{"id":76903,"date":"2020-04-06T01:42:17","date_gmt":"2020-04-05T23:42:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/administrirovanie\/samye-zamechatelnye-programmy-unix"},"modified":"2020-04-06T01:42:17","modified_gmt":"2020-04-05T23:42:17","slug":"samye-zamechatelnye-programmy-unix","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/et\/blog\/administrirovanie\/samye-zamechatelnye-programmy-unix","title":{"rendered":"K\u00f5ige h\u00e4mmastavamad Unix-programmid","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

Artikli autor on Douglas McIlroy \u2014 Ameerika matemaatik, insener ja programmeerija. Tuntud peamiselt Unix-operatsioonis\u00fcsteemis t\u00f6\u00f6protsessi arendamise, komponentidest koosneva programmeerimise p\u00f5him\u00f5tete ja mitme originaalse utiliidi, nagu spell, diff, sort, join, speak, tr, v\u00e4ljat\u00f6\u00f6tamise poolest.<\/i> <\/p>\n

M\u00f5nikord leiad t\u00f5eliselt h\u00e4mmastavaid programme. M\u00e4lu kaevates koostasin nimekirja t\u00f5elistest Unix-i p\u00e4rlitest l\u00e4bi aastate. Enamasti on need \u00fcsna haruldased ja mitte nii h\u00e4davajalikud programmid. Kuid nende erip\u00e4ra on originaalsus. Ma ei suuda isegi ette kujutada, et ma ise oleksin m\u00f5elnud m\u00f5nele neist ideedest.<\/p>\n

Jagage, millised programmid on teid samuti nii h\u00e4mmastanud?<\/p>\n

PDP-7 Unix<\/h1>\n

\nEsimesele kohaile, PDP-7 Unix s\u00fcsteemile. Selle lihtsus ja j\u00f5ud sundisid mind vahetama v\u00f5imsa peamise raamatu v\u00e4ikese masina vastu. Siin on hierarhilise failis\u00fcsteemi kvintessents, eraldi kest ja protsesside juhtimine kasutaja tasemel, mida Multics peamistest raamist ei suutnud saavutada p\u00e4rast sadu inimtunde arendust. Unix'i puudused (n\u00e4iteks kirje struktuur failis\u00fcsteemis) olid sama \u00f5petlikud ja vabastavad kui selle uuendused (n\u00e4iteks sisendi ja v\u00e4ljundi suunamine kestades).
\n<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n

dc<\/h1>\n

\nRobert Morrise muutuva t\u00e4psusega lauaarvutuskalkulaatori matemaatika teek kasutab vigade taganaly\u00fcsi, et m\u00e4\u00e4rata vajalik t\u00e4psus igal sammul, et saavutada kasutaja m\u00e4\u00e4ratud tulemuse t\u00e4psus. 1968. aasta NATO tarkvarainseneride konverentsil esitasin oma ettekandes tarkvarakomponentide kohta standardprotseduurid, mis v\u00f5iksid anda tulemuse mis tahes soovitud t\u00e4psusega, kuid ma ei teadnud, kuidas neid praktikas rakendada. dc on siiani ainus teadaolev programm, mis suudab seda teha.<\/p>\n

typo<\/h1>\n

\nTypo korraldab s\u00f5nad tekstis nende sarnasuse alusel \u00fclej\u00e4\u00e4nud tekstiga. Kirjavigade, nagu 'hte', kalduvus on tavaliselt loendi l\u00f5pus paikneda. Robert Morris r\u00f5\u00f5muga kinnitas, et programm t\u00f6\u00f6tab sama h\u00e4sti igas keeles. Kuigi typo ei aita leida fonoloogilisi vigu, on see saanud t\u00f5eliseks leiuks k\u00f5igile, kes teksti sisestavad, ja andis palju kasu enne, kui ilmus palju v\u00e4hem p\u00f5nev, kuid t\u00e4psem s\u00f5naraamip\u00f5hine \u00f5igekirjakontroll.<\/p>\n

