Shin yana yiwuwa lokacin hunturu na cryptocurrency ya zama zamanin zinare don fasahar blockchain? Barka da zuwa 2019, shekarar musayar ra'ayi (DEX)!
Duk wanda ke da alaƙa da cryptocurrencies ko fasahar blockchain yana fuskantar matsanancin hunturu, wanda ke nunawa a cikin jadawalin farashin shahararrun kuma ba shahararrun cryptocurrencies kamar dutsen kankara ba (kimanin.: POk, sun fassara, lamarin ya ɗan canza kaɗan...). Haushi ya wuce, kumfa ya fashe, hayakin ya share. Duk da haka, ba duka ba ne mara kyau. Fasaha na ci gaba da haɓakawa da nemo mafita kamar mu'amalar da aka raba (DEX - Dtsakiya Excanji), waɗanda aka tsara don canza yanayin yanayin cryptocurrency a cikin 2019.
Menene musanya da aka raba?
Kuna iya mamaki. A kan dandamalin ciniki na tsakiya, CEX (ko Mu'amalar Tsarkakewa., bayanin kula: a cikin ainihin CEX taƙaitaccen bayani ne, bai kamata a rikita shi da sunan mashahurin musayar CEX.io ba.), mai shi na dandamali shine kawai tsaka-tsaki, wani nau'i na crypto-banker. Shi ne ke da alhakin adanawa da sarrafa duk kudaden da ake siyarwa akan dandamali. CEX galibi dandamali ne mai fahimta kuma mai sauƙin amfani, yana ba da babban adadin ruwa da kayan aikin ciniki iri-iri. Dandalin kuma yana aiki azaman ƙofa tsakanin kudin fiat da kadarorin crypto.
Duk da haka, a matsayin masu sha'awar crypto, mun san haɗari na tsakiya da kuma dogara ga masu tsaka-tsaki, alal misali, mutuwar wanda ya kafa musayar Quadriga da asarar maɓalli ga walat ɗin da aka adana kuɗin mai amfani. A cikin yanayin dandali na tsakiya, ya zama wuri guda na gazawa ko tantancewa.
DEX yana da nufin kawar da matsakaitan matsakanci da gazawa guda ɗaya, ta hanyar gudanar da ma'amaloli kai tsaye tsakanin masu amfani, a kan blockchain kanta, wanda ke ƙarƙashin dandamali, ketare dandalin ciniki. Don haka babban manufar DEX shine kawai don samar da kayan more rayuwa ga masu siyan kadara don nemo masu siyarwa da akasin haka.
Babban fa'idar DEX akan CEX a bayyane yake:
- "aminci". Babu kuma buƙatar mai shiga tsakani. Sabili da haka, masu amfani suna da alhakin kuɗin su, maimakon dandamali na tsakiya (wanda darekta zai iya mutuwa, ana iya sace maɓalli ko hacked);
- Tun da masu amfani suna da alhakin kuɗin su kuma babu wani dan tsakiya a cikin hanyar dandamali, babu damar yin sharhi (ba za a iya daskare ajiya ba kuma an katange masu amfani), ba a buƙatar tabbaci (KYC) don samun damar kasuwanci, kuma duk ciniki ma'amaloli ne "m", tun da babu "sabawa" ko iko jiki;
- kuma, mafi mahimmanci, gabaɗaya a cikin DEX za ku iya yin kowane nau'in musayar tsakanin kadarori (muddin abin da mai siye da mai siyarwa suka yi daidai), don haka ba'a iyakance ku da yanayin jeri na kayan aiki kamar a cikin CEX (kimanin.: a cikin al'amuran gabaɗaya wannan ba haka bane, a nan marubucin ya ɗan yi tunani kaɗan kuma ya kwatanta hoto mai ma'ana na musamman, wanda yanzu yana yiwuwa ne kawai a ƙarƙashin yanayin yuwuwar musayar atomic tsakanin sarƙoƙi.);
Amma kamar yadda tsohuwar magana ke cewa, "Ba duk abin da ke kyalkyali ba ne zinariya" Fasahar DEX na yanzu suna da ƙalubale waɗanda har yanzu suna buƙatar warwarewa. Da farko, DEX a halin yanzu ba a keɓance shi sosai ga masu amfani da talakawa ba. Mu masu sana'a na iya jin daɗin amfani da walat, sarrafa maɓalli, jimlolin iri da sa hannu kan ma'amaloli, amma masu amfani na yau da kullun suna jin tsoron irin wannan abu.
