Na yi imani cewa dukanmu muna zuwa gidan abinci tare da abokai ko abokan aiki. Kuma bayan jin daɗi, ma'aikaci ya kawo cak. Ana iya magance matsalar ta hanyoyi da yawa:
- Hanyar daya, "lafiya". Ana ƙara 10-15% "tip" ga mai jiran aiki zuwa adadin rajistan, kuma adadin da aka samu ya raba daidai da dukan maza.
- Hanya ta biyu ita ce "'yan gurguzu". An raba cek daidai da kowa, ba tare da la’akari da nawa suka ci aka sha ba.
- Hanya ta uku ita ce "adalci". Kowa ya kunna kalkuleta a wayarsa kuma ya fara ƙididdige kuɗin jita-jita da wani adadin “tip”, shi ma ɗaya.
Yanayin gidan abinci ya yi kama da halin da ake ciki tare da farashin IT a cikin kamfanoni. A cikin wannan sakon za mu yi magana game da rarraba kudade tsakanin sassan.
Amma kafin mu nutse cikin ramin IT, bari mu koma misalin gidan abinci. Kowace hanyoyin da ke sama na "ƙaddamar da farashi" yana da ribobi da fursunoni. Babban hasara na hanya ta biyu: wanda zai iya cin salatin Kaisar mai cin ganyayyaki ba tare da kaza ba, ɗayan kuma zai iya cin nama na ribeye, don haka adadin zai iya bambanta sosai. Rashin hanyar "daidai" shine tsarin ƙidayar yana da tsayi sosai, kuma adadin kuɗin da aka samu ya kasance ƙasa da abin da ke cikin rajistan. Halin gama gari?
Yanzu bari mu yi tunanin muna jin daɗi a wani gidan cin abinci a China, kuma an kawo cek ɗin da Sinanci. Duk abin da ya bayyana a can shine adadin. Ko da yake wasu na iya zargin cewa ba wannan adadin ba ne, amma kwanan wata. Ko, a ce wannan ya faru a Isra'ila. Suna karanta daga dama zuwa hagu, amma ta yaya suke rubuta lambobin? Wanene zai iya amsa ba tare da Google ba?
Me yasa ake buƙatar kasafi don IT da kasuwanci?
Don haka, sashen IT yana ba da sabis ga duk sassan kamfani, kuma a zahiri yana sayar da ayyukansa zuwa sassan kasuwanci. Kuma, kodayake ƙila ba za a sami alaƙar kuɗi ta yau da kullun tsakanin sassan a cikin kamfani ba, kowane rukunin kasuwanci yakamata ya ɗan fahimci nawa yake kashewa akan IT, nawa ne farashin ƙaddamar da sabbin kayayyaki, gwada sabbin dabaru, da sauransu. A bayyane yake cewa sabuntawa da fadada abubuwan more rayuwa ana biyan su ba ta hanyar tatsuniyar "mai zamani, majiɓincin masu haɗa tsarin da masana'antun kayan aiki," amma ta hanyar kasuwanci, wanda dole ne ya fahimci tasirin waɗannan farashin.
Rukunin kasuwanci sun bambanta da girma da kuma tsananin amfani da albarkatun IT. Don haka, raba farashin haɓaka kayan aikin IT daidai gwargwado tsakanin sassan shine hanya ta biyu tare da duk rashin amfanin sa. Hanyar "daidai" ta fi dacewa a wannan yanayin, amma yana da matukar aiki. Mafi kyawun zaɓin da alama shine zaɓin “quasi-fair”, lokacin da aka keɓe farashi ba ga dinari ba, amma tare da wasu daidaitattun daidaito, kamar yadda a cikin lissafi na makaranta muke amfani da lamba π a matsayin 3,14, kuma ba duka jerin lambobi ba. bayan maki goma.
Ƙididdiga farashin sabis ɗin IT yana da matukar fa'ida a cikin rikodi tare da kayan aikin IT guda ɗaya yayin haɗawa ko raba ɓangaren riƙon zuwa wani tsari na daban. Wannan yana ba ku damar ƙididdige farashin sabis ɗin IT nan da nan don ɗaukar waɗannan adadin lokacin yin shiri. Hakanan, fahimtar farashin ayyukan IT yana taimakawa kwatanta zaɓuɓɓuka daban-daban don amfani da mallakar albarkatun IT. Lokacin da maza masu dacewa da dolar Amirka dubu da yawa suna magana game da yadda samfurin su zai iya inganta farashin IT, ƙara yawan abin da ake buƙatar ƙarawa, da rage abin da ake buƙatar ragewa, ƙididdige farashin ci gaba na ayyukan IT yana ba CIO damar amincewa da alkawurran tallace-tallace. , amma don tantance daidai tasirin da ake tsammani da sarrafa sakamakon.
Don kasuwanci, rarrabawa wata dama ce don fahimtar farashin ayyukan IT a gaba. Ba a ƙididdige duk wani buƙatun kasuwanci azaman haɓakawa a cikin kasafin kuɗin IT gabaɗaya da kashi da yawa, amma an ƙaddara shi azaman adadin takamaiman buƙatu ko sabis.
