{"id":96211,"date":"2020-10-09T07:42:43","date_gmt":"2020-10-09T05:42:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/administrirovanie\/pochemu-v-ebcdic-bukvy-idut-ne-podryad"},"modified":"2020-10-09T07:42:43","modified_gmt":"2020-10-09T05:42:43","slug":"pochemu-v-ebcdic-bukvy-idut-ne-podryad","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/et\/blog\/administrirovanie\/pochemu-v-ebcdic-bukvy-idut-ne-podryad","title":{"rendered":"Miks EBCDIC-s t\u00e4hestikud j\u00e4rjest ei j\u00e4rgne?","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

ASCII standard was accepted in 1963, and it's unlikely anyone currently uses a character encoding where the first 128 characters differ from ASCII. However, until the end of the last century, EBCDIC was actively used \u2014 the standard encoding for IBM mainframes and their Soviet clones, ES EVM. EBCDIC remains the primary encoding in z\/OS \u2014 the standard OS for modern IBM Z mainframes.<\/p>\n

What stands out immediately when looking at EBCDIC is that the letters are not sequential: between I<\/code> ja J<\/code> and between R<\/code> ja S<\/code> there are unused positions (on ES EVM, these gaps were filled with<\/a><\/noindex> Cyrillic symbols). Who would have thought to encode letters with uneven gaps between neighboring letters?<\/p>\n

\"Miks<\/p>\n

Ise nime EBCDIC («Extended BCDIC») viitab sellele, et see kodeering \u2014 erinevalt ASCII-st \u2014 ei olnud loodud t\u00fchjast kohast, vaid p\u00f5hines kuue bitise kodeeringu BCDIC-l, mida kasutati alates IBM 704<\/a><\/noindex> (1954):<\/p>\n

\"Miks<\/p>\n

There is no direct backward compatibility: a convenient feature of BCDIC that was lost when moving to EBCDIC was that the digits correspond to codes 0-9. However, there were already gaps of seven codes between 0<\/code>\u20149<\/code> and eight codes between I<\/code> ja J<\/code> in BCDIC. So where did they come from? R<\/code> ja S<\/code> The history of (E)BCDIC begins concurrently with the history of IBM \u2014 long before electronic computers. IBM was formed by the merger of four companies, of which the most technologically advanced was the \u2018Tabulating Machine Company\u2019, founded in 1896 by Herman Hollerith \u2014 the inventor of the<\/p>\n

EBCDIC-i ajalugu algab samal ajal IBM-i ajalooga \u2014 kaua enne elektroonilisi arvuteid. IBM loodi nelja ettev\u00f5tte \u00fchendamise tulemusena, millest tehnoloogiliselt k\u00f5ige arenenum oli «Tabulating Machine Company», mille asutas 1896. aastal Hermann Hollerith \u2014 leiutaja . The first tabulators simply counted the number of punched cards in a specific location; however, in 1905, Hollerith started the production of<\/a><\/noindex>decimal tabulators. Each card for a decimal tabulator consisted of variable-length fields, and numbers recorded in these fields in standard decimal form were summed across the entire deck. The breakdown of the card into fields was determined by the wiring on the tabulator's commutation panel. For example, on this punch card of Hollerith,<\/em> archived at the Library of Congress, the number 23456789012345678 is obviously punched, though how it is divided into fields is unknown:<\/a><\/noindex> The most observant might notice that Hollerith's card has 12 rows for holes, while only ten are needed for digits; and in BCDIC, only 12 codes out of 16 possible are used for the values of the two most significant bits.<\/p>\n

\"Miks<\/p>\n

Kauemad t\u00e4helepanelikud v\u00f5ivad m\u00e4rgata, et Holleriti kaardil on aukude jaoks 12 rida, kuigi numbrite jaoks piisab k\u00fcmnest; ja BCDIC-s kasutatakse igas v\u00e4\u00e4rtuses vanemate kahte bitti ainult 12 koodi 16 v\u00f5imalikust.<\/p>\n

Loomulikult ei ole see juhus. Alguses pidi Hollerith t\u00e4iendavad read olema m\u00f5eldud «spetsiaalsete m\u00e4rkide» jaoks, mida ei summeeritud, vaid lihtsalt loeti \u2014 nagu k\u00f5ige varasemates tabulaatorites. (T\u00e4na \u00fctleksime, et need olid «bitiv\u00e4ljad».) Lisaks v\u00f5is «spetsiaalsete m\u00e4rkide» hulka kuuluda grupi n\u00e4idikud: kui tabuleerimisel pidi olema mitte ainult l\u00f5plikud summad, vaid ka vahepealsed, siis tabulaator seiskus, kui avastati muutus mistahes grupi n\u00e4idikus, ja operaator pidi vahepealsed summad digitaalsetelt ekraanidelt paberile \u00fcles kirjutama, nullima ekraanid ja j\u00e4tkama tabuleerimist. N\u00e4iteks raamatupidamisbalansside arvestamisel v\u00f5is grupikaart vastata \u00fchele kuup\u00e4evale v\u00f5i \u00fchele lepingupartnerile.<\/p>\n

