Sauran labarai a cikin jerin:
- Tarihin relay
- Tarihin kwamfutocin lantarki
- Tarihin transistor
- Tarihin Intanet
В mun koyi yadda wani masanin kimiyar Amurka kuma malami Na bi ta Turai a karon farko. Yayin da ya kai ziyara Landan, ya kai ziyara ta musamman ga wani mutum da yake matukar girmamawa, masanin lissafi . Tare da Henry shi ne abokinsa, Alexander Bach, da sabon abokinsa, kuma mai gwaji a fagen telegraph, . Babbage ya gaya wa baƙi cewa nan ba da jimawa ba zai nuna na'urar lissafinsa ga ɗan majalisar, amma tare da jin daɗinsa ya raba musu ra'ayin sabon injin nasa, "wanda zai wuce ƙarfin farko." Henry ya rubuta cikakken bayani game da wannan shirin a cikin littafin tarihinsa:
Wannan na’ura ta kasu kashi biyu, daya daga cikinsu Mista B. ya kira rumbun ajiya, na biyun injin niƙa. Ma'ajiyar tana cike da ƙafafun da aka zana lambobi akan su. Lokaci-lokaci, levers suna fitar da su suna motsa su a cikin injin niƙa, inda ake yin magudin da ya dace. Bayan kammalawa, wannan na'ura za ta iya tsara kowace dabara ta yanayin algebraic.
Masanin tarihin ba zai iya taimakawa ba sai dai ya ji sanyi yana gangarowa daga kashin bayansa daga irin wannan tsaka-tsakin bazuwar cikin rayuwar ɗan adam. Anan zaren guda biyu na tarihin na'urorin kwamfuta sun yi karo da juna, daya ya kusa zuwa karshensa, daya kuma yana farawa.
Bayan haka, duk da cewa ana yawan gabatar da injin Babbage a matsayin farkon tarihin kwamfutoci na zamani na duniya, amma alaƙar da ke tsakaninsu ta yi rauni. Injin nasa (wanda bai taba ginawa ba) ita ce karshen mafarkin na’urar kwamfuta. Wannan mafarkin, wanda Leibniz ya fara bayyanawa, ya samu kwarin gwiwa ne ta hanyar hadaddun tsarin agogon da masu sana'a suka kirkira tun karshen tsakiyar zamanai. Amma babu wata kwamfuta ta gama-gari da aka gina akan injiniyoyi masu tsafta—aikin yana da wahala sosai.
Amma relay na electromagnetic, wanda Henry da sauransu suka ɗauka, ana iya aiwatar da shi cikin sauƙi a cikin da'irori na kwamfuta, wanda zai zama kamar ba za a iya tunanin idan ba tare da shi ba. Duk da haka, wannan batu har yanzu yana da shekaru da yawa, kuma Henry da mutanen zamaninsa ba za su iya hango irin wannan ci gaba ba. Ya zama kakan transistors marasa adadi waɗanda suka ba da damar duniyar dijital ta yau, don haka haɗin kai da rayuwarmu ta zamani. Relays ya cika rukunan kwamfutoci na farko, suna yanke hukunci a taƙaice kafin ƴan uwansu na lantarki zalla su maye gurbinsu.
An ƙirƙiri relays sau da yawa a cikin 1830s. Manufofinsa sun bambanta (biyar daga cikin masu ƙirƙira ta sun fito da aƙalla aikace-aikace guda uku) - kamar misalin amfani da shi. Amma yana da kyau a yi la'akari da shi azaman na'ura mai amfani biyu. Ana iya amfani da shi azaman maɓalli wanda ke sarrafa wata na'urar lantarki (ciki har da, mahimmanci, wani relay), ko azaman amplifier wanda ke juya sigina mai rauni zuwa mai ƙarfi.
Canja
Joseph Henry ya haɗu a cikin mutum ɗaya zurfin ilimin falsafar dabi'a, injiniyoyi da sha'awar matsalar telegraph na inji. A cikin 1830s, watakila kawai Wheatstone yana da irin wannan saitin halaye. A shekara ta 1831, ya gina wata da'ira mai tsawon kilomita 2,5 wacce za ta iya sarrafa kararrawa ta amfani da maganadisu mafi ƙarfi da aka taɓa ginawa. Wataƙila, idan ya ci gaba da yin aiki sosai a kan telegraph, kuma ya nuna juriya ɗaya kamar yadda Morse ya nuna, to da an haɗa sunansa a cikin littattafan rubutu.
Amma Henry, malami a Kwalejin a Albany kuma daga baya a Kwalejin New Jersey (yanzu Jami'ar Princeton), ya gina kuma ya inganta na'urorin lantarki don dalilai na bincike, koyarwa, da nunin kimiyya. Ba shi da sha'awar juya kayan aikin koyarwa zuwa tsarin aika saƙon.
