Wataƙila mutane da yawa sun ji labarin Anycast. A cikin wannan hanyar hanyar sadarwa da hanyar sadarwa, ana sanya adireshin IP guda ɗaya zuwa sabar da yawa akan hanyar sadarwa. Waɗannan sabar suna iya kasancewa har ma a cikin cibiyoyin bayanai masu nisa daga juna. Manufar Anycast ita ce, dangane da wurin da ake buƙatar buƙatun, ana aika bayanan zuwa mafi kusa (bisa ga topology na cibiyar sadarwa, mafi daidai, ƙa'idar hanyar BGP) uwar garken. Ta wannan hanyar, zaku iya rage adadin hops na cibiyar sadarwa da latency.
Mahimmanci, ana tallata hanyar iri ɗaya daga cibiyoyin bayanai da yawa a duniya. Don haka, za a aika abokan ciniki zuwa "mafi kyau" da "mafi kusa" bisa hanyoyin BGP, cibiyar bayanai. Me yasa Anycast? Me yasa ake amfani da Anycast maimakon Unicast?
Unicast ya dace da gaske don rukunin yanar gizo mai sabar gidan yanar gizo ɗaya da matsakaicin adadin zirga-zirga. Koyaya, idan sabis yana da miliyoyin masu biyan kuɗi, yawanci yana amfani da sabar yanar gizo da yawa, kowanne yana da adireshin IP iri ɗaya. Ana rarraba waɗannan sabobin a yanayin ƙasa don ingantaccen buƙatun.
A cikin wannan yanayin, Anycast zai inganta aikin (an aika da zirga-zirga zuwa mai amfani tare da ɗan jinkiri kaɗan), tabbatar da amincin sabis ɗin (godiya ga sabar madadin) da kuma daidaita nauyin kaya - kewayawa zuwa sabobin da yawa zai rarraba nauyin tsakanin su yadda ya kamata, inganta saurin gudu. na shafin.
Masu aiki suna ba wa abokan ciniki nau'ikan daidaita nauyi daban-daban dangane da Anycast da DNS. Abokan ciniki za su iya ƙididdige adiresoshin IP waɗanda za a aika buƙatun dangane da wurin yanki na rukunin yanar gizon. Wannan yana ba da damar rarraba buƙatun mai amfani cikin sassauƙa.
A ce akwai shafuka da yawa a tsakanin waɗanda kuke buƙatar rarraba kaya (masu amfani), alal misali, kantin sayar da kan layi tare da buƙatun 100 a kowace rana ko sanannen blog. Don iyakance yankin da masu amfani ke shiga takamaiman rukunin yanar gizo, zaku iya amfani da zaɓin Geo Community. Yana ba ku damar iyakance yankin da mai aiki zai tallata hanyar.
Anycast da Unicast: bambance-bambance
Ana amfani da Anycast sau da yawa a cikin aikace-aikace irin su DNS (Tsarin Sunan yanki) da CDN (Cibiyoyin Sadarwar Bayar da abun ciki), suna ba da damar yanke shawara da ke haɓaka aikin cibiyar sadarwa. Cibiyoyin sadarwar isar da abun ciki suna amfani da Anycast saboda suna ma'amala da manyan ɗimbin zirga-zirga, kuma Anycast yana ba da fa'idodi da yawa a wannan yanayin (ƙari akan su a ƙasa). A cikin DNS, Anycast yana ba ku damar haɓaka matakin aminci da rashin haƙuri na sabis.
A cikin Anycast IP, lokacin amfani da BGP, akwai hanyoyi da yawa zuwa takamaiman mai watsa shiri. Waɗannan ainihin kwafi ne na runduna a cikin cibiyoyin bayanai da yawa, ana amfani da su don kafa ƙananan haɗin kai.
Don haka, a cikin hanyar sadarwar Anycast, ana tallata adireshin IP iri ɗaya daga wurare daban-daban, kuma cibiyar sadarwar ta yanke shawarar inda za a bi da buƙatun mai amfani bisa "farashin" na hanya. Misali, ana yawan amfani da BGP don tantance mafi guntun hanya don watsa bayanai. Lokacin da mai amfani ya aika buƙatar Anycast, BGP yana ƙayyade hanya mafi kyau don samuwan sabar Anycast akan hanyar sadarwa.
Amfanin Anycast
Rage Latency
Tsarin tare da Anycast na iya rage jinkiri lokacin sarrafa buƙatun mai amfani saboda suna ba ku damar karɓar bayanai daga sabar mafi kusa. Wato, masu amfani koyaushe za su haɗa zuwa "mafi kusa" (daga ra'ayi na yarjejeniya) uwar garken DNS. Sakamakon haka, Anycast yana rage lokacin hulɗa ta hanyar rage nisan cibiyar sadarwa tsakanin abokin ciniki da uwar garke. Wannan ba kawai yana rage latency ba har ma yana samar da daidaitawa.
Speed
Saboda zirga-zirgar zirga-zirgar zirga-zirgar zirga-zirgar zirga-zirgar zirga-zirgar ababen hawa ta kasance mafi kusa kuma an rage latency tsakanin abokin ciniki da kumburi, sakamakon yana inganta saurin isarwa, komai inda abokin ciniki ke neman bayanai daga.
Ƙara kwanciyar hankali da haƙurin kuskure
Idan sabobin da yawa a duniya suna amfani da IP iri ɗaya, to idan ɗaya daga cikin sabobin ya gaza ko kuma aka cire haɗin, za a karkatar da zirga-zirga zuwa sabar mafi kusa. Sakamakon haka, Anycast yana sa sabis ya zama mai juriya kuma yana samar da mafi kyawun hanyar sadarwa / latency/gudu.
