{"id":95924,"date":"2020-10-05T01:42:16","date_gmt":"2020-10-04T23:42:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/administrirovanie\/progulka-po-grablyam-10-kriticheskih-oshibok-razrabotki-testa-dlya-proverki-znanij"},"modified":"2020-10-05T01:42:16","modified_gmt":"2020-10-04T23:42:16","slug":"progulka-po-grablyam-10-kriticheskih-oshibok-razrabotki-testa-dlya-proverki-znanij","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/et\/blog\/administrirovanie\/progulka-po-grablyam-10-kriticheskih-oshibok-razrabotki-testa-dlya-proverki-znanij","title":{"rendered":"Jalgade \u00fcle astumine: 10 kriitilist vigade tegemist teadmiste testi arendamisel","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/skillfactory\/blog\/519748\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Jalgade \u00fcle astumine: 10 kriitilist vigade tegemist teadmiste testi arendamisel\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/e3547e90a2a706eaf5c29ea9498a1331.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/a><\/noindex><br \/>\nEnne uuele Machine Learning Advanced kursusele registreerumist testime tulevasi \u00fcli\u00f5pilasi, et m\u00e4\u00e4rata nende valmisoleku tase ja m\u00f5ista, mida neile kursusele ettevalmistamiseks pakkuda. Kuid tekkib dilemma: \u00fchelt poolt peame hindama andmete teaduse teadmisi, teiselt poolt ei saa me korraldada t\u00e4isaja 4-tunnist eksamit.<\/p>\n<p>Sellise \u00fclesande lahendamiseks l\u00f5ime TestDev keskuse otse Data Science kursuste arendusmeeskonda (ja n\u00e4ib, et see on alles algus). Tutvustame teile nimekirja 10 \u201el\u00f5ksust\u201c, kuhu astutakse testide koostamisel teadmiste hindamiseks. Loodame, et p\u00e4rast seda muutub online-\u00f5ppe maailm natuke paremaks.<br \/>\n<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"habracut\"><\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n<h2>L\u00f5ks 1: Testimise eesm\u00e4rkide selge m\u00e4\u00e4ratlemine<\/h2>\n<p>\nEesm\u00e4rkide \u00f5ige m\u00e4\u00e4ratlemise ja testi koostamise nimel, mis neid arvesse v\u00f5tab, peame planeerimise etapis vastama mitmele k\u00fcsimusele:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Mida me tegelikult kontrollime?\u00a0<\/li>\n<li>Millises keskkonnas testimine toimub ja milliseid mehhanisme kasutatakse? Millised on selles keskkonnas piirangud? See punkt aitab m\u00f5ista tehnilisi n\u00f5udeid seadmele, millel testimine toimub, samuti sisu osas (kui testitakse telefonidelt, peavad pildid olema loetavad isegi v\u00e4ikese ekraani puhul, neid peab saama suurendada jne).<\/li>\n<li>Kui kaua testimine kestab? Tuleb l\u00e4bi m\u00f5elda, millistes tingimustes kasutaja testi l\u00e4bib. Kas v\u00f5ib tekkida olukord, kus tal tuleb testimist katkestada ja hiljem uuesti alustada?<\/li>\n<li>Kas tagasiside on olemas? Kuidas me selle vormime ja edastame? Mida on selleks vaja? Kas on vahemaa testi sooritamise ja tagasiside vahel?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\nMeie puhul, vastates nendele k\u00fcsimustele, m\u00e4\u00e4ratlesime testi eesm\u00e4rkide nimekirja:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Test peaks n\u00e4itama, kas tulevased \u00fcli\u00f5pilased on valmis kursust l\u00e4bima, kas neil on piisavad teadmised ja oskused.<\/li>\n<li>Test peaks andma meile tagasiside koostamiseks materjali, n\u00e4itama teemat, milles \u00f5pilased eksisid, et nad saaksid oma teadmisi t\u00e4iendada. Kuidas seda koostada \u2014 r\u00e4\u00e4gime edasi.