{"id":75425,"date":"2020-03-26T07:42:30","date_gmt":"2020-03-26T05:42:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/administrirovanie\/luchshie-10-hitrostej-i-sovetov-po-kubernetes"},"modified":"2020-03-26T07:42:30","modified_gmt":"2020-03-26T05:42:30","slug":"luchshie-10-hitrostej-i-sovetov-po-kubernetes","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/et\/blog\/administrirovanie\/luchshie-10-hitrostej-i-sovetov-po-kubernetes","title":{"rendered":"Parimad 10 Kubernetes'i n\u00e4pun\u00e4idet ja nippi","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

\"Parimad
\n
\nInternetis on palju viidatud kirjandust, kuid m\u00f5nikord on k\u00f5ige v\u00e4\u00e4rtuslikumad just k\u00f5ige lihtsamad soovitused. Meeskond Mail.ru Kubernetes aaS<\/a><\/noindex> t\u00f5lkis k\u00fcmne n\u00e4pun\u00e4ite ja nipi kogumiku<\/a><\/noindex>, mille autor koostas aasta jooksul, t\u00f6\u00f6tades Kubernetes'ega. Soovitused ei ole t\u00e4htsuse j\u00e4rgi j\u00e4rjestatud, kuid usume, et iga\u00fcks leiab siit midagi kasulikku endale.
\n<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n

Lihtsaim k\u00e4sk Kubernetes'i kasutamises<\/h2>\n

\nAlustuseks on v\u00f5ib-olla k\u00f5ige lihtsam ja kasulikum tegevus Kubernetes'i kasutamisel. J\u00e4rgmine k\u00e4sk aktiveerib k\u00e4skude automaatt\u00e4iendamise kubectl<\/code> bash'i terminalis:<\/p>\n

echo "source <(kubectl completion bash)" >> ~\/.bashrc\n<\/code><\/pre>\n
\nAutomaatne t\u00e4iendamine kubectl<\/code> salvestatakse .bashrc faili ja aktiveeritakse automaatselt igal korral, kui terminal k\u00e4ivitatakse. See kiirendab pikkade k\u00e4skude ja parameetrite, nagu all-namespaces<\/code>Lisaks leiate bash'i Kubernetes'i dokumenteerimisest<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n
M\u00e4lu ja CPU \u00f5igused vaikimisi nimel<\/h2>\n
\nKui rakendus on valesti kirjutatud, n\u00e4iteks avab iga sekundi j\u00e4rel uue \u00fchenduse andmebaasiga, kuid kunagi ei sulge seda, toimub klastris m\u00e4lu lekke. Ja kui rakenduse juurutamisel pole m\u00e4\u00e4ratud m\u00e4lupiirangut, v\u00f5ib see p\u00f5hjustada s\u00f5lme riket.<\/p>\n
Ette v\u00e4ltimiseks v\u00f5imaldab Kubernetes igas nimespetsiifiliselt m\u00e4\u00e4rata vaikimisi piirangud. Need kirjutatakse yml-faili, mis on seotud konkreetse nimespetsiifikaga. Siin on sellise faili n\u00e4ide:<\/p>\n
apiVersion: v1\nkind: LimitRange\nmetadata:\n  name: mem-limit-range\nspec:\n  limits:\n  - default:\n      memory: 512Mi\n    defaultRequest:\n      memory: 256Mi\n    type: Container\n<\/code><\/pre>\n
\nLooge selline yml-fail ja rakendage see igas nimespetsiifikas. N\u00e4iteks nimespetsiifikas limit-example<\/code>. N\u00fc\u00fcd kehtib igasuguste konteinerite puhul, mis on \u00fcles seatud selles nimespetsiifikas, piiri v\u00e4\u00e4rtus 512Mi, v\u00e4lja arvatud juhul, kui antud konteinerile on m\u00e4\u00e4ratud m\u00f5ni muu individuaalne piir.<\/p>\n
Pr\u00fcgipuhastus vanades Kubernetes'i versioonides<\/h2>\n
\nKubelet alustab vaikimisi pr\u00fcgipuhastust, kui var\/lib\/docker<\/i> moodustab 90% vabast ketta ruumidest. See on suurep\u00e4rane, kuid Kubernetes'i versioonis 1.7 ei olnud vaikimisi piiri indekseeritud inode (faili indeksi) arvu jaoks, mis vastab failide arvule failis\u00fcsteemis.<\/p>\n
V\u00f5imalik, et teie konteiner var\/lib\/docker<\/i> saa kasutada ainult 50% kettaruumi, kuid samas v\u00f5ivad inode'id otsa l\u00f5ppeda, mis p\u00f5hjustab t\u00f6\u00f6tajate t\u00f6\u00f6s probleeme.<\/p>\n
Vanadel kubelet'i versioonidel vahemikus 1.4 kuni 1.6 tuleb lisada j\u00e4rgmine lipp:<\/p>\n
--eviction-hard\n=memory.available<100Mi,nodefs.available<10%,nodefs.inodesFree<5%\n<\/code><\/pre>\n
\nVersioonis 1.7 ja uuemates see lipp on vaikimisi seadistatud. Kuid varasemad versioonid ei j\u00e4lginud inoodide piirangut.<\/p>\n
Minikube\u2026 v\u00e4ike, aga v\u00f5imas kohalik Kubernetes<\/h2>\n
\nMinikube on k\u00f5ige lihtsam viis k\u00e4ivitada kohalik Kubernetes klaster. Seda saab alustada lihtsa k\u00e4suga:<\/p>\n
minikube start\n<\/code><\/pre>\n
\nSelle k\u00e4su t\u00e4itmisel t\u00f6\u00f6tab teie arvutis t\u00f5eline Kubernetes klaster.<\/p>\n
\"Parimad
\nIllustratsiooni allikas<\/i><\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n
Nipp seisneb selles, kuidas rakendust koguda ja seda kohalikus klastris k\u00e4ivitada. Kui ei anta erilisi juhiseid, kogutakse Docker'i pilt teie arvutis, mitte klastris.<\/p>\n
Kuna Docker'it sundida saatma pilti kohalikku Kubernetes klastrisse, antakse docker-machine'ile j\u00e4rgmine k\u00e4sk:<\/p>\n