Around 1835 ya zo da wani musamman m zanga-zanga ta amfani da biyu da'irori. Ka tuna cewa Henry ya gano nau'ikan wutar lantarki guda biyu - ƙarfi da yawa (muna kiran su ƙarfin lantarki da na yanzu). Ya kirkiro da’irori mai tsananin batura da maganadiso don watsa electromagnetism a nesa mai nisa, da da’irori mai batura masu ƙididdigewa da maganadiso don ƙirƙirar ƙarfin lantarki mai ƙarfi.
Sabuwar sashinsa ya haɗa duka kaddarorin. Wutar lantarki mai ƙarfi mai ƙarfi na iya ɗaukar nauyin ɗaruruwan kilogiram. An yi amfani da ƙaƙƙarfan maganadisu a ƙarshen dogon madauki don ɗaga ƙaramin waya ta ƙarfe: sauyawa. Rufe da'irar mai tsanani ya sa magnet ɗin ya ɗaga wayar, wanda ya buɗe maɓallin kewayawa da ƙididdiga. Na'urar lantarki mai ƙididdigewa sai kwatsam ta sauke nauyinsa tare da wani karo mai rauni.
Wannan relay - kuma wannan ita ce rawar da magnet mai ƙarfi da wayarsa ke takawa - ya zama dole don nuna canjin makamashin lantarki zuwa makamashin injina, da kuma yadda ƙaramin ƙarfi zai iya sarrafa babban. Cire wayar da sauƙi a cikin acid ɗin don kammala kewayawa zai haifar da ɗan ƙaramin motsi ya ɗan motsa, yana haifar da bala'in faɗuwar isasshen ƙarfe don murkushe duk wanda ya isa ya tsaya a ƙarƙashinsa. Ga Henry, relay ɗin kayan aiki ne don nuna ƙa'idodin kimiyya. Lever ne na lantarki.
Wataƙila Henry shine farkon wanda ya haɗa da’irori biyu ta wannan hanyar – ta yadda, ta amfani da electromagnetism na wata da’irar, ya sarrafa ɗayan. Wuri na biyu, kamar yadda muka sani, na William Cook da Charles Wheatstone ne, ko da yake suna da mabanbantan manufa.
A cikin Maris 1836, jim kaɗan bayan halartar wani zanga-zanga a Heidelberg na telegraph wanda ya yi amfani da allurar galvanic don watsa sigina, Cook ya sami wahayi ta akwatin kiɗa. Cook ya yi imanin cewa yin amfani da allura don wakiltar haruffa a cikin telegraph na ainihi zai buƙaci allura da yawa, kuma waɗannan zasu buƙaci da'irori da yawa. Cook yana son electromagnet ya kunna na'urar, wanda zai iya zama mai rikitarwa kamar yadda ake so wajen nuna harafin da ake so.
Ya hango wata na'ura mai kama da akwatin kida, tare da ganga kewaye da filoli da yawa. A gefe ɗaya na ganga ya kamata a kasance da ma'auni na madauwari tare da haruffa. Ya kamata a sami irin wannan akwatin a kowane ƙarshen layin telegraph. Ruwan da aka caje ya kamata ya sa ganga ta jujjuya, amma mafi yawan lokuta za a kulle ta ta wurin mai tsayawa. Lokacin da aka danna maɓalli na telegraph, kewayawa yana rufe, wanda ke kunna electromagnets waɗanda ke buɗe makullin biyu, kuma duka inji suna juyawa. Lokacin da aka nuna harafin da ake so akan sikelin, maɓallin yana buɗewa, makullai suna ɗaukar wuri kuma su dakatar da motsin ganga. Cook, ba da saninsa ba, ya sake ƙirƙira tsarin tsarin telegraph na chronometric na Ronald, wanda ya ƙirƙira shekaru ashirin da suka gabata, da gwajin farko na ’yan’uwan Shapp tare da telegraph (kawai sun yi amfani da sauti, ba wutar lantarki ba, don daidaita dials).
Cook ya fahimci cewa irin wannan tsarin zai iya taimakawa wajen magance matsalar da ta daɗe a cikin telegraph - sanar da masu karɓar sabon saƙo. Don yin wannan, zaku iya amfani da da'ira ta biyu tare da wani electromagnet, wanda zai kunna kararrawa na inji. Rufe da'irar zai ja da tasha kuma kararrawa za ta buga.
A cikin Maris 1837, Cook ya fara aiki tare da Wheatstone a kan telegraph, kuma a wannan lokacin sun fara la'akari da bukatar da'ira ta biyu. Maimakon shigar da da'ira mai zaman kanta don siginar ƙararrawa (da tafiyar mil na ƙarin wayoyi), ba zai zama da sauƙi a yi amfani da babban da'irar don sarrafa siginar ba?