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><\/p>\n<h2>L\u00f5ks 2: Testi koostajale spetsialisti T\u00f6\u00f6\u00fclesande puudumine<\/h2>\n<p>\nTesti \u00fclesannete koostamiseks on oluline kaasata ekspert valdkonnas, mille teadmisi testitakse. Samuti on eksperdile vajalik selge t\u00f6\u00f6\u00fclesanne (kirjeldus), mis sisaldab testi teemasid, kontrollitavaid teadmisi\/oskus ja nende taset. <\/p>\n<p>Ekspert ei tee sellist t\u00f6\u00f6\u00fclesannet iseendale, sest tema t\u00f6\u00f6 on \u00fclesannete v\u00e4ljam\u00f5tlemine, mitte testi struktuuri loomine. Eriti kuna praegu ei arenda peaaegu keegi teste professionaalselt, isegi \u00f5petamise k\u00e4igus. Sellega \u00f5petatakse eraldi erialal - ps\u00fchhomeetria.<\/p>\n<p><i>Kui soovite kiiresti tutvuda ps\u00fchhomeetriaga, siis Venemaal on<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/letnyayashkola.org\/testovaya\/\"> suvekool<\/a><\/noindex> k\u00f5igile huvilistele. S\u00fcgavamateks teadmisteks on haridusteaduste instituudis <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.hse.ru\/ma\/psyedu\/\">magistri\u00f5pe<\/a><\/noindex> ja doktorikraad.<\/i><\/p>\n<p>T\u00f6\u00f6\u00fclesande koostamisel kogume eksperdile detailsed testi kirjelduse (ja parem koos temaga): \u00fclesannete teemad, \u00fclesannete t\u00fc\u00fcbid, nende arv.<\/p>\n<p>Kuidas valida \u00fclesannete t\u00fc\u00fcpe: teemade m\u00e4\u00e4ramisel otsustame, millised \u00fclesanded seda k\u00f5ige paremini kontrollida saavad? Klassikalised variandid: avatud vastusega \u00fclesanne, mitme- v\u00f5i \u00fchekordne valik, vastavused jms. (\u00e4rge unustage arvestada testi l\u00e4biviimise keskkonna tehnilisi piiranguid!). P\u00e4rast \u00fclesannete t\u00fc\u00fcpide m\u00e4\u00e4ratlemist ja m\u00e4\u00e4ratlemist on meil ekspertide jaoks valmis t\u00f6\u00f6\u00fclesanne. Seda v\u00f5ib nimetada testi spetsifikatsiooniks.<\/p>\n<h2>Kasutusviga 3: Eksperdi mitte kaasamine testi koostamisse.<\/h2>\n<p>\nEksperdi kaasamisel testi koostamisse on v\u00e4ga oluline mitte lihtsalt m\u00e4\u00e4rata talle \"t\u00f6\u00f6maht\", vaid kaasata ta kogu arendusprotsessi.<\/p>\n<p>Kuidas saavutada, et t\u00f6\u00f6 ekspertidega oleks maksimaalselt efektiivne:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Seadke teda ette ja kulutage m\u00f5ni aeg testi koostamise teaduse, ps\u00fchhomeetria tutvustamiseks.<\/li>\n<li>Keskenduge eksperdi t\u00e4helepanu valide ja usaldusv\u00e4\u00e4rse hindamisvahendi loomisele, mitte k\u00fcsimuste loetlemisele.<\/li>\n<li>Selgitage, et tema t\u00f6\u00f6sse kuulub ettevalmistav etapp, mitte ainult \u00fclesannete koostamine.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nM\u00f5ned eksperdid (oma iseloomu t\u00f5ttu) v\u00f5ivad seda tajuda kui oma t\u00f6\u00f6 kontrollimist ja me selgitame neile, et isegi suurep\u00e4raste \u00fclesannete loomisel ei pruugi need konkreetsetele testimise eesm\u00e4rkidele sobida.<\/p>\n<p>Kuna protsess toimuks kiiresti, koostame koos eksperdiga katse katmiseks vajalike teadmiste ja oskuste tabeli, mis on testispeksifikatsiooni osa. Just see tabel v\u00f5imaldab t\u00e4pselt v\u00e4lja t\u00f6\u00f6tada k\u00fcsimused ja m\u00e4\u00e4ratleda, mida me m\u00f5\u00f5dame. Igas konkreetses juhtumis v\u00f5ib seda tabelit koostada veidi erinevalt. Meie \u00fclesanne on kontrollida, kui h\u00e4sti inimene orienteerub eelnevate, p\u00f5hikursuste teadmistes ja oskustes, et m\u00f5ista, kui valmis ta on uue kursuse \u00f5ppimiseks. <\/p>\n<h2>Ahnus 4: Arvata, et ekspert \"teab paremini\"<\/h2>\n<p>\nTa tunneb teemat paremini. Kuid mitte alati selgelt selgitab. On v\u00e4ga oluline kontrollida \u00fclesannete s\u00f5nastusi. Kirjutage selged juhised, n\u00e4iteks \"Valige 1 \u00f5ige variant\". 