Shekaru 50 da suka gabata an haifi Intanet a daki mai lamba 3420

Wannan shine labarin halittar ARPANET, magabacin juyin juya hali na Intanet, kamar yadda mahalarta a cikin abubuwan suka fada.

Na isa Cibiyar Bolter Hall a Jami'ar California, Los Angeles (UCLA), na haura matakala zuwa hawa na uku don neman daki #3420. Sannan na shiga ciki. Tun daga corridor ba ta da wani abu na musamman.

Amma shekaru 50 da suka gabata, a ranar 29 ga Oktoba, 1969, wani abu mai ban mamaki ya faru. Dalibin Graduate Charlie Cline, yana zaune a tashar ITT Teletype, ya fara canja wurin bayanan dijital na farko don Bill Duvall, masanin kimiyya da ke zaune a wata kwamfuta a Cibiyar Nazarin Stanford (a yau da ake kira SRI International), a wani yanki na daban na California. Haka labarin ya fara KYAUTA, wata ‘yar karamar hanyar sadarwa ta kwamfutoci masu ilimi wadanda suka zama kan gaba a Intanet.

Ba za a iya cewa a lokacin wannan ɗan gajeren aikin watsa bayanai ya yi tsawa a duk faɗin duniya. Ko da Cline da Duvall ba su iya cikakkiyar godiya ga nasarar da suka samu: "Ba na tuna wani abu na musamman game da wannan dare, kuma a lokacin ban gane cewa mun yi wani abu na musamman ba," in ji Cline. Duk da haka, haɗin su ya zama shaida na yuwuwar manufar, wanda a ƙarshe ya ba da damar samun damar kusan dukkanin bayanan duniya ga duk wanda ya mallaki kwamfuta.

A yau, komai daga wayoyin komai da ruwanka zuwa kofofin gareji na atomatik sune nodes a cikin hanyar sadarwar da ta fito daga wanda Cline da Duvall suke gwadawa a wannan rana. Kuma labarin yadda suka ƙayyade ƙa'idodin farko na motsi bytes a duniya yana da kyau a saurare su - musamman ma lokacin da suka fada da kansu.

"Don kada hakan ya sake faruwa"

Kuma a cikin 1969, mutane da yawa sun taimaka wa Cline da Duvall don yin nasarar wannan maraice a ranar 29 ga Oktoba - ciki har da farfesa na UCLA. Leonard Kleinrock ne adam wata, wanda, ban da Cline da Duvall, na yi magana a bikin 50th ranar tunawa. Kleinrock, wanda har yanzu yana aiki a jami'ar ya ce KYAUTA a wata ma’ana, yaro ne na yakin cacar baka. A watan Oktoba 1957 Tarayyar Soviet Sputnik-1 kiftawa a sararin sama a kan Amurka, girgizar girgizar kasa ta ratsa cikin al'ummomin kimiyya da kuma tsarin siyasa.

Daki mai lamba 3420, wanda aka maido da shi cikin dukkan kyawunsa daga 1969

Kaddamar da Sputnik "ya sami Amurka da wando a kasa, kuma Eisenhower ya ce, 'Kada ku bari wannan ya sake faruwa," Kleinrock ya tuna a cikin tattaunawarmu a cikin dakin 3420, wanda yanzu ake kira Cibiyar Tarihin Intanet. Kleinrock. "Don haka a cikin Janairu 1958, ya kafa Hukumar Ayyukan Bincike na Ci gaba, ARPA, a cikin Ma'aikatar Tsaro don tallafawa STEM - ilimin kimiyyar da aka yi karatu a jami'o'in Amurka da dakunan gwaje-gwaje."

A tsakiyar shekarun 1960, ARPA ta ba da kudade don gina manyan kwamfutoci da masu bincike a jami'o'i da cibiyoyin tunani ke amfani da su a fadin kasar. Babban jami'in kudi na ARPA shine Bob Taylor, jigo a tarihin kwamfuta wanda daga baya ya jagoranci dakin gwaje-gwaje na PARC a Xerox. A ARPA, da rashin alheri, ya bayyana a gare shi cewa duk waɗannan kwamfutoci suna magana da harsuna daban-daban kuma ba su san yadda ake sadarwa da juna ba.