A wannan lokacin Cook da Wheatstone sun dawo cikin ƙirar allura, kuma a bayyane yake cewa za a iya haɗa ƙaramin waya zuwa allura ta yadda, lokacin da na'urar lantarki ta jawo ƙarshenta, wutsiyarsa za ta kammala zagaye na biyu. Wannan kewayawa zai fitar da siginar. Bayan wani ɗan lokaci, wanda mai karɓar saƙon zai iya samun lokacin farkawa, kashe siginar da shirya fensir da takarda, an riga an yi amfani da allurar don isar da saƙon kamar yadda aka saba.
A cikin tsawon shekaru biyu, a nahiyoyi biyu, sau biyu, don dalilai biyu daban-daban, mutane sun fahimci cewa za a iya amfani da na'urar lantarki ta hanyar canzawa don sarrafa wani kewaye. Amma kuma yana yiwuwa a yi tunanin wata hanya ta mu'amala ta daban tsakanin da'irori biyu.
Ara haske
A cikin fall na 1837, Samuel Morse ya kasance da tabbaci cewa ra'ayinsa na telegraph na lantarki zai iya yin aiki. Yin amfani da tsananin batirin Henry da maganadisu, ya aika da saƙon da ke tazarar rabin kilomita. Amma don tabbatar wa Majalisa cewa telegraph ɗinsa na iya aika saƙonni a duk faɗin nahiyar, yana buƙatar ƙari sosai. A bayyane yake cewa komai ƙarfin batir ɗin, a wani lokaci kewayawa zai yi tsayi da yawa don watsa sigina mai hankali zuwa ɗayan ƙarshen. Amma Morse ya fahimci cewa, duk da raguwar ƙarfin wutar lantarki tare da nisa, na'urar lantarki na iya buɗewa da rufe wani da'irar, wanda ke aiki da baturinsa, wanda kuma zai iya watsa siginar gaba. Ana iya maimaita tsarin sau da yawa kamar yadda ya cancanta kuma rufe nisa na kowane tsayi. Shi ya sa ake kiran waɗannan matsakaitan maganadiso "relays" - kamar tashoshin gidan waya don canza dawakai. Sun karɓi saƙon lantarki daga abokin aikinsu mai rauni kuma sun ci gaba da ɗaukarsa tare da sabon kuzari.
Ba shi yiwuwa a tantance ko wannan ra'ayin ya yi wahayi daga aikin Henry, amma Morse ya kasance farkon wanda ya fara amfani da relays don irin wannan dalili. A gare shi, relay ba mai kunnawa bane, amma amplifier, mai iya juyar da sigina mai rauni zuwa mai ƙarfi.
A daya gefen Tekun Atlantika a kusa da lokaci guda , wani masanin harhada magunguna na Landan, ya zo da irin wannan ra'ayi. Wataƙila ya zama mai sha'awar telegraph a kusa da 1835. A farkon 1837 ya kasance yana yin gwaji akai-akai tare da da'irar kilomita daya da rabi a Regent's Park a arewa maso yammacin London.
Ba da daɗewa ba bayan Cook da Wheatstone sun hadu a cikin Maris 1837, Davy ya ji gasar kuma ya fara tunani sosai game da gina tsarin aiki. Ya lura cewa ƙarfin jujjuyawar allurar galvanic ya ragu sosai yayin da tsayin waya ya ƙaru. Kamar yadda ya rubuta bayan shekaru da yawa:
Sa'an nan na yi tunanin cewa ko da 'yar motsi na allura, kauri daga wani gashi, zai isa ya kawo biyu karfe saman a lamba, kammala wani sabon kewaye dogara a kan baturi na gida; kuma ana iya maimaita wannan har abada.
Davey ya kira wannan ra'ayin na juya siginar lantarki mai rauni zuwa mai karfi "mai sabunta wutar lantarki." Amma ya kasa fahimtar wannan ko wata ra'ayi game da telegraph. Ya karɓi lamban kira don telegraph a 1838, ba tare da Cook da Wheatstone ba. Amma a cikin 1839 ya tashi zuwa Ostiraliya, yana guje wa auren rashin jin daɗi, kuma ya bar fagen aiki ga masu fafatawa. Kamfanin su na telegraph ya sayi wannan haƙƙin mallaka bayan ƴan shekaru.