Bugu da ƙari, tun da cinikai sun kasance abokan-zuwa-tsara, wasu musayar suna buƙatar masu amfani su kasance a kan layi don kammala odar su (sauti mahaukaci, daidai?). UX shine babban dalilin da yasa sabbin masu cryptocurrency fifita CEX akan DEX don cinikin kadarorin crypto. Kuma sakamakon mummunan UI/UX, DEX yana da ƙarancin ruwa don kusan duk kadarorin da aka yi ciniki.
Bugu da ƙari, idan kun manta da wannan ƙananan dalla-dalla, kasuwanci a cikin DEX sune abokan gaba-da-tsara, don haka idan kuna son musanya BTC zuwa LTC, tabbas za ku buƙaci nemo abokin ciniki mai son musanya Litecoins don adadin Bitcoin da kuka bayar. Wannan na iya zama ƙalubale (don sanya shi a hankali) don wasu kuɗi ko kuma idan adadin masu amfani da DEX kaɗan ne. Sabili da haka, duk wannan, tare da iyakanceccen aikin mafi yawan DEXs (blockchains a ainihin su), yana sanya shinge mai wuyar warwarewa akan hanyar karɓar kasuwa mai yawa.
Sabili da haka:
exc (tsakiyar):
- Sauƙi don amfani
- Babban Halayen Kasuwanci
- Babban yawan ruwa
- Dama don yin aiki tare da kuɗin fiat (ciniki, shigarwa / fitarwa)
DEX (wanda aka raba):
- Wahalar fahimta da amfani
- Zaɓuɓɓukan ciniki na asali kawai
- Ƙananan ruwa
- Ba zai yiwu a yi aiki tare da kudaden al'ada ba
Abin farin ciki, duk waɗannan matsalolin za a iya gyara su, wanda shine abin da sababbin ayyukan ke ƙoƙarin yi. Amma ƙari akan hakan kaɗan daga baya; da farko, bari mu kalli halin da ake ciki yanzu. Ta yaya ake ƙirƙirar DEX na yanzu? Akwai manyan hanyoyi guda uku don tsara DEX.
Littafin odar sarkar da ƙauyuka
Wannan shi ne gine-gine na ƙarni na farko na DEX. A cikin kalmomi masu sauƙi, wannan musayar ce, gaba ɗaya a saman blockchain. Duk ayyuka - kowane odar ciniki, canjin matsayi - duk abin da aka rubuta a cikin blockchain azaman ma'amaloli. Don haka, ana sarrafa duk musayar ta hanyar kwangila mai wayo, wanda ke da alhakin sanya umarnin mai amfani, kulle kuɗi, umarni masu dacewa, da aiwatar da cinikin. Wannan tsarin yana tabbatar da ƙaddamarwa, amincewa da tsaro, canja wurin ainihin ka'idodin blockchain zuwa duk ayyukan DEX a samansa. (kimanin.: a ka'ida, wannan shine ainihin musanya da aka raba, cikakke daidai da ruhi da ma'anar wannan hanya. Ƙarƙashin ƙasa shi ne cewa aiwatarwa sun kasance a saman farkon da rashin cika blockchains. A matsayin misali na kyakkyawan bayani, za mu iya buga BitShares da Stellar).
Koyaya, wannan gine-ginen yana yin dandamali:
- low liquidity - tsarin ba shi da isasshen girma don kayan aiki;
- a hankali - ƙwanƙwasa lokacin aiwatar da umarni a cikin DEX shine kwangilar wayo da bandwidth na cibiyar sadarwa. Yi tunanin yin aiki a kan musayar hannun jari mai rarraba kamar haka;
- Mai tsada - kowane aiki da ke canza jihar yana nufin ƙaddamar da kwangila mai wayo da biyan kuɗin iskar gas;
- "by-tsari" shine rashin ikon yin hulɗa tare da wasu dandamali, kuma wannan babban iyakance ne.