Taylor ya ƙi ya yi amfani da tashoshi daban-daban don haɗawa da kwamfutoci daban-daban na bincike mai nisa, kowanne yana gudana akan layin sadaukar da kansa. Ofishin nasa ya cika da injinan wayar tarho.

A cikin 1969, irin waɗannan tashoshi na Teletype sun kasance wani ɓangare na na'urorin kwamfuta

"Na ce, mutum, a bayyane yake abin da ya kamata a yi. Maimakon samun tashoshi uku, ya kamata a sami tasha ɗaya da za ta tafi inda kuke buƙata, ”Taylor ya gaya wa New York Times a cikin 1999. "Wannan ra'ayin shine ARPANET."

Taylor kuma yana da ƙarin dalilai masu amfani don son ƙirƙirar hanyar sadarwa. Ya ci gaba da karɓar buƙatun daga masu bincike a duk faɗin ƙasar don ba da kuɗin sayan mafi girma da sauri mainframes. Ya san cewa yawancin wutar lantarkin da gwamnati ke bayarwa suna zaune a banza, in ji Kleinrock. Misali, mai bincike na iya kara girman karfin tsarin sarrafa kwamfuta a SRIin a California, yayin da a lokaci guda babban tsarin a MIT zai iya zama ba shi da aiki, in ji, bayan sa'o'i a Gabas ta Tsakiya.

Ko kuma yana iya kasancewa babbar manhaja ta ƙunshi software a wuri ɗaya wanda zai iya zama mai amfani a wasu wurare - kamar software na farko da ARPA ke tallafawa a Jami'ar Utah. Ba tare da irin wannan hanyar sadarwa ba, "idan ina UCLA kuma ina so in yi zane-zane, zan nemi ARPA ta saya min inji guda," in ji Kleinrock. "Kowa yana buƙatar komai." A shekara ta 1966, ARPA ta gaji da irin waɗannan buƙatun.

Leonard Kleinrock ne adam wata

Matsalar ita ce duk waɗannan kwamfutoci suna magana da harsuna daban-daban. A Pentagon, masana kimiyyar kwamfuta na Taylor sun bayyana cewa waɗannan kwamfutoci masu bincike duk suna da nau'ikan lambobi daban-daban. Babu yaren cibiyar sadarwa na gama gari, ko yarjejeniya, ta wacce kwamfutocin da ke da nisa za su iya haɗawa da raba abun ciki ko albarkatu.

Ba da daɗewa ba lamarin ya canza. Taylor ya rinjayi darektan ARPA Charles Hertzfield ya saka dala miliyan don haɓaka sabuwar hanyar sadarwa mai haɗa kwamfutoci daga MIT, UCLA, SRI da sauran wurare. Hertzfield ya sami kuɗin ne ta hanyar ɗaukar su daga shirin binciken makami mai linzami. Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta ba da hujjar wannan farashi ta gaskiyar cewa ARPA tana da aikin samar da hanyar sadarwa na "rai" wanda zai ci gaba da aiki ko da bayan an lalata daya daga cikin sassansa-misali, a harin nukiliya.

ARPA ta kawo Larry Roberts, tsohon abokin Kleinrock's daga MIT, don gudanar da ayyukan ARPANET. Roberts ya juya ga ayyukan masanin kwamfuta dan Burtaniya Donald Davis da Ba'amurke Paul Baran da fasahar watsa bayanai da suka kirkira.

Kuma nan da nan Roberts ya gayyaci Kleinrock don yin aiki a kan ka'idar aikin. Ya kasance yana tunanin watsa bayanai akan hanyoyin sadarwa tun 1962, lokacin da yake har yanzu a MIT.

