{"id":96211,"date":"2020-10-09T07:42:43","date_gmt":"2020-10-09T05:42:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/administrirovanie\/pochemu-v-ebcdic-bukvy-idut-ne-podryad"},"modified":"2020-10-09T07:42:43","modified_gmt":"2020-10-09T05:42:43","slug":"pochemu-v-ebcdic-bukvy-idut-ne-podryad","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/et\/blog\/administrirovanie\/pochemu-v-ebcdic-bukvy-idut-ne-podryad","title":{"rendered":"Miks j\u00e4rjestab EBCDIC t\u00e4hed mitte j\u00e4rjest?","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

ASCII standard v\u00f5eti kasutusele 1963. aastal ning praegu on raske leida keegi, kes kasutaks kodeeringut, mille esimesed 128 s\u00fcmbolit erineksid ASCII-st. Hoolimata sellest, oli kuni eelmise sajandi l\u00f5puni aktiivselt kasutusel EBCDIC \u2014 IBM peamiste arvutite ja nende N\u00f5ukogude liikumiskloni ES EVM standardkodeering. EBCDIC j\u00e4\u00e4b peamiseks kodeeringuks z\/OS-is \u2014 kaasaegsete IBM Z peamiste arvutite standardne ops\u00fcsteem.<\/p>\n

EBCDIC-il on kohe silmatorkav see, et t\u00e4hed ei tule j\u00e4rjestikku: nende vahel on I<\/code> ja J<\/code> ja nende vahel R<\/code> ja S<\/code> j\u00e4id kasutamata positsioonid (ES EVM-is jaotati nende vahekohtade vahel jagati<\/a><\/noindex> kiriike t\u00e4hti). Kellele v\u00f5iks tulla p\u00e4he kodeerida t\u00e4hed ebav\u00f5rdsete vahedega naaber t\u00e4htede vahel?<\/p>\n

\"Miks<\/p>\n

Nimi EBCDIC («Extended BCDIC») viitab sellele, et see kodeering \u2013 erinevalt ASCII-st \u2013 ei ole tekkinud t\u00fchjast kohast, vaid p\u00f5hineb kuuebitisel BCDIC kodeeringul, mida hakati kasutama alates IBM 704<\/a><\/noindex> (1954):<\/p>\n

\"Miks<\/p>\n

Otsest \u00fchilduvust ei ole: mugav omadus BCDIC-is, mis kadus EBCDIC-ile \u00fcleminekul, oli see, et numbritele 0<\/code>—9<\/code> vastasid koodid 0-9. Hoolimata sellest on seitse koodi vahet I<\/code> ja J<\/code> ja kaheksa koodi vahet R<\/code> ja S<\/code> BCDIC-s on juba olnud. Kust nad aga tulid?<\/p>\n

EBCDIC ajalugu algab samal ajal IBM-i ajalooga \u2013 kaua enne elektroonilisi arvuteid. IBM tekkis nelja ettev\u00f5tte \u00fchinemise tulemusena, millest tehnoloogiliselt k\u00f5ige arenenum oli «Tabulating Machine Company», mille asutas 1896. aastal Hermann Hollerith \u2013 leiutaja tabeldusmasina<\/a><\/noindex>. Esimesed tabeldusmasinad lugesid lihtsalt, mitu aukukaarti oli teatud kohas l\u00f6\u00f6dud; kuid 1905. aastal alustas Hollerith tootmist k\u00fcmnends\u00fcsteemi<\/em> tabeldusmasinatest. Iga kaart k\u00fcmnends\u00fcsteemi tabeldusmasina jaoks koosnes muutuvpikkusest v\u00e4ljadest, ja numbrid, mis olid nende v\u00e4liades tavap\u00e4rases k\u00fcmnends\u00fcsteemis kirjas, summeeriti kogu pakis. Kaardi jaotust v\u00e4liadesse m\u00e4\u00e4ras \u00fchendusjuhtmete paigutus tabeldusmasina l\u00fclituspaneelil. N\u00e4iteks, sellel Hollerithi aukukaardil, mis on s\u00e4ilinud<\/a><\/noindex> Ameerika Kongressi Raamatukogus, on selgelt l\u00f6\u00f6dud number 23456789012345678, mis on jagatud v\u00e4ljadele teadmata viisil:<\/p>\n

\"Miks<\/p>\n

Kellelgi, kes t\u00e4helepanelikum on, v\u00f5is m\u00e4rgata, et Hollerithi kaardil on 12 rida auke, kuigi numbrite jaoks piisab k\u00fcmnest; ja BCDIC-s kasutatakse iga vanema kahe biidi v\u00e4\u00e4rtuse jaoks vaid 12 koodi 16-st v\u00f5imaliku.<\/p>\n

Loomulikult ei ole see juhuslik kokkusattumus. Alguses oli Holleriti plaan, et lisaread oleksid m\u00f5eldud \u00aberim\u00e4rkide\u00bb jaoks, mis ei liitunud, vaid lihtsalt loeti \u2014 nagu k\u00f5ige esimesed tabeleid. (T\u00e4nap\u00e4eval nimetaksime neid \u00abbitiv\u00e4ltideks\u00bb.) Lisaks oli \u00aberim\u00e4rkide\u00bb hulgas v\u00f5imalik m\u00e4\u00e4rata gruppide n\u00e4itajaid: kui tabeldamisel olid vajalikud mitte ainult l\u00f5plikud summad, vaid ka vahepealsed, siis tabeldaja peatus, kui avastas muutuse mis tahes grupi n\u00e4itajates, ja operaator pidi vahepealsed summad digitaalsetelt ekraanidelt paberile \u00fclekandma, ekraane nullima ja tabeldamist uuesti alustama. N\u00e4iteks raamatupidamisbilansside arvestamisel v\u00f5iks grupikaardid vastata \u00fchele kuup\u00e4evale v\u00f5i \u00fchele v\u00f5lausaldajale.<\/p>\n