90% juhtudest koostavad eksperdid k\u00fcsimusi nii, nagu neile endile on arusaadav. Ja see on normaalne. Kuid enne, kui test antakse neile, kes seda l\u00e4bivad, tuleb k\u00f5ik \u00fcle vaadata ja viimistleda, et inimesed, kes testi l\u00e4bivad, m\u00f5istaksid selgelt, mida neilt oodatakse, ja ei teeks vigu lihtsalt seet\u00f5ttu, et nad v\u00f5iksid \u00fclesande teksti valesti t\u00f5lgendada.<\/p>\n<p>Kaksiklaste t\u00f5lgenduste v\u00e4ltimiseks korraldame \"kognitiivseid laboratooriume\". Palume sihtr\u00fchmalt inimestel test l\u00e4bi viia, r\u00e4\u00e4kides valjusti, mida nad m\u00f5tlevad, ja fikseerime selle \u00fcksikasjalikult. \"Kognitiivsetes laboratooriumides\" saab \"p\u00fc\u00fcda\" arusaamatuid k\u00fcsimusi, halbu s\u00f5nastusi ja saada esmast tagasisidet testi kohta.<\/p>\n<h2>Ahnus 5: Mitte arvestada testi sooritamiseks kuluvat aega<\/h2>\n<blockquote><p>iroonia re\u017eiim: sisse<br \/>\nLoomulikult on meie test parim, k\u00f5ik unistavad selle l\u00e4bi tegemisest! Jah, k\u00f5ik 4 tundi.<br \/>\niroonia re\u017eiim: v\u00e4lja\n<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Kui on nimekiri k\u00f5igest, mida kontrollida saab, on peamine - seda mitte teha (esmapilgul k\u00f5lab see kummaliselt, eks?). Tuleb julmalt k\u00e4rpida, eraldades koos eksperdiga v\u00f5tmeteadmised ja oskused (jah, teatud oskusi saab samuti testis kontrollida). Vaatame \u00fclesannete t\u00fc\u00fcpi ja m\u00f5\u00f5dame sihtaja sooritamiseks: kui k\u00f5ik on endiselt enam kui m\u00f5istlikud piirid - k\u00e4rpige!<\/p>\n<p>Mahtude v\u00e4hendamiseks v\u00f5ib samuti proovida (ettevaatlikult) \u00fche \u00fclesandega kontrollida kaht oskust. Sellisel juhul on keeruline m\u00f5ista, miks inimene eksis, kuid \u00f5ige t\u00e4itmise korral saab arvesse v\u00f5tta m\u00f5lemat oskust. Oluline on veenduda, et need kaks oskust kuuluvad \u00fchte ja sama teadmiste valdkonda. <\/p>\n<h2>Ahnus 6: Mitte v\u00e4lja t\u00f6\u00f6tada punktide hindamise s\u00fcsteemi<\/h2>\n<p>\nTihti testide koostamisel kasutatakse klassikalist hindamiss\u00fcsteemi punktide kaupa, n\u00e4iteks 1 punkt lihtsate \u00fclesannete eest ja 2 punkti keerukate eest. Kuid see ei ole universaalne. Lihtsalt punktide summa testimise l\u00f5ppedes ei \u00fctle meile palju: me ei tea, milliste \u00fclesannete eest need punktid on saadud ja saame m\u00e4\u00e4rata vaid \u00f5igeid \u00fclesandeid. Me vajame t\u00e4pset arusaama, milliseid oskusi testimise osalejad n\u00e4itavad. Lisaks soovime anda neile tagasisidet, milliseid teemasid tuleks edasi arendada.<\/p>\n<p>Kuna me koostame testi, mis jagab inimesed valmisolekuga ja mitte-valmisolekuga programmiks, soovitame m\u00f5nedele valmistuda tasuta koolitusele. Meie jaoks on oluline, et sellesse r\u00fchma kuuluks ainult need, kellele see t\u00f5eliselt vajalik on ja kes selleks valmis on.<\/p>\n<p>Mida teeme meie olukorras: m\u00e4\u00e4ratleme testide arendamise t\u00f6\u00f6r\u00fchmas, millised inimr\u00fchmad on vajalikud (n\u00e4iteks \u00f5ppimiseks valmis, osaliselt valmis) ja koostame selliste r\u00fchmade omaduste tabeli, m\u00e4rkides, millised oskused ja teadmised on asjakohased \u00f5ppimiseks valmis r\u00fchma jaoks. Nii saab m\u00e4\u00e4rata selliste testide \u201ekeerukuse\u201c.<\/p>\n<h2>Maleve 7: Hindamine ainult automaatselt<\/h2>\n<p>\nLoomulikult peaks hindamine olema v\u00f5imalikult objektiivne, seega hinnatakse osa \u00f5pilaste materjalidest automaatselt, \u201ev\u00f5tmete\u201c j\u00e4rgi \u2014 v\u00f5rreldes \u00f5igeid vastuseid. Isegi kui pole spetsiaalset testimiss\u00fcsteemi, on palju tasuta lahendusi. Ja kui on arusaam skriptide kirjutamise printsiipidest, siis gugins formaate ja tulemusi tabelites saab teha k\u00f5ike. Kui osa \u00fclesandeid kontrollivad eksperdid, peame v\u00e4lja t\u00f6\u00f6tama vastuste edastamise eksperdile, ilma teabeta sooritajatest. Ja m\u00f5tlema, kuidas integreerida ekspertide kontrollimise tulemused l\u00f5pphindamisse.