Aastal 1920, kui Hollerith oli juba pensionile l\u00e4inud, tulid kasutusele «tr\u00fckkivad tabulaatorid», mis olid \u00fchendatud telet\u00fc\u00fcbiga ja said ise printida vahepealseid summasid, ilma et oleks vajalik operaatori sekkumine. Raskuseks oli n\u00fc\u00fcd m\u00e4\u00e4ratleda, millele iga tr\u00fckitud number viitab. 1931. aastal otsustas IBM, et «spetsiaalsete m\u00e4rkidega» t\u00e4histatakse t\u00e4hti: m\u00e4rk 12. reas t\u00e4hendas t\u00e4hte A<\/code> kuni I<\/code>, 11. rea m\u00e4rk t\u00e4hendas t\u00e4hte J<\/code> kuni R<\/code>, nullread t\u00e4hendas t\u00e4hte S<\/code> kuni Z<\/code>. Uus «alfabeetiline tabulaator» suutis printida iga grupikaardi nime koos vahepealsete summadega; samas muutus puuduolev veerg t\u00fchiseks ruumiks s\u00fcmbolite vahel. Pange t\u00e4hele, et S<\/code> t\u00e4histatakse aukude kombinatsiooniga 0+2, ja 0+1 kombinatsiooni kasutati algselt ettevaatlikkuse t\u00f5ttu, kuna kaks auku k\u00f5rvuti \u00fches veerus v\u00f5ivad tekitada mehaanilisi probleeme lugejas.<\/p>\n

\"Miks<\/p>\n

N\u00fc\u00fcd saab BCDIC tabelisse vaadata veidi teise nurga alt:<\/p>\n

\"Miks<\/p>\n

V\u00e4lja arvatud see, et 0 ja t\u00fchik on vahetatud, m\u00e4\u00e4ravad \u00fclemised kaks bitti «spetsiaalse m\u00e4rgi», mille 1931. aastal tr\u00fckkisid vastavale s\u00fcmbolile vastava perforatsiooni kaardile; alumised neli bitti m\u00e4\u00e4ravad arvu, mis tr\u00fckiti kaardi p\u00f5hiosas. S\u00fcmbolite tugi & - \/<\/code> ilmnes IBM kuuluvad 1930. aastatesse ja nende s\u00fcmbolite kodeerimine BCDIC vastab nende jaoks perforatsioonide kombinatsioonidele. Kui vajalikuks osutus veelgi suurema s\u00fcmbolite arvu toetamine, hakati lisaks l\u00f6\u00f6ma rida 8 - seega v\u00f5is \u00fches veerus olla kuni kolm perforatsiooni. Selline perforatsioonide formaat p\u00fcsis praktiliselt muutumatuna sajandi l\u00f5puni. N\u00f5ukogude Liidus j\u00e4eti IBM-i ladina ja kirjavahem\u00e4rkide kodeeringud, kuid kirillitsa t\u00e4htede jaoks l\u00fckkasime kohe mitu 'erim\u00e4rki' ridades 12, 11, 0 - piiramata end kolme perforatsiooniga \u00fches veerus.<\/p>\n

Kui loodi arvuti IBM 704, siis s\u00fcmbolite kodeerimise \u00fcle ei oldud kaua m\u00f5eldud: kasutati juba tollal perforatsioonidel kasutusel olnud kodeeringut ja lihtsalt 0 'asetati kohale'. 1964. aastal, kui \u00fcleminekul BCDIC-ilt EBCDIC-ile j\u00e4eti igas s\u00fcmbolis alumised neli bitti muutmata, kuigi vanade bitide j\u00e4rjekorda pisut segati. Seega m\u00f5jutas Holleriti alguses eelmise sajandi alguses valitud perforatsioonide formaat k\u00f5igi IBM-i arvutite, sealhulgas IBM Z arhitektuuri.<\/p>\n