Harka ta gaske
Makullin "zafi" na CIO na babban kamfani shine cewa ya zama dole don fahimtar yadda za a rarraba farashin tsakanin sassan kasuwanci da bayar da shiga cikin ci gaban IT daidai da amfani.
A matsayin mafita, mun ƙirƙiri kalkuleta na sabis na IT wanda ya sami damar ware jimillar farashin IT da farko ga ayyukan IT sannan ga rukunin kasuwanci.
Haƙiƙa akwai ayyuka guda biyu: ƙididdige farashin sabis ɗin IT da rarraba farashi tsakanin ƙungiyoyin kasuwanci ta amfani da wannan sabis ɗin bisa ga wasu direbobi (hanyar "quasi-fair").
A kallo na farko, wannan na iya zama mai sauƙi idan, tun daga farkon, an kwatanta ayyukan IT da kyau, an shigar da bayanai a cikin bayanan daidaitawa na CMDB da tsarin sarrafa kadarorin IT ITAM, an gina albarkatu da samfuran sabis kuma an tsara kasida na sabis na IT. ci gaba. Lallai, a cikin wannan yanayin, ga kowane sabis na IT yana yiwuwa a ƙayyade abin da albarkatun da yake amfani da shi da kuma nawa kuɗin waɗannan albarkatun, la'akari da raguwar darajar. Amma muna hulɗa da kasuwancin Rasha na yau da kullun, kuma wannan yana sanya wasu hani. Don haka, babu CMDB da ITAM, akwai kawai kasida na sabis na IT. Kowane sabis na IT gabaɗaya yana wakiltar tsarin bayanai, samun dama gare shi, tallafin mai amfani, da sauransu. Sabis ɗin IT yana amfani da ayyukan samar da ababen more rayuwa kamar “DB Server”, “Server Application”, “System Storage System”, “Data Network”, da sauransu. Saboda haka, don warware ayyukan da aka sanya ya zama dole:
- ƙayyade farashin ayyukan samar da ababen more rayuwa;
- rarraba farashin ayyukan samar da ababen more rayuwa ga ayyukan IT da ƙididdige farashin su;
- Ƙayyade direbobi (ƙididdigar ƙididdiga) don rarraba farashin sabis na IT zuwa sassan kasuwanci da kuma ware kuɗin sabis na IT ga sassan kasuwanci, ta haka ne rarraba adadin farashin sashen IT a tsakanin sauran sassan kamfanin.
Duk farashin IT na shekara-shekara ana iya wakilta azaman jakar kuɗi. Wasu daga cikin wannan jakar an kashe su ne akan kayan aiki, aikin ƙaura, zamani, lasisi, tallafi, albashin ma'aikata, da sauransu. Koyaya, rikitarwa ta ta'allaka ne a cikin tsarin lissafin kuɗi don ƙididdige ƙayyadaddun kadarorin da kadarorin da ba a taɓa gani ba a cikin IT.
Bari mu ɗauki misalin wani aiki na zamani da kayan aikin SAP. A matsayin wani ɓangare na aikin, ana siyan kayan aiki da lasisi, kuma ana aiwatar da aikin tare da taimakon mai haɗa tsarin. Lokacin rufe aikin, dole ne mai sarrafa ya zana takarda don kayan aikin lissafin kuɗi a cikin ƙayyadaddun kadarorin, an haɗa lasisi a cikin kadarorin da ba za a iya gani ba, kuma an rubuta wasu ƙira da aikin ƙaddamarwa azaman kashe kuɗi. Matsala lamba ɗaya: lokacin yin rajista azaman ƙayyadaddun kadarorin, mai lissafin abokin ciniki bai damu da abin da za a kira shi ba. Saboda haka, a cikin ƙayyadaddun kadarorin muna karɓar kadari "UpgradeSAPandMigration". Idan, a matsayin wani ɓangare na aikin, an sabunta tsarin faifai, wanda ba shi da alaƙa da SAP, wannan yana ƙara dagula binciken farashi da ƙarin rarrabawa. A gaskiya ma, kowane kayan aiki za a iya ɓoye a bayan kadari na "UpgradeSAPandMigration", kuma yawancin lokaci ya wuce, yana da wuyar fahimtar abin da aka saya a can.
Hakanan ya shafi kadarorin da ba a taɓa gani ba, waɗanda ke da dabarar ƙididdigewa mai rikitarwa. An ƙara ƙarin rikitarwa ta gaskiyar cewa lokacin fara kayan aiki da sanya shi a kan ma'auni na iya bambanta da kimanin shekara guda. Bugu da ƙari, raguwa shine shekaru 5, amma a gaskiya kayan aiki na iya aiki fiye ko žasa, dangane da yanayi.
Don haka, a ka'ida yana yiwuwa a ƙididdige farashin sabis ɗin IT tare da daidaito 100%, amma a aikace wannan tsayin daka ne kuma marar ma'ana. Saboda haka, mun zaɓi hanya mafi sauƙi: farashin da za a iya danganta shi da sauƙi ga kowane kayan aiki ko sabis na IT ana danganta su kai tsaye zuwa sabis ɗin da ya dace. Sauran farashin ana rarraba su tsakanin ayyukan IT bisa ga wasu dokoki. Wannan zai ba ku damar samun daidaito na kusan 85%, wanda ya isa sosai.