Typo on seestpoolt sama \u00fcllatav kui v\u00e4ljaspool. Sarnasuse m\u00f5\u00f5tmise algoritm p\u00f5hineb trigrammide esinemissagedusel, mis arvutatakse 26\u00d726\u00d726 massiivis. V\u00e4ikeses m\u00e4lus oli raske leida ruumi \u00fchebaidistele loenduritele, seega rakendati suurte arvude kompressiooniskeemi v\u00e4ikesteks loenduri\u00fcksusteks. \u00dclevoolu v\u00e4ltimiseks v\u00e4rskendati loendureid t\u00f5en\u00e4osuslikult, s\u00e4ilitades loenduri v\u00e4\u00e4rtuse logaritmi hinnangu.<\/p>\n

eqn<\/h1>\n

\nFotot\u00f6\u00f6tluse v\u00f5imaldamisega muutus klassikalise matemaatika s\u00fcmbolite v\u00e4ljakirjutamine v\u00f5imalikuks, kuid \u00e4\u00e4rmiselt v\u00e4sitavaks. Lorinda Cherry otsustas luua k\u00f5rgema taseme kirjelduse keele, ja varsti liitus temaga Brian Kernighan. Nende geniaalne l\u00e4henemine seisnes suulise traditsiooni kirjalikus v\u00e4ljenduses, mist\u00f5ttu osutus eqn \u00e4\u00e4rmiselt lihtsaks \u00f5ppimiseks. Esimene omataoline matemaatiliste avalduste kirjeldusprotsessor, eqn pole sellest ajast peaaegu \u00fcldse arenenud.<\/p>\n

struktuur<\/h1>\n

\nBrenda Baker asus arendama oma Fortan-to-Ratfor konverterit vastupidiselt oma \u00fclemuse soovitusele \u2014 mulle. Ma arvasin, et see v\u00f5ib viia algteksti spetsiaalse \u00fcmberkorraldamiseni. See oleks vabastatud operaatorite numbritest, kuid muidu ei olnud see loetavam kui korrektselt strukureeritud Fortrani kood. Brenda t\u00f5estas, et ma eksin. Ta avastas, et igal Fortrani programmil on kanoniliselt struktureeritud vorm. Programmi arendajad eelistasid kanonilist vormi ning mitte seda, mida nad algselt kirjutasid.<\/p>\n

pascal<\/h1>\n

\nS\u00fcviveeb, mille l\u00f5i Sue Grahami grupp Berkeley \u00fclikoolis, pakkus parimat s\u00fcntaksi anal\u00fc\u00fcsi, mida ma kunagi n\u00e4inud olen \u2014 ja see toimus automaatselt. S\u00fcntaksi veaga annab kompilaator soovituse lisada lexeme, et j\u00e4tkata anal\u00fc\u00fcsi. \u00dckski katse ei selgita, mis on valesti. Selle kompilaatoriga \u00f5ppisin ma Pascalit \u00fche \u00f5htu jooksul ilma juhendita.<\/p>\n

osad<\/h1>\n

\nPeidetud WWB (Writer's Workbench) paketi sees olev moodul osad<\/code> Lorinda Cherry m\u00e4\u00e4ratleb ingliskeelsete tekstide s\u00f5nade osad vaid v\u00e4ikese s\u00f5nastiku, \u00f5igekirja ja grammatika reeglite alusel. Selle annotatsiooni p\u00f5hjal genereerib WWB tekstist stilomeetrilised n\u00e4itajad, nagu omaduss\u00f5nade, aluslausete ja keerukate lausete osakaal. Kui Lorinda andis NBC Today saates intervjuu ning r\u00e4\u00e4kis WWB innovaatilisest grammatika kontrollist tekstides, oli see esimene Unix'i mainimine televisioonis.<\/p>\n

egrep<\/h1>\n

\nAl Aho arvas, et tema deterministlik regulaaravaldiste tuvastaja \u00fcletab Keni klassikalist nondeterministlikku tuvastajat. Kahjuks l\u00f5petas viimane juba keeruliste regulaaravaldiste t\u00f6\u00f6tlemise, samal ajal kui egrep<\/code> ta ehitas oma deterministlikku automaatikat. Selle v\u00f5iduks sellel v\u00f5istlusel leidis Al Aho viisi, kuidas \u00fcle minna automaadi olekuteabe eksponentsiaalse kasvu needusest, leiutades meetodi, mis lubas reaalajas koostada ainult neid tabeli kirjendeid, mida t\u00f5eliselt k\u00fclastatakse tuvastamise ajal.<\/p>\n

krabid<\/h1>\n

\nLuca Cardelli v\u00f5luv meta-programm Bliti aknas\u00fcsteemile tootis virtuaalseid krabisid, mis r\u00e4ndasid ekraani t\u00fchjas ruumis, j\u00e4rjest rohkem hammustades aktiivsete akende servi.<\/p>\n