Allikas: habr.com<\/a> <\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u0421\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0442 ASCII \u0431\u044b\u043b \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u044f\u0442 \u0432 1963, \u0438 \u0441\u0435\u0439\u0447\u0430\u0441 \u0432\u0440\u044f\u0434 \u043b\u0438 \u043a\u0442\u043e-\u043d\u0438\u0431\u0443\u0434\u044c \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u043a\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0443, \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0435 128 \u0441\u0438\u043c\u0432\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0442\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0431\u044b \u043e\u0442 ASCII. \u0422\u0435\u043c \u043d\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0435, \u0434\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0448\u043b\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430 \u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c EBCDIC \u2014 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0442\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043a\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0430 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043c\u0435\u0439\u043d\u0444\u0440\u0435\u0439\u043c\u043e\u0432 IBM \u0438 \u0438\u0445 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043a\u043b\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0415\u0421 \u042d\u0412\u041c. 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| ProHoster","description":"Standard ASCII v\u00f5eti vastu 1963. aastal ning praegu on t\u00f5en\u00e4oliselt keegi, kes kasutaks kodeeringut, mille esimesed 128 s\u00fcmbolit erineksid ASCII-st.","canonical_url":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/et\/blog\/administrirovanie\/pochemu-v-ebcdic-bukvy-idut-ne-podryad","robots":"max-image-preview:large","keywords":"","webmasterTools":{"miscellaneous":""},"schema":null,"og:locale":"et_EE","og:site_name":"ProHoster | \u041a\u0443\u043f\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0445\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0433 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0441\u0430\u0439\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0441 \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0442 DDoS, VPS VDS \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440\u044b","og:type":"article","og:title":"\ud83e\udd47\u041f\u043e\u0447\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0432 EBCDIC \u0431\u0443\u043a\u0432\u044b \u0438\u0434\u0443\u0442 \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0440\u044f\u0434? | ProHoster","og:description":"\u0421\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0442 ASCII \u0431\u044b\u043b \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u044f\u0442 \u0432 1963, \u0438 \u0441\u0435\u0439\u0447\u0430\u0441 \u0432\u0440\u044f\u0434 \u043b\u0438 \u043a\u0442\u043e-\u043d\u0438\u0431\u0443\u0434\u044c \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u043a\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0443, \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0435 128 \u0441\u0438\u043c\u0432\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0442\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0431\u044b \u043e\u0442 ASCII.","og:url":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/et\/blog\/administrirovanie\/pochemu-v-ebcdic-bukvy-idut-ne-podryad","og:image":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/logo-350.jpg","og:image:secure_url":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/logo-350.jpg","og:image:width":350,"og:image:height":350,"article:published_time":"2020-10-09T05:42:43+00:00","article:modified_time":"2020-10-09T05:42:43+00:00","article:publisher":"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/prohoster","article:author":"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/prohoster"},"aioseo_meta_data":{"post_id":"96211","title":null,"description":null,"keywords":null,"keyphrases":null,"primary_term":null,"canonical_url":null,"og_title":null,"og_description":null,"og_object_type":"default","og_image_type":"default","og_image_url":null,"og_image_width":null,"og_image_height":null,"og_image_custom_url":null,"og_image_custom_fields":null,"og_video":null,"og_custom_url":null,"og_article_section":null,"og_article_tags":null,"twitter_use_og":false,"twitter_card":"default","twitter_image_type":"default","twitter_image_url":null,"twitter_image_custom_url":null,"twitter_image_custom_fields":null,"twitter_title":null,"twitter_description":null,"schema":{"blockGraphs":[],"customGraphs":[],"default":{"data":{"Article":[],"Course":[],"Dataset":[],"FAQPage":[],"Movie":[],"Person":[],"Product":[],"ProductReview":[],"Car":[],"Recipe":[],"Service":[],"SoftwareApplication":[],"WebPage":[]},"graphName":"","isEnabled":true},"graphs":[]},"schema_type":null,"schema_type_options":null,"pillar_content":false,"robots_default":true,"robots_noindex":false,"robots_noarchive":false,"robots_nosnippet":false,"robots_nofollow":false,"robots_noimageindex":false,"robots_noodp":false,"robots_notranslate":false,"robots_max_snippet":null,"robots_max_videopreview":null,"robots_max_imagepreview":"large","priority":null,"frequency":null,"local_seo":null,"seo_analyzer_scan_date":null,"breadcrumb_settings":null,"limit_modified_date":false,"reviewed_by":null,"ai":null,"created":"2021-02-28 10:48:22","updated":"2022-10-03 07:13:05","focus_keyword":null,"additional_keywords":null,"truseo_locale":null},"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"link","format":"url"}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/et\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/96211","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/et\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/et\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/et\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/et\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=96211"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/et\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/96211\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/et\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/96212"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/et\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=96211"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/et\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=96211"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/et\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=96211"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}