1920. aastal, kui Hollerith oli juba pensionile l\u00e4inud, tulid kasutusele «tr\u00fckivabariigid», mis olid \u00fchendatud telet\u00fc\u00fcbiga ja suudsid ise tr\u00fckkida vahekokkuv\u00f5tteid, ilma operaatori sekkumiseta. N\u00fc\u00fcdseks oli keerukus selles, et tuli m\u00e4\u00e4rata, millele iga tr\u00fckitud number viitab. 1931. aastal otsustas IBM t\u00e4histada t\u00e4hti «erim\u00e4rkidega»: m\u00e4rk 12. rea kohal t\u00e4histab t\u00e4hte A<\/code> kuni I<\/code>', 11. rea m\u00e4rk t\u00e4hendas t\u00e4hte ' J<\/code> kuni R<\/code>', nullis t\u00e4hendas t\u00e4hte ' S<\/code> kuni Z<\/code>. Uus «alfabeetiline tabulaator» suutis tr\u00fckkida iga kaardigruppi koos vahekokkuv\u00f5tetega; samal ajal muutus mittet\u00f6\u00f6deldud veerg t\u00fchikuks s\u00fcmbolite vahel. Pange t\u00e4hele, et S<\/code> t\u00e4histatakse aukude kombinatsiooniga 0+2, samas kui kombinatsiooni 0+1 algselt ei kasutatud kartes, et kaks auku k\u00f5rvuti samas veerus v\u00f5ivad p\u00f5hjustada mehaanilisi probleeme loeturis.<\/p>\n

\"Miks<\/p>\n

N\u00fc\u00fcd saab BCDIC tabelisse vaadata pisut teise nurga alt:<\/p>\n

\"Miks<\/p>\n

V\u00e4lja arvatud see, et 0 ja t\u00fchik on vahetatud, m\u00e4\u00e4ravad \u00fclemised kaks bitti «erim\u00e4rgi», mida l\u00f6\u00f6di 1931. aastal vastava s\u00fcmboli jaoks perforatsioonikaardile; ja alumised neli bitti m\u00e4\u00e4ravad numbri, mis l\u00f6\u00f6di kaardi p\u00f5hiosas. S\u00fcmbolite tugi & - \/<\/code> lisandus IBM-i tabulaatoritesse 1930. aastatel, ja nende m\u00e4rkide kodeering BCDIC vastab nendele kombinatsioonidele, millele augud on l\u00f6\u00f6dud. Kui tekkis vajadus toetada veel suuremat arvu m\u00e4rke, hakati lisaks «erim\u00e4rgistusele» l\u00f6\u00f6ma rida 8 \u2014 nii v\u00f5is \u00fches veerus olla kuni kolm auku. Selline vorm perfo-kaardist on praktiliselt muutumatuna p\u00fcsinud sajandi l\u00f5puni. N\u00f5ukogude Liidus kasutati IBM-i ladina t\u00e4hestiku ja punktiiride kodeeringut ning kirillitsakirjade puhul l\u00f6\u00f6di korraga mitu «erim\u00e4rgistust» ridades 12, 11, 0 \u2014 piirdundes mitte kolme auguga \u00fches veerus.<\/p>\n

Kui loodi arvuti IBM 704, siis ei m\u00f5eldud m\u00e4rkide kodeeringule kaua: v\u00f5eti kodeering, mida juba tol ajal perfo-kaartides kasutati, ning vaid 0 «pandi paika». 1964. aastal, kui mindi \u00fcle BCDIC-ilt EBCDIC-le, j\u00e4eti iga m\u00e4rgi neli madalamat bitti muutmata, kuigi vanemaid bitte veidi segati. Nii m\u00f5jutas Hollerithi poolt eelmise sajandi alguses valitud perfo-kaartide formaat k\u00f5igi IBM-i arvutite arhitektuuri, sealhulgas IBM Z-d.<\/p>\n

Allikas: habr.com<\/a> <\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u0421\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0442 ASCII \u0431\u044b\u043b \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u044f\u0442 \u0432 1963, \u0438 \u0441\u0435\u0439\u0447\u0430\u0441 \u0432\u0440\u044f\u0434 \u043b\u0438 \u043a\u0442\u043e-\u043d\u0438\u0431\u0443\u0434\u044c \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u043a\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0443, \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0435 128 \u0441\u0438\u043c\u0432\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0442\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0431\u044b \u043e\u0442 ASCII. \u0422\u0435\u043c \u043d\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0435, \u0434\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0448\u043b\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430 \u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c EBCDIC \u2014 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0442\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043a\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0430 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043c\u0435\u0439\u043d\u0444\u0440\u0435\u0439\u043c\u043e\u0432 IBM \u0438 \u0438\u0445 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043a\u043b\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0415\u0421 \u042d\u0412\u041c. 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