Relays a cikin duniya
A cikin tarihin fasaha, muna ba da hankali sosai ga tsarin, amma sau da yawa watsi da sassan su. Muna bin diddigin tarihin telegraph, tarho, hasken lantarki, kuma muna wanke masu yin su a cikin hasken yardarmu. Amma waɗannan tsarin sun sami damar fitowa ne kawai ta hanyar haɗuwa, sake haɗawa da gyare-gyaren abubuwan da ke wanzu waɗanda suka girma a hankali a cikin inuwa.
Relay shine nau'in irin wannan. Da sauri ya samo asali kuma ya bambanta lokacin da cibiyoyin sadarwar telegraph suka fara yaduwa a cikin 1840s da 1850s. A cikin karni na gaba, ya bayyana a cikin tsarin lantarki iri daban-daban. Farkon gyare-gyaren shine amfani da ƙaƙƙarfan arfa, kamar akan siginar telegraph, don kammala kewaye. Bayan kashe electromagnet, an cire haɗin armature daga kewaye ta hanyar amfani da maɓuɓɓugar ruwa. Wannan tsarin ya fi dogaro da dorewa fiye da guntuwar waya ko allura. An kuma ƙirƙira samfuran da aka rufe-by-default, ban da ainihin ƙirar buɗe-da-tsohuwar.
Relay na yau da kullun daga ƙarshen karni na XNUMX. Ruwan ruwa T yana kiyaye armature B daga tuntuɓar tashoshi C. Lokacin da aka kunna wutar lantarki M, ya shawo kan bazara kuma ya kammala kewaye tsakanin waya W da tasha C.
A farkon shekarun telegraphy, da wuya a yi amfani da relays azaman amplifiers ko "sabuntawa" tunda ana iya tsawaita da'irar guda ɗaya sama da kilomita 150. Amma sun kasance masu fa'ida sosai don haɗa layin dogayen ƙananan layukan yau da kullun tare da manyan layukan wutar lantarki na gida waɗanda za a iya amfani da su don kunna wasu na'urori, misali, na'urar rikodin Morse.
Da yawa na haƙƙin mallaka a Amurka a kashi na biyu na ƙarni na 4 sun bayyana sabbin nau'ikan relays da sabbin aikace-aikacensu. Bambance-bambance, wanda ya raba coil ta yadda aka soke tasirin electromagnetic ta hanya ɗaya kuma ya haɓaka a ɗayan, ya ba da damar yin amfani da telegraphy duplex: sigina biyu masu tafiya a gaba da juna akan waya ɗaya. Thomas Edison ya yi amfani da relay na polarized (ko polarized) don ƙirƙirar quadruplex mai iya aika sigina XNUMX a lokaci guda akan waya ɗaya: biyu a kowace hanya. A cikin gudun ba da sanda mai ƙarfi, armature ɗin kanta ya kasance maganadisu na dindindin wanda ke amsa alkiblar halin yanzu maimakon ga ƙarfi. Godiya ga maganadisu na dindindin, yana yiwuwa a yi relays tare da canza lambobi waɗanda suka kasance a buɗe ko rufe bayan sauyawa.
Relay mai ƙarfi
Baya ga na'urar wayar tarho, an fara amfani da relays a tsarin siginar layin dogo. Da zuwan hanyoyin sadarwar wutar lantarki, an fara amfani da relays a cikin waɗannan tsarin, musamman a matsayin na'urorin kariya.
Amma ko da waɗannan manyan cibiyoyin sadarwa masu rikitarwa ba su buƙatar ƙarin daga relays fiye da yadda suke iya samarwa. Titin telegraph da titin jirgin kasa sun isa kowane birni, amma ba kowane gini ba. Suna da dubun dubatar ƙarshen ƙarshen, amma ba miliyoyi ba. Tsarin watsa wutar lantarki ba su damu da inda suka ƙare ba - kawai suna ba da halin yanzu zuwa da'ira na gida, kuma kowane gida da kasuwanci na iya ɗaukar abin da suke buƙata.
Wayar tarho wani al'amari ne na daban. Wayoyin hannu suna buƙatar sadarwa daga aya zuwa aya, daga kowane gida ko ofis zuwa wani, don haka suna buƙatar da'irar sarrafawa akan sikelin da ba a taɓa gani ba. Muryar ɗan adam ta zo a cikin nau'i na girgiza tare da wayoyi alama ce mai wadata, amma mai rauni. Saboda haka, sadarwar tarho mai nisa yana buƙatar ingantattun amplifiers. Ya juya cewa maɓalli kuma na iya aiki tare da irin waɗannan amplifiers. Yanzu cibiyoyin sadarwar tarho, fiye da kowane tsarin, suna sarrafa juyin juya hali.
Abin da za a karanta
• James B. Calvert, "The Electromagnetic Telegraph"
• Franklin Leonard Paparoma, "Ayyukan Zamani na Telegraph na Lantarki" (1891)
source: www.habr.com