“A matsayina na ɗalibin digiri na biyu a MIT, na yanke shawarar magance wannan matsalar: Kwamfutoci sun kewaye ni, amma ba su san yadda ake sadarwa da juna ba, kuma na san cewa ba dade ko ba dade za su yi hakan,” Kleinrock in ji. – Kuma babu wanda ya tsunduma a cikin wannan aiki. Kowa yayi karatun bayanai da ka'idar codeing."

Babban gudunmawar Kleinrock ga ARPANET shine ka'idar jerin gwano. A lokacin, layukan sun kasance analog kuma ana iya yin hayar daga AT&T. Sun yi aiki ta hanyar maɓalli, ma'ana ta tsakiya ta kafa haɗin haɗin kai tsakanin mai aikawa da mai karɓa, walau mutane biyu suna hira ta wayar ko tashoshi mai haɗawa da babban tashar nesa. A kan waɗannan layukan, an ɓata lokaci mai yawa a cikin zaman banza - lokacin da babu wanda ke magana da kalmomi ko watsawa.

Rubutun Kleinrock a MIT ya ƙaddamar da ra'ayoyin da za su sanar da aikin ARPANET.

Kleinrock ya ɗauki wannan hanya ce mara inganci don sadarwa tsakanin kwamfutoci. Ka'idar Queuing ta samar da hanyar da za a iya karkasa layin sadarwa tsakanin fakitin bayanai daga zaman sadarwa daban-daban. Lokacin da aka katse rafi ɗaya na fakiti, wani rafi na iya amfani da tashar guda ɗaya. Fakitin da suka ƙunshi zaman bayanai ɗaya (ce, imel ɗaya) na iya nemo hanyarsu zuwa ga mai karɓa ta amfani da hanyoyi daban-daban guda huɗu. Idan hanya ɗaya ta kasance a rufe, hanyar sadarwar za ta tura fakiti ta wata.

A yayin tattaunawarmu a cikin daki 3420, Kleinrock ya nuna mani littafinsa, daure da ja akan daya daga cikin tebur. Ya buga bincikensa a cikin littafi a cikin 1964.

A cikin irin wannan sabon nau'in hanyar sadarwa, motsin bayanai ba a sarrafa shi ta hanyar canji ta tsakiya ba, amma ta na'urorin da ke cikin nodes na cibiyar sadarwa. A cikin 1969 ana kiran waɗannan na'urori IMP, "Masu sarrafa saƙon sadarwa". Kowace irin wannan injin wani gyare-gyare ne, mai nauyi mai nauyi na kwamfutar Honeywell DDP-516, wanda ya ƙunshi kayan aiki na musamman don gudanar da hanyar sadarwa.

Kleinrock ya ba da IMP na farko ga UCLA a ranar Litinin ta farko a cikin Satumba a 1969. A yau yana tsaye a kusurwar daki 3420 a Bolter Hall, inda aka mayar da shi kamar yadda yake a lokacin sarrafa watsawar Intanet na farko shekaru 50 da suka gabata.

"Ranakun aiki na awa 15, kowace rana"

A cikin kaka na 1969, Charlie Cline dalibi ne da ya kammala karatun digiri yana ƙoƙarin samun digiri na injiniya. An canza ƙungiyarsa zuwa aikin ARPANET bayan Kleinrock ya sami tallafin gwamnati don haɓaka hanyar sadarwa. A cikin watan Agusta, Kline da sauransu suna aiki tuƙuru don shirya software don babban tsarin Sigma 7 don yin hulɗa tare da IMP. Tun da babu daidaitaccen hanyar sadarwa tsakanin kwamfutoci da IMPs-Bob Metcalfe da David Boggs ba za su ƙirƙira Ethernet ba har sai 1973— ƙungiyar ta ƙirƙiri kebul na mita 5 daga karce don sadarwa tsakanin kwamfutocin. Yanzu kawai suna buƙatar wata kwamfuta don musayar bayanai.

