Hello Habr.
Kusan kowa yana da Rasberi Pi a gida, kuma zan yi ƙoƙari in yi tsammani cewa da yawa suna kwance a banza. Amma Rasberi ba kawai Jawo ne mai mahimmanci ba, har ma da kwamfuta mai ƙarfi mara ƙarfi tare da Linux. A yau za mu kalli fa'idodi masu amfani na Rasberi Pi, waɗanda ba lallai ne ku rubuta lamba kwata-kwata ba.
Ga masu sha'awar, cikakkun bayanai suna ƙarƙashin yanke. An yi nufin labarin don masu farawa.
Примечание: Wannan labarin an yi shi ne don masu farawa waɗanda ke da aƙalla fahimtar ainihin abin da adireshin IP yake, yadda ake SSH a cikin Rasberi Pi ta amfani da putty ko kowane tashar tashar, da kuma yadda ake shirya fayiloli tare da editan nano. A matsayin gwaji, wannan lokacin ba zan "loda" masu karatu tare da lambar Python ba, ba za a sami shirye-shirye kwata-kwata ba. Ga duk masu biyowa, layin umarni kawai zai wadatar. Nawa irin wannan tsari yake buƙata, zan duba kididdigar rubutun.
Tabbas, ba zan yi la'akari da abubuwa na zahiri ba kamar sabar FTP ko kwallayen cibiyar sadarwa. A ƙasa na yi ƙoƙarin haskaka wani abu fiye ko žasa mai amfani da asali.
Kafin mu shigar da wani abu, mai mahimmanci shawara: Madaidaicin wutar lantarki (zai fi dacewa mai lamba 2.5A, maimakon cajin suna daga wayar) da heatsink don processor suna da matukar mahimmanci ga ingantaccen aiki na Raspberry Pi. Idan ba tare da wannan ba, Rasberi na iya daskare, kurakuran kwafin fayil na iya bayyana, da sauransu. Maƙarƙashiyar irin waɗannan kurakuran shine cewa suna bayyana lokaci-lokaci, misali, yayin babban nauyin CPU ko lokacin da ake rubuta manyan fayiloli zuwa katin SD.
Kafin shigar da kowane kayan aikin, yana da kyau a sabunta tsarin, in ba haka ba tsoffin adireshi don umarnin da ya dace ba zai yi aiki ba:
sudo apt-get updateYanzu zaku iya fara shigarwa da daidaitawa.
1. WiFi hotspot
Rasberi Pi yana da sauƙi don juya zuwa wurin shiga mara waya, kuma ba lallai ne ku sayi komai ba, WiFi ya riga ya hau. Don yin wannan, kuna buƙatar shigar da abubuwa guda 2: hostapd (daemon mai ba da izini, sabis na wurin shiga) da dnsmasq (sabar DNS / DHCP).
Sanya dnsmasq da hostapd:
sudo apt-get install dnsmasq hostapdSaita adreshin IP na tsaye wanda Rasberi Pi zai samu akan hanyar sadarwar WiFi. Don yin wannan, shirya fayil ɗin dhcpcd.conf ta shigar da umarni sudo nano /etc/dhcpcd.conf. Kuna buƙatar ƙara waɗannan layukan zuwa fayil ɗin:
interface wlan0
static ip_address=198.51.100.100/24
nohook wpa_supplicant
Kamar yadda kake gani, a cikin hanyar sadarwar WiFi, Raspberry Pi namu zai sami adireshin 198.51.100.100 (wannan yana da mahimmanci a tuna idan wasu sabar suna gudana akan shi, adireshin wanda zai buƙaci shigar da shi a cikin mai bincike).
Na gaba, dole ne mu kunna isar da IP, wanda muke aiwatar da umarnin sudo nano /etc/sysctl.conf kuma uncomment line net.ipv4.ip_forward = 1.
Yanzu kuna buƙatar saita uwar garken DHCP - zai rarraba adiresoshin IP zuwa na'urorin da aka haɗa. Muna shigar da umarni sudo nano /etc/dnsmasq.conf kuma ƙara wadannan layukan:
interface=wlan0
dhcp-range=198.51.100.1,198.51.100.99,255.255.255.0,24h
Kamar yadda kake gani, na'urorin da aka haɗa zasu sami adiresoshin IP a cikin kewayon 198.51.100.1… 198.51.100.99.