eval $(minikube docker-env)\n<\/code><\/pre>\n
\nN\u00fc\u00fcd saame koguda rakendusi kohalikus Kubernetes klastris.<\/p>\n
\u00c4rge jagage kubectl'i ligip\u00e4\u00e4su k\u00f5igile<\/h2>\n
\nSee tundub ilmne, kuid kui mitu meeskonda kasutavad oma rakenduste jaoks \u00fchte klastri (milleks Kubernetes on loodud), ei tasu lihtsalt anda ligip\u00e4\u00e4su k\u00f5igile. kubectl<\/code>. Parim on jagada meeskonnad, m\u00e4\u00e4rates igale neist oma nimespetsiifilised ruumid ja piirates ligip\u00e4\u00e4su RBAC-poliitikatega.<\/p>\n
Sa saad keeruliseks minna, m\u00e4\u00e4rates iga podi jaoks juurdep\u00e4\u00e4su, lugemise, loomise, kustutamise ja muud \u00f5igused. Kuid peamine on piirata ligip\u00e4\u00e4su saladustele, lubades selle ainult administraatoritele. Nii eristame need, kes saavad klastrit hallata, ja need, kes saavad vaid seal rakendusi k\u00e4ivitada.<\/p>\n
Haldage podide eelarveid<\/h2>\n
\nKuidas tagada, et Kubernetes'i klastris ei esineks ootamatuid seisakuid? PodDisruptionBudget ja veel kord PodDisruptionBudget.<\/p>\n
Klastrid uuendatakse perioodiliselt ja s\u00f5lmed t\u00fchjendatakse. Miski ei seisa paigal, see on reaalsus. Iga mitme instantsiga rakenduse juurutamisel peab kindlasti olema kaasatud PDB (PodDisruptionBudget). See luuakse lihtsas yaml-failis, mis rakendatakse klastri peale. Konkreetse PDB katvuse m\u00e4\u00e4ravad m\u00e4rgise valikud.<\/p>\n
M\u00e4rkus:<\/strong> PDB eelarvet arvestatakse ainult p\u00f6\u00f6rduva eelarve rikkumise korral (voluntary disruption<\/a><\/noindex>). N\u00e4iteks riistvarah\u00e4irete korral PDB ei t\u00f6\u00f6ta.<\/p>\n
PDB n\u00e4ide:<\/strong><\/p>\n
apiVersion: policy\/v1beta1\nkind: PodDisruptionBudget\nmetadata:\n  name: app-a-pdb\nspec:\n  minAvailable: 2\n  selector:\n      matchLabels:\n        app: app-a\n<\/code><\/pre>\n
\nKaks peamist parameetrit on matchLabels<\/code> ja minAvailable<\/code>. Esimeses parameetris m\u00e4\u00e4ratakse, millistele rakendustele eelarve kehtib. N\u00e4iteks, kui mul on juurutamised siltidega app: app-a<\/code> ja app: app-b<\/code>, siis kehtib see PDB ainult esimesele.<\/p>\n
Parameeter minAvailable<\/code> arvesse v\u00f5etakse s\u00f5lme t\u00fchjendamisel (puhastamisel). N\u00e4iteks meie n\u00e4ites t\u00fchjendamise ajal k\u00f5rvaldatakse k\u00f5ik instantsid app: app-a<\/code>, v\u00e4lja arvatud kaks.<\/p>\n
See v\u00f5imaldab kontrollida, kui palju rakenduse eksemplare peaks olema igal hetkel k\u00e4imas.<\/p>\n
Rakenduse t\u00f6\u00f6korralduse j\u00e4lgimine<\/h2>\n
\nSeda j\u00e4lgimist saab teostada kahel viisil: Readiness v\u00f5i Liveness kontrollide abil.<\/p>\n
Esimene kontroll (readiness) m\u00e4\u00e4rab, kas konteiner on valmis liiklust vastu v\u00f5tma.<\/p>\n
Teine (liveness) n\u00e4itab, kas konteiner on t\u00f6\u00f6kindel v\u00f5i tuleb see taask\u00e4ivitada.<\/p>\n
Vastavad konfiguratsioonid lisatakse lihtsalt yaml-sissekandes. Seal saab m\u00e4\u00e4rata ajutisi, ooteaegu ja kordusproove. T\u00e4iendava informatsiooni saamiseks vaadake Kubernetes dokumentatsiooni<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n
Sildid igal pool<\/h2>\n
\n\u041c\u0435\u0442\u043a\u0438 \u2014 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e \u0438\u0437 \u0444\u0443\u043d\u0434\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0439 \u0432 Kubernetes. \u041e\u043d\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430\u043c \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433 \u0441 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u043e\u043c, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u044b \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043a. \u0412 Kubernetes \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0434\u0430\u0436\u0435 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0439\u0442\u0438 \u043a \u043a\u043b\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0443 \u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0431\u043b\u044e\u0434\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0437\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0442\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043a\u0430\u043c.<\/p>\n
\u0421 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0449\u044c\u044e \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043a \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0441\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u0432\u0441\u0435, \u043d\u043e \u0445\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0448\u0438\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u043e\u043c \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043e\u043a\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0432\u044b\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c \u0432 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435.<\/p>\n