Charlie Cline

Cibiyar bincike ta biyu don karɓar IMP shine SRI (wannan ya faru a farkon Oktoba). Ga Bill Duvall, taron ya nuna farkon shirye-shiryen canja wurin bayanai na farko daga UCLA zuwa SRI, akan SDS 940. Ƙungiyoyin a cibiyoyin biyu, in ji shi, suna aiki tuƙuru don cimma nasarar canja wurin bayanai na farko a ranar 21 ga Oktoba.

“Na shiga aikin, na kirkiro da aiwatar da manhajojin da ake bukata, kuma irin wannan tsari ne da wani lokaci ke faruwa a harkar samar da manhaja – awanni 15, kowace rana, har sai kun gama,” in ji shi.

Yayin da Halloween ke gabatowa, saurin ci gaba a cibiyoyi biyu yana haɓaka. Kuma kungiyoyin sun shirya tun kafin wa'adin.

"Yanzu muna da nodes biyu, mun yi hayar layin daga AT&T, kuma muna tsammanin saurin gudu na 50 a cikin sakan daya," in ji Kleinrock. "Kuma a shirye muke mu yi shi, don shiga."

"Mun shirya gwajin farko a ranar 29 ga Oktoba," in ji Duval. – A lokacin shi ne pre-alpha. Kuma mun yi tunani, to, muna da kwanaki uku na gwaji don mu tashi da gudu. "

A maraice na 29th Kline ya yi aiki a ƙarshen - kamar yadda Duvall ya yi a SRI. Sun shirya yin ƙoƙarin isar da saƙon farko ta hanyar ARPANET da yamma, don kada su lalata aikin kowa idan kwamfutar ba zato ba tsammani ta “katse”. A cikin daki 3420, Cline ta zauna ita kaɗai a gaban tashar ITT Teletype da aka haɗa da kwamfuta.

Ga abin da ya faru a wannan maraice - ciki har da ɗaya daga cikin gazawar kwamfuta mai cike da tarihi a tarihin ƙididdiga - a cikin kalmomin Kline da Duvall kansu:

Kline: Na shiga cikin Sigma 7 OS sannan na gudanar da wani shiri da na rubuta wanda ya ba ni damar ba da umarni a aika fakitin gwaji zuwa SRI. A halin yanzu, Bill Duvall a SRI ya fara shirin da ya karɓi haɗin kai mai shigowa. Kuma mun yi magana a waya a lokaci guda.

Mun sami ƴan matsaloli da farko. Mun sami matsala game da fassarar code saboda ana amfani da tsarin mu EBCDIC (extended BCD), mizanin da IBM da Sigma 7 ke amfani da shi. Amma kwamfutar da ke cikin SRI ta yi amfani da ita ASCII (Standard American Code for Information Interchange), wanda daga baya ya zama ma'auni na ARPANET, sa'an nan kuma dukan duniya.

Bayan mun magance da yawa daga cikin waɗannan matsalolin, mun yi ƙoƙarin shiga. Kuma don yin wannan dole ne ka buga kalmar "login". An tsara tsarin a SRI don gane da akwai umarni cikin basira. A cikin yanayin ci gaba, lokacin da ka fara rubuta L, sannan O, sannan G, ta fahimci cewa tabbas kana nufin LOGIN ne, ita da kanta ta kara IN. Don haka na shiga L.

Ina kan layi tare da Duvall daga SRI, kuma na ce, "Shin kun sami L?" Ya ce, "Iya." Na ce na ga L ya dawo ya buga a tashar tawa. Sai na danna O na ce, "O' ya zo." Kuma na danna G, ya ce, "Dakata na minti daya, tsarina ya fadi a nan."

Bill Duvall

Bayan wasu haruffa guda biyu, an sami ambaliya. Ya kasance mai sauƙin samu da gyarawa, kuma a zahiri komai ya dawo yana gudana bayan haka. Na ambaci wannan ne saboda ba wannan labarin gaba dayansa ya kunsa ba. Labarin yadda ARPANET ke aiki.

Kline: Yana da ɗan ƙaramin kuskure, kuma ya magance ta cikin kusan mintuna 20, kuma ya sake ƙoƙarin fara komai. Ya bukaci tweak da software. Ina buƙatar sake duba software na. Ya sake kirana muka sake gwadawa. Mun sake farawa, na buga L, O, G kuma wannan lokacin na sami amsar "IN".