M\u00f5ned \u00fcldised m\u00f5tted<\/h1>\n

\nKuigi seda ei pruugi v\u00e4ljastpoolt n\u00e4ha, m\u00e4ngisid teooria ja algoritmid m\u00e4\u00e4ravat rolli enamikus neist programmidest: typo, dc, struct, pascal, egrep. T\u00f5eliselt \u00fcllatav on just teooria ebatavaline kasutamine.<\/p>\n

Peaaegu poole loendi originaalautoriteks olid naised \u2014 pascal, struct, parts, eqn \u2014 mis ealiselt \u00fcletab naiste demograafilist osakaalu arvutiteaduses.<\/p>\n

Douglas McIlroy
\nM\u00e4rts, 2020<\/i>
\n
Allikas: habr.com<\/a> <\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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Ta on tuntud Unix operatsioonis\u00fcsteemis torujuhtme v\u00e4ljat\u00f6\u00f6tamise, komponentide orienteeritud programmeerimise p\u00f5him\u00f5tete ja mitmete originaal utiliitide nagu spell, diff, sort, join, speak, tr. \u00dcksikute programmide seas leidub t\u00f5eliselt h\u00e4mmastavaid teoseid. Otsides m\u00e4lu s\u00fcgavustest, koostasin nimekirja p\u00e4ris Unix p\u00e4rlite kohta l\u00e4bi aastate. Enamasti on need \u00fcsna haruldased ja mitte","canonical_url":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/et\/blog\/administrirovanie\/samye-zamechatelnye-programmy-unix","robots":"max-image-preview:large","keywords":"","webmasterTools":{"miscellaneous":""},"schema":null,"og:locale":"et_EE","og:site_name":"ProHoster | \u041a\u0443\u043f\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0445\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0433 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0441\u0430\u0439\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0441 \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0442 DDoS, VPS VDS \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440\u044b","og:type":"article","og:title":"\ud83e\udd47\u0421\u0430\u043c\u044b\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u044b Unix | ProHoster","og:description":"\u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0438 \u0414\u0443\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0441 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\u043d\u0435","og:url":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/et\/blog\/administrirovanie\/samye-zamechatelnye-programmy-unix","og:image":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/logo-350.jpg","og:image:secure_url":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/logo-350.jpg","og:image:width":350,"og:image:height":350,"article:published_time":"2020-04-05T23:42:17+00:00","article:modified_time":"2020-04-05T23:42:17+00:00","article:publisher":"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/prohoster","article:author":"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/prohoster"},"aioseo_meta_data":{"post_id":"76903","title":null,"description":null,"keywords":null,"keyphrases":null,"primary_term":null,"canonical_url":null,"og_title":null,"og_description":null,"og_object_type":"default","og_image_type":"default","og_image_url":null,"og_image_width":null,"og_image_height":null,"og_image_custom_url":null,"og_image_custom_fields":null,"og_video":null,"og_custom_url":null,"og_article_section":null,"og_article_tags":null,"twitter_use_og":false,"twitter_card":"default","twitter_image_type":"default","twitter_image_url":null,"twitter_image_custom_url":null,"twitter_image_custom_fields":null,"twitter_title":null,"twitter_description":null,"schema":{"blockGraphs":[],"customGraphs":[],"default":{"data":{"Article":[],"Course":[],"Dataset":[],"FAQPage":[],"Movie":[],"Person":[],"Product":[],"ProductReview":[],"Car":[],"Recipe":[],"Service":[],"SoftwareApplication":[],"WebPage":[]},"graphName":"","isEnabled":true},"graphs":[]},"schema_type":null,"schema_type_options":null,"pillar_content":false,"robots_default":true,"robots_noindex":false,"robots_noarchive":false,"robots_nosnippet":false,"robots_nofollow":false,"robots_noimageindex":false,"robots_noodp":false,"robots_notranslate":false,"robots_max_snippet":null,"robots_max_videopreview":null,"robots_max_imagepreview":"large","priority":null,"frequency":null,"local_seo":null,"seo_analyzer_scan_date":null,"breadcrumb_settings":null,"limit_modified_date":false,"reviewed_by":null,"ai":null,"created":"2021-02-28 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