A ƙarshe, lokaci yayi don saita Wi-Fi. Gyara fayil ɗin /etc/default/hostapd kuma shigar da layi a can DAEMON_CONF = "/etc/hostapd/hostapd.conf". Yanzu bari mu gyara fayil ɗin hostapd.conf ta shigar da umarni sudo nano /etc/hostapd/hostapd.conf.
Shigar da saitunan wurin shiga:
interface=wlan0
driver=nl80211
ssid=Raspberry Pi
hw_mode=g
channel=7
wmm_enabled=0
macaddr_acl=0
auth_algs=1
ignore_broadcast_ssid=0
wpa=2
wpa_passphrase=12345678
wpa_key_mgmt=WPA-PSK
wpa_pairwise=TKIP
rsn_pairwise=CCMPAnan yana da mahimmanci a kula da sigogi "ssid" (sunan hanyar shiga), "wpa_passphrase" (kalmar sirri), "tashar" (lambar tashar) da "hw_mode" (yanayin aiki, a = IEEE 802.11a, 5 GHz, b = IEEE 802.11 b, 2.4 GHz, g = IEEE 802.11g, 2.4 GHz). Abin takaici, babu zaɓi tashoshi ta atomatik, don haka dole ne ka zaɓi tashar WiFi mafi ƙarancin aiki da kanka.
Muhimmanci: a cikin wannan yanayin gwajin, kalmar sirri ita ce 12345678, a cikin wurin samun damar gaske, kuna buƙatar amfani da wani abu mafi rikitarwa. Akwai shirye-shiryen da ke lalata kalmar sirri ta amfani da ƙamus, kuma ana iya kutse wurin shiga da kalmar sirri mai sauƙi. To, raba Intanet tare da mutanen waje a ƙarƙashin dokokin zamani na iya zama cikas.
Komai yana shirye, zaku iya kunna duk sabis.
sudo systemctl unmask hostapd
sudo systemctl enable hostapd
sudo systemctl start hostapd
sudo systemctl reload dnsmasqYa kamata mu yanzu ganin sabon WiFi hotspot a cikin jerin cibiyoyin sadarwa. Amma don Intanet ya bayyana a cikinsa, dole ne a kunna fakitin juyawa daga Ethernet zuwa WLAN, wanda muke shigar da umarnin. sudo nano /etc/rc.local kuma ƙara layin daidaitawar iptables:
sudo iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -o eth0 -j MASQUERADE
Shi ke nan. Mun sake yin Rasberi Pi, kuma idan an yi komai daidai, za mu iya ganin wurin shiga kuma mu haɗa shi.
Kamar yadda kake gani, gudun ba shi da kyau sosai, kuma yana yiwuwa a yi amfani da irin wannan WiFi.
Af, ƙananan shawara: Kuna iya canza sunan cibiyar sadarwar Rasberi Pi ta hanyar gudanar da umarni sudo raspi-jeri. Ya sabawa (mamaki:) raspberrypi. Wannan tabbas ilimin kowa ne. Duk da haka, ba kowa ba ne ya san cewa ana samun wannan sunan a cibiyar sadarwar gida, amma kana buƙatar ƙara ".local" zuwa gare shi. Misali, zaku iya shiga cikin Rasberi Pi ta hanyar SSH ta shigar da umarni putty [email kariya]. Gaskiya ne, akwai fa'ida ɗaya: wannan yana aiki akan Windows da Linux, amma ba ya aiki akan Android - har yanzu kuna shigar da adireshin IP da hannu a can.
2. Sabar mai jarida
Akwai hanyoyi 1001 don yin sabar mai jarida akan Rasberi Pi, Zan rufe mafi sauƙi kawai. Bari mu ce muna da tarin fayilolin MP3 da aka fi so kuma muna son ya kasance a kan hanyar sadarwar gida don duk na'urorin watsa labarai. Za mu sanya sabar MiniDLNA akan Rasberi Pi wanda zai iya yi mana wannan.