" Injiniya kawai suna aiki"

Haɗin farko ya faru ne da ƙarfe goma da rabi na yamma lokacin Pacific. Daga nan Kline ya sami damar shiga cikin asusun kwamfuta na SRI da Duvall ya ƙirƙira masa tare da gudanar da shirye-shirye ta hanyar amfani da albarkatun tsarin kwamfutar da ke da nisan kilomita 560 daga gabar teku daga UCLA. An cika ɗan ƙaramin ɓangaren aikin ARPANET.

“A lokacin ya makara, don haka na koma gida,” Kline ta gaya mani.

Alamar da ke cikin dakin 3420 ta bayyana abin da ya faru a nan

Tawagar ta san sun samu nasara, amma ba su yi tunani sosai kan girman nasarar ba. " Injiniya ne kawai a wurin aiki," in ji Kleinrock. Duvall ya ga Oktoba 29 a matsayin mataki ɗaya kawai a cikin babban aiki mai rikitarwa, na haɗa kwamfutoci tare zuwa hanyar sadarwa. Ayyukan Kleinrock sun mayar da hankali kan yadda ake tafiyar da fakitin bayanai a cikin cibiyoyin sadarwa, yayin da masu binciken SRI suka yi aiki a kan abin da ke kunshe da fakiti da kuma yadda aka tsara bayanan da ke cikinsa.

"Ainihin, a nan ne aka fara ƙirƙirar tsarin da muke gani akan Intanet, tare da hanyoyin haɗi zuwa takardu da duk waɗannan abubuwa," in ji Duvall. "Koyaushe muna tunanin wuraren aiki da yawa kuma mutane suna haɗuwa. A wancan lokacin muna kiran su cibiyoyin ilimi saboda tsarinmu na ilimi ne.

A cikin makonni na farkon nasarar musayar bayanai tsakanin Cline da Duvall, cibiyar sadarwar ARPA ta faɗaɗa don haɗa da kwamfutoci daga Jami'ar California, Santa Barbara, da Jami'ar Utah. Daga nan ARPANET ya kara fadada zuwa cikin shekarun 70s da mafi yawan shekarun 1980, yana hada kwamfutocin gwamnati da na ilimi tare. Sannan za a yi amfani da dabarun da aka samar a ARPANET akan Intanet da muka sani a yau.

A cikin 1969, wata sanarwa ta UCLA ta buga sabon ARPANET. "Cibiyoyin sadarwa na kwamfuta har yanzu suna kan jariri," Kleinrock ya rubuta a lokacin. "Amma yayin da suke girma da girma da sarkakiya, mai yiyuwa ne mu ga karuwar 'ayyukan na'ura mai kwakwalwa' wanda, kamar sabis na lantarki da tarho na yau, za su yi amfani da gidaje da ofisoshin kowane mutum a fadin kasar."

A yau wannan ra'ayi ya zama kamar tsohon-fashion - hanyoyin sadarwar bayanai sun shiga ba kawai cikin gidaje da ofisoshi ba, har ma cikin ƙananan na'urori na Intanet na Abubuwa. Duk da haka, bayanin Kleinrock game da "sabis na kwamfuta" ya kasance abin mamaki sosai, ganin cewa Intanet na kasuwanci na zamani bai fito ba sai bayan shekaru da dama. Wannan ra'ayin ya kasance mai dacewa a cikin 2019, lokacin da albarkatun ƙididdiga ke gabatowa iri ɗaya a ko'ina, jihar da aka ba da ita kamar wutar lantarki.

Wataƙila bukukuwa irin wannan wata dama ce mai kyau ba kawai don tunawa da yadda muka zo wannan zamanin da ke da alaƙa sosai ba, har ma don duba makomar gaba - kamar yadda Kleinrock ya yi - don tunanin inda hanyar sadarwar za ta gaba.

source: www.habr.com