
\n\"Arutelu: DNS-i ajalugu: millal said domeeninimi tasuliseks<\/a><\/noindex>
\n\"Arutelu: Domeeninimede s\u00fcsteemi ajalugu: protokolli \"s\u00f5jad\"<\/a><\/noindex><\/p><\/blockquote>\n
Allikas: habr.com<\/a> <\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
\u041d\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044e \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0434 \u0414\u0443\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0441 \u041c\u0430\u043a\u0438\u043b\u0440\u043e\u0439 (Douglas McIlroy), \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0447\u0438\u043a \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0432\u0435\u0439\u0435\u0440\u0430 UNIX \u0438 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u043f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0438\u044f \u00ab\u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043d\u043e-\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435\u00bb, \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043b \u043e\u0431 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438 \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 UNIX-\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430\u0445, \u043d\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0448\u0435\u0434\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u0448\u0438\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u041f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043b\u0430 \u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0441\u0443\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430 Hacker News. \u041c\u044b \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0435 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0438 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0435\u043c \u0440\u0430\u0434\u044b, \u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0432\u044b \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0441\u043e\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0441\u044c \u043a \u0434\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0443\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438. \u0424\u043e\u0442\u043e \u2014 Virginia Johnson \u2014 Unsplash \u0420\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430 \u0441 \u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0412 UNIX-\u043f\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0431\u043d\u044b\u0445 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