Me nake nufi da rashin iya mu'amala? Kuma gaskiyar ita ce, a cikin irin wannan nau'in DEX kawai za ku iya musanya kadarori waɗanda ke da asali ga blockchain da kwangiloli masu wayo na dandalin DEX, sai dai idan an yi amfani da ƙarin hanyoyin don haɗin yanar gizo. Don haka, idan muka yi amfani da Ethereum don DEX, to ta wannan dandamali za mu iya musanya alamu kawai bisa toshe Ethereum.
Bugu da ƙari, ginanniyar DEX yawanci ana amfani da su don musanya ƙayyadaddun adadin daidaitattun alamomi (misali, ERC20 da ERC721 kawai), waɗanda ke sanya manyan hani akan kadarorin da ake siyarwa. Misalan irin waɗannan dandamali waɗanda aka raba su sune DEX.tor (kimanin.: Mafi shahara duk da haka EtherDelta/ForkDelta), ko musanya dangane da ma'aunin EIP823 (kimanin.: yunƙurin daidaita tsarin kwangilar wayo don cinikin alamun ERC-20).
Tun da ba komai dole ne ya dogara da Ethereum ba, bari in raba tare da ku misali na DEX da aka aiwatar ta amfani da wannan hanya akan wani sanannen blockchain, EOS. Tokena a halin yanzu ita ce farkon aiwatar da cikakken kan-sarkar DEX wanda ke amfani da alamar tsaka-tsaki don rage kudaden da masu amfani ke biya.
Littafin odar kashe-kashe da lissafin sarka
Wannan tsarin yana biye da DEXs da aka gina akan ka'idojin Layer Layer na biyu a saman blockchain da ke ƙasa. Misali, ka'idar 0x akan saman Ethereum. Ana aiwatar da ma'amaloli akan ether (ko a kowace hanyar sadarwa da ke da goyan bayan nodes na relay)kimanin.: Yanzu an aiwatar da sigar 2.0 na yarjejeniya kuma suna shirin haɗa kuɗi akan Ethereum (da cokali mai yatsu) da EOS), kuma masu amfani suna samun damar sarrafa kudaden su har zuwa lokacin da aka kammala aikin ciniki (babu buƙatar toshe kuɗi har sai an kammala oda). Littattafan oda a cikin wannan makirci ana kiyaye su akan nodes na relay, waɗanda ke karɓar kwamiti don wannan. Suna watsa kowane sabon oda, suna ƙarfafa duk abin da ke cikin tsarin da samar da ingantaccen kayan aikin ciniki. Bayan karbar odar, mai yin kasuwa yana jira na biyu na ma'amala, kuma bayan haka ana aiwatar da cinikin a cikin kwangilar wayo ta 0x kuma an shigar da rikodin ma'amala a cikin blockchain.
Wannan tsarin ƙirar yana haifar da ƙananan kudade tun lokacin da sababbin umarni ko sabuntawa ba sa buƙatar gas ɗin da za a biya, kuma kawai kudade biyu da ake buƙatar biya su ne na relays wanda ya sauƙaƙe kasuwanci da kuma iskar gas da ake bukata don yin musayar alamar tsakanin. masu amfani a cikin blockchain networks. A cikin ka'idar 0x, kowane (kimanin.: an ɗauka cewa mai ciniki mai aiki) na iya zama kumburin relay kuma ya sami ƙarin alamu don yin ciniki, don haka ya rufe kwamitocin kasuwancin su. Bugu da ƙari, gaskiyar cewa ciniki yana faruwa a kashe sarkar yana magance matsalar blockchain da aikin kwangila mai wayo wanda muka gani a cikin DEXs na tushen Ethereum.