Don shigarwa, shigar da umarnin sudo dace-samun shigar minidlna. Sannan kuna buƙatar saita saitin ta shigar da umarni sudo nano /etc/minidlna.conf. A can kuna buƙatar ƙara layi ɗaya kawai wanda ke nuna hanyar zuwa fayilolin mu: media_dir=/gida/pi/MP3 (hakika, hanyar na iya zama daban). Bayan rufe fayil ɗin, sake kunna sabis ɗin:
sudo systemctl sake farawa minidlna
Idan muka yi duk abin da ya dace, za mu sami shirye-shiryen sabar mai jarida akan hanyar sadarwa ta gida wacce zaku iya kunna kiɗa ta hanyar rediyon WiFi ta tebur ko ta VLC-Player a cikin Android:
Tip: Loda fayiloli zuwa Rasberi Pi ya dace sosai tare da WinSCP - wannan shirin yana ba ku damar aiki tare da manyan fayilolin RPi cikin sauƙi kamar na gida.
3. Mai karɓar SDR
Idan muna da mai karɓar RTL-SDR ko SDRPlay, za mu iya amfani da shi akan Rasberi Pi ta amfani da shirin GQRX ko CubicSDR. Wannan zai ba ku damar samun mai karɓar SDR mai zaman kansa da shiru wanda zai iya aiki ko da kowane lokaci.
Ina neman afuwar ingancin hoton da aka yi daga allon talabijin:
Tare da taimakon RTL-SDR ko SDRPlay, yana yiwuwa a karɓi siginar rediyo daban-daban tare da mitar har zuwa 1 GHz (har ma da ɗan ƙarami). Misali, ba za ku iya sauraron rediyon FM da aka saba ba kawai ba, har ma da tattaunawar matukan jirgi ko wasu ayyuka. Af, masu son rediyo tare da taimakon Rasberi Pi na iya karɓa, yanke lamba da aika sigina zuwa uwar garken. .
Cikakken tattaunawa game da rediyon SDR ya wuce iyakar wannan labarin, zaku iya karantawa .
4. Sabar don "gida mai wayo"
Ga waɗanda suke son haɓaka gidansu mafi wayo, zaku iya amfani da shirin OpenHAB kyauta.
Wannan ba ma kawai shiri ba ne, amma tsarin gabaɗaya wanda ke da plugins daban-daban, rubutun da ke ba ku damar sarrafa na'urori daban-daban (Z-Wave, Philips Hue, da sauransu). Wadanda suke so za su iya yin nazari dalla-dalla a waje.site .
Af, tun da muna magana ne game da "gida mai wayo", Rasberi Pi na iya gudanar da sabar MQTT da na'urorin gida daban-daban za su iya amfani da su.
5. Abokin ciniki don FlightRadar24
Idan kai mai sha'awar zirga-zirgar jiragen sama ne kuma kana zaune a yankin da FlightRadar ke da talauci, za ka iya taimakawa al'umma da duk matafiya ta hanyar shigar da mai karɓa. Duk abin da kuke buƙata shine mai karɓar RTL-SDR da Rasberi Pi. A matsayin kari, zaku sami dama ga asusun FlightRadar24 Pro kyauta.
Cikakken umarnin da Habr.
ƙarshe
Tabbas, ba komai aka jera a nan ba. Rasberi Pi yana da ikon sarrafawa da yawa kuma ana iya amfani dashi a ayyuka daban-daban, daga na'urar wasan bidiyo na retro ko sa ido na bidiyo, zuwa tantance faranti, ko ma azaman sabis na ilimin taurari. don kallon meteors.
Af, abin da aka rubuta ya dace ba kawai ga Rasberi Pi ba, har ma don "clones" daban-daban (Asus Tinkerboard, Nano Pi, da dai sauransu), duk shirye-shiryen za su yi aiki a can ma.
Idan masu sauraro suna da sha'awar (wanda za a ƙayyade ta hanyar ƙimar labarin), za a iya ci gaba da batun.
Kuma kamar yadda aka saba, fatan alheri ga kowa.
source: www.habr.com