<\/p>\n<p>Me olime algselt kavandatud teha mitu avatud \u00fclesannet koos koodiga, kus eksperdid hindavad lahendusi ette antud kriteeriumide alusel, ja isegi valmistasime s\u00fcsteemi, mis ekspordib testimise osalejate individuaalsed vastused spetsiaalsesse tabelisse ekspertide jaoks, ning seej\u00e4rel impordib tulemused hindamisaruandesse. Kuid p\u00e4rast arutelu sihtr\u00fchmade esindajate, tootejuhi ja haridusdisaineriga, leidsime, et tehnilise intervjuu l\u00e4biviimine koos eksperdi kohese tagasisidega ja koodi arutamisega ning eraldi k\u00fcsimustega on palju efektiivsem ja kasulikum osalejatele endile. <\/p>\n<p>N\u00fc\u00fcd valideerib ekspert testi l\u00e4bimist, t\u00e4psustades m\u00f5ningaid k\u00fcsimusi. Selleks oleme valmistanud k\u00fcsimuste juhendi ja hindamiskriteeriumid tehniliseks intervjuuks. Enne tehnilist intervjuud saab ekspert testimise osaleja vastuste kaardi, et valida k\u00fcsimused, mida tasub k\u00fcsida.<\/p>\n<h2>Viga 8: Testimistulemuste mitte selgitamine<\/h2>\n<p>\nTagasiside andmine osalejatele on eraldi teema. Me peame mitte ainult informeerima testi tulemusest, vaid ka selgitama testi tulemusi.<br \/>\nNeed v\u00f5ivad olla:\u00a0<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u00dclesanded, milles osaleja eksis, ja need, mis ta \u00f5igesti t\u00e4itis.<\/li>\n<li>Teemad, kus osaleja j\u00e4ttis vea.<\/li>\n<li>Tema reiting eksamineerijate seas.<\/li>\n<li>Osaleja taseme kirjeldus vastavalt n\u00e4iteks spetsialistide taseme kirjeldustele (p\u00f5hineb t\u00f6\u00f6kuulutustel).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nPilootprojekti k\u00e4ivitamisel, neile, kes soovisid programmi sisse astuda, n\u00e4itasime koos tulemustega nimekirja teemadest, mida tuleb t\u00e4iendada. Kuid see pole muidugi ideaalne, me kavatseme paraneda ja tagasisidet paremaks muuta.<\/p>\n<h2>Viga 9: Testi mitte arutama arendajatega<\/h2>\n<p>\nT\u00f5en\u00e4oliselt k\u00f5ige kriitilisemad vead, millele astuda on eriti ebameeldiv, on saata test arendajatele, kirjeldus ja hindamisaste seisundis \u201enagu on\u201d.<br \/>\nMis t\u00e4pselt vajab arutamist:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>K\u00fcsimuste v\u00e4limus, struktuur, graafika positsioon, kuidas n\u00e4eb v\u00e4lja \u00f5ige vastuse valik.<\/li>\n<li>Kuidas arvestatakse punktid (kui on vajalik), kas ei ole t\u00e4iendavaid tingimusi.<\/li>\n<li>Kuidas formiseeritakse tagasiside, kust leida tekstid, kas pole automaatselt genereeritavaid plokke.<\/li>\n<li>Millist t\u00e4iendavat teavet peate koguma ja millal (sarnased kontaktid).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nKuna arusaamatuste v\u00e4ltimiseks palume meie arendajatel kodeerida 2 v\u00f5i 3 erinevat k\u00fcsimust, et saaks vaadata, kuidas need enne testimise programmi v\u00e4lja n\u00e4evad.<\/p>\n<h2>K\u00fchvlid 10: Ilma testimata kohe tootmisse viimine<\/h2>\n<p>\n3 korda, s\u00f5brad, test peab kontrollima 3 erinevat inimest, v\u00f5i veel parem \u2014 igal\u00fchel 3 korda. See t\u00f5de on saavutatud vere, higi ja koodiridade kaudu. <\/p>\n<p>Meie test kontrollib sellist kolmikut:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Tootja \u2014 kontrollib testi t\u00f6\u00f6kindlust, v\u00e4limust ja mehhanisme.<\/li>\n<li>Testi arendaja \u2014 kontrollib \u00fclesannete sisu, nende j\u00e4rjekorda, testi t\u00f6\u00f6 vormi, \u00fclesannete t\u00fc\u00fcpe, \u00f5igeid vastuseid, loetavust ja graafika normaalset kuvamist.