\u0414\u043e\u043f\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043c, \u0432\u044b \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0435 \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d \u0438 \u0442\u043e\u0442 \u0436\u0435 \u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440 \u0434\u043b\u044f dev<\/code> ja qa<\/code>. \u042d\u0442\u043e \u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0443 \u0432\u0430\u0441 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 app-a<\/code>, \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0435 \u0432 \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0445 qa<\/code> ja dev<\/code>. \u0412 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0435 \u043c\u044b \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043c \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u043a \u044d\u043a\u0437\u0435\u043c\u043f\u043b\u044f\u0440\u0443 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435, \u0443\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0432 \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440 environment<\/code>. N\u00e4iteks, app: app-a<\/code> ja environment: dev<\/code> \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u043a\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0430 app: app-a<\/code> ja environment: qa<\/code> \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043e.<\/p>\n
\u042d\u0442\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u043a \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0438\u043c \u044d\u043a\u0437\u0435\u043c\u043f\u043b\u044f\u0440\u0430\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440, \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435.<\/p>\n
\u041d\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0434\u043e\u043a<\/h2>\n
\nKubernetes \u2014 \u043e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044c \u043c\u043e\u0449\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430, \u043d\u043e \u043b\u044e\u0431\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u0432 \u0438\u0442\u043e\u0433\u0435 \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u043d\u0430 \u0443\u0432\u044f\u0437\u043d\u0443\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u043e\u043c \u043a\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0432. Kubelet \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u0443\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u044b \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0438, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435.<\/p>\n
Loomulikult ei aeglusta \u00fckski \u00fcksik teenus s\u00fcsteemi ning Kubernetes on algselt loodud skaleerimiseks. Kuid kui \u00fche teenuse asemel on miljon, hakkab kubelet sinne upuma.<\/p>\n
Kui mingil p\u00f5hjusel kustutate juurutuse (konteineri, pildi, mis iganes), veenduge, et k\u00f5ik oleks t\u00e4ielikult puhastatud.<\/p>\n
Tutvuge Go'ga<\/h2>\n
\nPeamine n\u00f5uanne j\u00e4tsime l\u00f5ppu. \u00d5ppige programmeerimiskeelt Go.<\/p>\n
Kubernetes on kirjutatud Go's, k\u00f5ik laiendused on kirjutatud Go'd, ja ametlikult toetatakse klientteeki client-go.<\/p>\n
Seda saab kasutada igasuguste huvitavate asjade tegemiseks. N\u00e4iteks saate Kubernetes'e s\u00fcsteemi laiendamiseks enda maitse j\u00e4rgi. Nii saate kasutada enda programme andmete kogumiseks, rakenduste juurutamiseks v\u00f5i lihtsalt konteinerite puhastamiseks.<\/p>\n
Go programmeerimiskeele \u00f5ppimine ja client-go omandamine on t\u00f5en\u00e4oliselt k\u00f5ige olulisem n\u00f5uanne, mida algetaotajatele Kubernetes'e kohta anda.<\/p>\n
T\u00f5lgitud Mail.ru Cloud Solutions'i toetusel<\/i><\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n
Mida veel lugeda<\/strong>:<\/p>\n
    \n
  1. Kuberneteses on kolm taset automaatset skaleerimist ja kuidas neid t\u00f5husalt kasutada<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/li>\n
  2. Kubernetes t\u00f6\u00f6tlus\u00fcksused: palju v\u00e4ikeseid v\u00f5i v\u00e4he suuri<\/a><\/noindex>?<\/li>\n
  3. 25 kasulikku t\u00f6\u00f6riista Kubernetes'e juurutamiseks ja haldamiseks<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
    Allikas: habr.com<\/a> <\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
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