A matakin farko Don rarraba farashi don ayyukan samar da ababen more rayuwa, ana amfani da rahoton kuɗi da lissafin kuɗi don ayyukan IT da "sautin son rai" a cikin lokuta inda ba zai yiwu a danganta farashi ga kowane sabis na ababen more rayuwa ba. Ana keɓance farashi ko dai kai tsaye zuwa sabis na IT ko ga ayyukan more rayuwa. A sakamakon rarraba farashin shekara-shekara, muna samun adadin kuɗi don kowane sabis na kayan aiki.
A mataki na biyu Ƙididdigar rarraba tsakanin ayyukan IT an ƙaddara don irin waɗannan ayyukan samar da ababen more rayuwa kamar "Sabis na Aikace-aikacen", "Sabar Database", "Ajiyayyen Bayanai", da sauransu. Wasu ayyukan samar da ababen more rayuwa, alal misali, " Wuraren aiki", "Harkokin Wi-Fi", "Taron Bidiyo" ba a rarraba tsakanin ayyukan IT kuma ana keɓe kai tsaye ga sassan kasuwanci.
A wannan mataki an fara jin daɗi. A matsayin misali, la'akari da irin wannan sabis na kayayyakin more rayuwa kamar "Aikace-aikacen Sabar". Yana samuwa a kusan kowane sabis na IT, a cikin gine-gine biyu, tare da kuma ba tare da haɓaka ba, tare da kuma ba tare da sakewa ba. Hanya mafi sauƙi ita ce rarraba farashi daidai da maƙallan da aka yi amfani da su. Don ƙidaya “aku iri ɗaya” kuma kar a rikitar da muryoyin jiki tare da masu kama-da-wane, la’akari da biyan kuɗi, muna ɗauka cewa ainihin zahirin guda ɗaya daidai yake da kama-da-wane uku. Sannan tsarin rarraba farashi don sabis na kayan aikin “Application Server” na kowane sabis na IT zai yi kama da haka:
,
inda Rsp shine jimlar kuɗin sabis na kayan aikin "Aikace-aikacen Sabar", kuma Kx86 da Kr sune ƙididdiga masu nuna rabon sabar x86 da P-jerin.
An ƙididdige ƙididdiga ta zahiri bisa ƙididdigewa na kayan aikin IT. Ana ƙididdige farashin software ta gungu, software mai ƙima, tsarin aiki da software na aikace-aikace azaman sabis na ababen more rayuwa daban.
Bari mu dauki misali mai rikitarwa. Sabis na kayan aiki "Sabar Database". Ya haɗa da farashin kayan masarufi da farashin lasisin bayanai. Don haka, ana iya bayyana farashin kayan aiki da lasisi a cikin dabara:
inda РHW da РLIC sune jimlar farashin kayan aiki da jimillar kuɗin lasisin bayanai, bi da bi, kuma KHW da KLIC sune ƙididdiga masu ƙarfi waɗanda ke ƙayyade rabon farashin kayan masarufi da lasisi.
Bugu da ari, tare da kayan aiki yana kama da misalin da ya gabata, amma tare da lasisi yanayin ya ɗan fi rikitarwa. Fasalin kamfani na iya amfani da nau'ikan bayanai daban-daban, kamar Oracle, MSSQL, Postgres, da sauransu. Don haka, dabara don ƙididdige rabon takamaiman bayanai, misali, MSSQL, zuwa takamaiman sabis yayi kama da haka:
inda KMSSQL shine ƙididdiga wanda ke ƙayyade rabon wannan bayanan a cikin yanayin IT na kamfanin.
Lamarin ya ma fi rikitarwa tare da ƙididdigewa da rarraba tsarin ajiyar bayanai tare da masana'antun tsararru daban-daban da nau'ikan diski daban-daban. Amma bayanin wannan bangare jigo ne don wani rubutu daban.
Mene ne a karshen?
Sakamakon wannan darasi na iya zama kalkuleta na Excel ko kayan aikin sarrafa kansa. Duk ya dogara ne akan balaga na kamfani, hanyoyin da aka ƙaddamar, hanyoyin da aka aiwatar da kuma sha'awar gudanarwa. Irin wannan kalkuleta ko wakilcin gani na bayanai yana taimakawa daidai rarraba farashi tsakanin sassan kasuwanci da nuna yadda kuma menene aka ware kasafin IT. Kayan aiki guda ɗaya zai iya nuna sauƙin yadda inganta amincin sabis (rauni) yana ƙaruwa farashin sa, ba ta farashin uwar garken ba, amma la'akari da duk farashin da aka haɗa. Wannan yana ba da damar kasuwanci da CIO su "yi wasa akan jirgi ɗaya" ta ƙa'idodi iri ɗaya. Lokacin shirya sabbin samfura, ana iya ƙididdige farashi a gaba kuma ana tantance yuwuwar.
Igor Tyukachev, mai ba da shawara a Jet Infosystems
source: www.habr.com