<\/li>\n<li>\u00dclesannete autor (ekspert) \u2014 kontrollib testi \u00f5igsust ekspertide seisukohalt.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\nPraktiline n\u00e4ide: ainult kolmandal korral l\u00e4bivaatamisel n\u00e4gi \u00fclesannete autor, et 1 \u00fclesanne j\u00e4i vanas s\u00f5nastuses. K\u00f5iki varasemaid muudeti aktiivselt. Kuid kui test kodeeriti, n\u00e4gi see v\u00e4lja teisiti, kui algselt kujutati. Suure t\u00f5en\u00e4osusega tuleb midagi muuta. Seda tuleb arvesse v\u00f5tta.<\/p>\n<h2>Kokkuv\u00f5te<\/h2>\n<p>\nHoolikalt m\u00f6\u00f6da neid \u201ek\u00fchvleid\u201c, l\u00f5ime spetsiaalse <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/teleg.run\/SkillTedbot?start=restart_BLZJkUuo\">boti Telegramis<\/a><\/noindex>, et kontrollida \u00fcli\u00f5pilaste teadmisi. Iga\u00fcks, kes soovib, v\u00f5ib seda testida, kuni valmistame ette j\u00e4rgmist materiaali, kus r\u00e4\u00e4gime, mis botis toimus ja milleks see k\u00f5ik hiljem muutus.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/skillfactory.ru\/?utm_source=infopartners&amp;utm_medium=habr&amp;utm_campaign=banner&amp;utm_term=regular&amp;utm_content=banner\"><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Jalgade \u00fcle astumine: 10 kriitilist vigade tegemist teadmiste testi arendamisel\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/7d6245756b99f06c516a6df2dc9d77ad.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/a><\/noindex><br \/>\nSaada n\u00f5utud elukutse nullist v\u00f5i Level Up oskustes ja palgas, saab l\u00e4bides SkillFactory online-kursused:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/skillfactory.ru\/ml-programma-machine-learning-online?utm_source=infopartners&amp;utm_medium=habr&amp;utm_campaign=ML&amp;utm_term=regular&amp;utm_content=021020\">Masin\u00f5ppe 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\u043a\u0443\u0440\u0441\u0443. \u041d\u043e \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0434\u0438\u043b\u0435\u043c\u043c\u0430: \u0441 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u044b, \u043c\u044b \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u043d\u044b \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e Data Science, \u0441 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u043e\u0439 \u2014 \u043c\u044b \u043d\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043c \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 4-\u0445 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u044d\u043a\u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d. \u0414\u043b\u044f \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0439 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":95925,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[688],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-95924","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-administrirovanie"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.1.1 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"max-image-preview:large\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Yuri Gagarin\"\/>\n\t<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/et\/blog\/administrirovanie\/progulka-po-grablyam-10-kriticheskih-oshibok-razrabotki-testa-dlya-proverki-znanij\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"generator\" content=\"All in One SEO (AIOSEO) 5.0.1.1\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"et_EE\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"ProHoster | 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