Har yanzu, daya daga cikin manyan rashin amfani na wannan nau'in DEX shine rashin hulɗa tare da wasu dandamali. A cikin yanayin DEX dangane da ka'idar 0x, za mu iya kasuwanci kawai alamun da ke rayuwa akan hanyar sadarwar Ethereum. Bugu da ƙari, dangane da ƙayyadaddun aiwatar da DEX, za a iya samun ƙarin ƙuntatawa akan ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun alamun da aka ba mu damar yin ciniki (m duk suna buƙatar ciniki na ERC-20 ko ERC-721 Alamu). Kyakkyawan misali na tushen DEX na 0x shine aikin Relay Relay.
Don samun damar yin hulɗa tare da wasu sarƙoƙi, dole ne mu magance wata matsala - samuwar bayanai. DEXs waɗanda ke amfani da hanyoyin kashe sarkar don adanawa da aiwatar da oda suna wakilta wannan ɗawainiya don isar da nodes, waɗanda ƙila za su iya kamuwa da magudin oda ko wasu barazana, suna barin tsarin gaba ɗaya cikin rauni.
Don haka, mahimman abubuwan wannan nau'in DEX:
- Yana aiki kawai tare da iyakanceccen ƙayyadaddun ƙa'idodin kayan aiki
- Ƙananan kwamitocin
- Mafi kyawun aikin
- Ƙarin ruwa
- Babu toshe kudaden 'yan kasuwa
Smart kwangila tare da reserves
Wannan nau'in DEX ya cika nau'ikan dandamali guda biyu na baya, kuma an tsara shi don magance, da farko, matsalar rashin ruwa. Yin amfani da ajiyar wayo, maimakon neman mai siye kai tsaye don kadara, mai amfani zai iya yin mu'amala tare da ajiyar ta hanyar saka Bitcoin (ko wasu kadarorin) a cikin ajiyar da karɓar kadari mai dacewa a dawo. Wannan yana kwatankwacin bankin da aka rabar da shi yana ba da kudin ruwa ga tsarin. Hanyoyi na tushen kwangilar Smart a cikin DEX shine mafita don ƙetare matsalar "match of sha'awa" da buɗe alamun rashin gaskiya don ciniki. Laifi?
Wannan yana buƙatar wani ɓangare na uku ya yi aiki a matsayin banki kuma ya samar da waɗannan kudade ko aiwatar da ingantattun manufofin sarrafa albarkatu ta yadda masu amfani za su iya kulle wani yanki na kudaden su saboda rashin ruwa na DEX da kuma karkatar da sarrafa ajiyar kuɗi. Bancor (cibiyar sadarwar ruwa da aka raba) babban misali ne na wannan tsarin (kimanin.: kuma an yi nasara sosai. Muna kuma sa ran kaddamar da aikin Minter nan ba da dadewa ba, inda ake aiwatar da wannan a matakin ka'idar ka'idar cibiyar sadarwa kanta.).
Mahimman bayanai:
- Yana ƙara yawan ruwa
- Yana goyan bayan alamu daban-daban da yawa lokaci guda
- Wani mataki na tsakiya
Sabon kalaman DEX
Yanzu kun san hanyoyi daban-daban na gine-ginen DEX da aiwatar da su. Duk da haka, me yasa irin wannan ƙananan shahararrun irin waɗannan mafita, duk da kasancewar fa'idodi masu ƙarfi? Babban ƙalubalen ayyukan yau da kullun sun haɗa da haɓakawa, haɓakawa, dacewa da UX. Bari mu kalli ci gaba masu ban sha'awa waɗanda ke kan gaba na DEX da haɓaka blockchain.
Abubuwan da ke buƙatar magance su a cikin ƙarni na gaba DEX:
- Ƙimar ƙarfi
- Ruwa
- karfinsu
- UX
Kamar yadda muke iya gani, ɗayan manyan iyakoki a cikin ƙirar DEX shine haɓakawa.
Don kan-sarkar DEX, muna da hani kan kwangila da cibiyar sadarwar kanta, yayin da kashe sarkar na buƙatar ƙarin ladabi. Haɓaka dandamali na blockchain na gaba kamar NEO, NEM ko Ethereum 2.0 zai ba da damar haɓaka mafi girman DEXs.
Bari mu dan mai da hankali kan Ethereum 2.0. Mafi kyawun haɓakawa shine sharding. Sharding yana raba hanyar sadarwar Ethereum zuwa ƙananan raƙuman ruwa (shards) tare da yarjejeniya na gida, don haka tabbatarwa ba dole ba ne a yi ta kowane kumburi a cikin hanyar sadarwa, amma ta hanyar mambobi iri ɗaya kawai. A cikin layi daya, shards masu zaman kansu suna hulɗa da juna don cimma yarjejeniya ta duniya a cikin hanyar sadarwa. Don wannan ya yiwu, Ethereum zai buƙaci matsawa daga Yarjejeniyar Tabbatar da Aiki zuwa Ƙimar Tabbacin Ƙimar (wanda muke fatan gani a cikin 'yan watanni masu zuwa).
Ana sa ran Ethereum zai iya aiwatar da ma'amaloli sama da 15 a sakan daya (wanda ba shi da kyau don aiwatar da DEX na asali mai ƙima).
Daidaituwa da ka'idojin sarkar giciye
Don haka, mun rufe scalability, amma menene game da dacewa? Muna iya samun dandamali na Ethereum mai girman gaske, amma har yanzu muna iya kasuwanci da alamun tushen Ethereum kawai. Wannan shine inda ayyuka kamar Cosmos da Polkadot suka shiga (kimanin.: Yayin da aka shirya labarin, Cosmos ya riga ya shiga mataki na ainihin aikin, don haka za mu iya kimanta iyawar sa.). Waɗannan ayyukan suna nufin haɗa nau'ikan dandamali daban-daban na blockchain, kamar Ethereum da Bitcoin, ko NEM da ZCash.
Cosmos ya aiwatar da ka'idar Inter Blockchain Communication (IBC), wacce ke ba da damar blockchain ɗaya don sadarwa tare da wasu cibiyoyin sadarwa. Cibiyoyin sadarwa guda ɗaya zasu sadarwa da juna ta hanyar IBC da wasu tsaka-tsakin kumburi, Cosmos Hub (aiwatar da irin wannan gine-gine zuwa 0x).
Chain Relays wani nau'in fasaha ne a cikin IBC wanda ke ba da damar blockchains don karantawa da tabbatar da abubuwan da suka faru akan sauran blockchain. Yi tunanin cewa kwangila mai wayo akan Ethereum yana so ya gano ko an kammala takamaiman ma'amala akan hanyar sadarwar Bitcoin, sannan ya amince da wannan tabbaci zuwa wani kumburin Sarkar Relay wanda ke da alaƙa da hanyar sadarwar da ake so kuma yana iya bincika ko an riga an gama wannan ma'amala. kuma an haɗa su a cikin blockchain bitcoin.
A ƙarshe, Yankunan Peg sune nodes waɗanda ke aiki azaman ƙofofin tsakanin blockchain daban-daban kuma suna ba da damar cibiyar sadarwar Cosmos ta haɗa zuwa wasu blockchain. Yankunan Peg suna buƙatar takamaiman kwangilar wayo akan kowane sarƙoƙin da aka haɗa don ba da damar musayar cryptocurrency tsakanin su.
Me game da Polkadot?
Polkadot da Cosmos suna amfani da hanyoyi iri ɗaya. Suna gina tsaka-tsakin blockchain waɗanda ke gudana akan sauran cibiyoyin sadarwa da ka'idojin yarjejeniya. Game da Polkadot, ana kiran yankunan dauri, kuma suna amfani da nodes na relay don sadarwa tsakanin blockchain. Babban bambanci shine yadda suke shirin haɗa hanyoyin sadarwa daban-daban yayin kiyaye tsaro.
Hanyar Polkadot game da tsaro na cibiyar sadarwa ya dogara ne akan haɗin kai sannan kuma raba tsakanin sarƙoƙi. Wannan yana ba da damar sarƙoƙi ɗaya don yin amfani da tsaro na gama gari ba tare da farawa daga tushe ba (kimanin.: Lokaci mai wahala da rashin fahimta ga marubucin. A cikin asali "Tare da Polkadot an tattara tsaro na cibiyar sadarwa kuma an raba shi. Wannan yana nufin cewa sarƙoƙi guda ɗaya na iya yin amfani da tsaro na gama gari ba tare da farawa daga karce don samun karɓuwa da amincewa ba. " Muna da wahala mu bayyana algorithm na aiki na Polkadot a cikin kalmomi masu sauƙi; a halin yanzu yana ɗaya daga cikin mafi hadaddun ayyukan kuma har yanzu yana cikin lokacin bincike. Kayayyaki daban-daban suna amfani da kalmar “tsaro” a cikin mahallin mabambanta, yana mai da wahalar fahimta. Akwai ɗan kwatanta mafi kyawun tsarin biyu, alal misali, ).
Waɗannan fasahohin har yanzu suna ci gaba, don haka ba za mu ga, aƙalla ƴan watanni, duk wani aikin musanya na gaske da aka gina akan waɗannan ka'idojin haɗin gwiwa da ba da damar musayar kadarori tsakanin cibiyoyin sadarwa daban-daban. Duk da haka, amfanin irin waɗannan fasaha yana da ban sha'awa sosai don aiwatar da tsararrun DEX na gaba.
Liquidity ta wurin ajiyar kuɗi
Kama da tanadin kwangiloli masu wayo, muna da ƙarin nau'in DEX waɗanda ke amfani da blockchain masu zaman kansu azaman tushen abubuwan more rayuwa don musayar kadarori, kamar Waves, Stellar ko ma Ripple.
Waɗannan dandamali suna ba da damar musayar karkatacciyar kadarori biyu (kowane iri) ta amfani da alamar tsaka-tsaki. Ta wannan hanyar, idan ina so in canza Bitcoins don Ethers, za a yi amfani da alamar tsaka-tsakin tsakanin kadarorin biyu don kammala ma'amala. Mahimmanci, wannan aiwatarwa na DEX yana aiki azaman hanyar gano hanya wanda, ta amfani da alamun tsaka-tsaki, yana neman nemo mafi guntu hanya (mafi ƙarancin farashi) don musanya kadara ɗaya zuwa wani. Yin amfani da wannan tsarin yana inganta daidaitawar masu siye da masu siyarwa, yana ƙara yawan kuɗi, kuma yana ba da izinin wasu hadaddun kayan aikin ciniki (saboda amfani da keɓantaccen, sadaukarwar blockchain maimakon hanyar sadarwa ta gama gari). Misali, Binancekimanin.: ɗaya daga cikin manyan musayar crypto na duniya) ta yi daidai da haka, ta yin amfani da blockchain daban don sabon aikinta na Binance DEX (kimanin.: kaddamar da mako guda da ya wuce). Babban musayar yana ƙoƙarin magance duk matsalolin DEXes na zamani godiya ga kyakkyawar ƙirar mai amfani da babban saurin sarkar da ke tabbatar da toshe cikin daƙiƙa guda (kimanin.: a ciki, yana amfani da layin hanyar sadarwa na Tendermint da yarjejeniya pBFT, wanda ke tabbatar da cewa toshe da aka karɓa ya ƙare nan da nan kuma ba za a iya sake rubuta shi ba. Wannan kuma yana nufin cewa ba da daɗewa ba za mu iya tsammanin haɗin kai tare da wasu cibiyoyin sadarwa ta hanyar sadarwar Cosmos).
Примечание: Labarin asali ya kara yin magana game da samfurin kamfanin inda marubucin ke aiki, kuma mun sami wannan ɓangaren ba shi da ban sha'awa kamar kashi na farko, wanda ya bayyana yadda ya dace da tsarin gine-gine na musayar musayar.
Hanyoyin haɗi zuwa tushe akan batun
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source: www.habr.com