Don haka, ta hanyar samun sabar da yawa koyaushe ga masu amfani, Anycast, alal misali, yana inganta kwanciyar hankali na DNS. Idan kumburi ya gaza, buƙatun mai amfani za a juya zuwa wani uwar garken DNS ba tare da wani sa hannun hannu ko sake daidaitawa ba. Anycast yana ba da kusan canzawa zuwa wasu rukunin yanar gizo ta hanyar cire hanyoyin yanar gizo mai matsala.
Load Daidaita
A cikin Anycast, ana rarraba zirga-zirgar hanyar sadarwa zuwa sabar daban-daban. Wato yana aiki azaman ma'auni mai ɗaukar nauyi, yana hana kowane uwar garken guda ɗaya karɓar mafi yawan zirga-zirga. Ana iya amfani da daidaita ma'aunin nauyi, misali, lokacin da akwai kuɗaɗen cibiyar sadarwa da yawa a nisan yanki ɗaya daga tushen buƙatar. A wannan yanayin, ana rarraba kaya a tsakanin nodes.
Rage tasirin hare-haren DoS
Wani fasalin Anycast shine juriya na DDoS. Hare-haren DDoS ba zai yiwu su iya saukar da tsarin Anycast ba, tunda dole ne su mamaye duk sabar a cikin irin wannan hanyar sadarwa tare da buƙatun buƙatun.
Hare-haren DDoS sukan yi amfani da botnets, wanda zai iya haifar da zirga-zirgar zirga-zirga da yawa wanda ya wuce sabar uwar garken da aka kai hari. Amfanin yin amfani da Anycast a cikin wannan yanayin shine kowane uwar garken yana iya "shanye" wani ɓangare na harin, wanda ke rage nauyin wannan uwar garken. Ƙin harin sabis ɗin zai fi yiwuwa a keɓance shi zuwa uwar garken kuma ba zai shafi duk sabis ɗin ba.
High a kwance scalability
Tsarukan Anycast sun dace sosai don sabis tare da ɗimbin zirga-zirga. Idan sabis na amfani da Anycast yana buƙatar sabbin sabobin don ɗaukar ƙarin zirga-zirga, ana iya ƙara sabbin sabobin zuwa cibiyar sadarwar don sarrafa ta. Ana iya sanya su a kan sabbin shafuka ko da ake dasu.
Idan wani wuri na musamman yana fuskantar babban haɓakar zirga-zirga, to ƙara sabar zai taimaka daidaita nauyin wannan rukunin yanar gizon. Ƙara uwar garken a sabon rukunin yanar gizon zai taimaka rage lokutan jira ta ƙirƙirar sabuwar hanya mafi guntu ga wasu masu amfani. Dukansu hanyoyin kuma suna taimakawa haɓaka kwanciyar hankali na sabis yayin da sabbin sabobin ke samuwa akan hanyar sadarwar. Ta wannan hanyar, idan uwar garken ya yi yawa, za ku iya kawai tura wani a wani wuri wanda zai ba ta damar karɓar wani ɓangare na buƙatun uwar garken. Wannan baya buƙatar kowane tsari daga ɓangaren abokan ciniki.
Ta wannan hanyar ne kawai za a iya ba da sabis na zirga-zirgar ababen hawa da ɗimbin yawan masu amfani lokacin da uwar garken ke da ƴan tashar jiragen ruwa 10 ko 25 Gbps. Runduna 100 masu adireshin IP guda ɗaya za su ba da damar aiwatar da adadin zirga-zirgar terabit.
Gudanar da sauƙi mai sauƙi
Kamar yadda aka ambata a sama, amfani mai ban sha'awa na Anycast shine DNS. Kuna iya sanya sabar DNS daban-daban akan nodes na cibiyar sadarwa, amma amfani da adireshin DNS guda ɗaya. Dangane da inda tushen yake, ana tura buƙatun zuwa kumburi mafi kusa. Wannan yana ba da wasu ma'auni na zirga-zirgar ababen hawa da sake sakewa a cikin yanayin gazawar uwar garken DNS. Ta wannan hanyar, maimakon daidaita sabar DNS daban-daban dangane da inda suke, ana iya yada tsarin sabar DNS guda ɗaya zuwa duk nodes.
Ana iya saita cibiyoyin sadarwar Anycast don buƙatun hanyoyin ba kawai akan nisa ba, har ma akan sigogi kamar kasancewar sabar, adadin kafaffen haɗin gwiwa. ko lokacin amsawa.
Ba a buƙatar sabar na musamman, cibiyoyin sadarwa ko na'urori na musamman da ake buƙata a gefen abokin ciniki don amfani da fasahar Anycast. Amma Anycast shima yana da raunin sa. An yi imanin cewa aiwatar da shi aiki ne mai wuyar gaske, yana buƙatar ƙarin kayan aiki, masu samar da abin dogara da kuma hanyar da ta dace.
Nisa daga tushe mai tsarki zuwa kyakkyawa
Kodayake masu amfani da hanyoyin Anycast bisa ga mafi ƙarancin hops, wannan ba lallai bane yana nufin mafi ƙarancin latency. Latency shine ma'auni mafi rikitarwa saboda yana iya zama mafi girma ga sauyi ɗaya fiye da na goma.
Misali: Sadarwar tsakanin nahiyoyi na iya haɗawa da hop guda ɗaya tare da babban jinkiri.
Ana amfani da Anycast da farko don ayyukan tushen UDP kamar DNS. Ana tura buƙatun mai amfani zuwa cibiyar bayanai "mafi kyau" da "mafi kusa" dangane da hanyoyin BGP.
Misali: Wurin aiki na abokin ciniki na DNS tare da adireshin IP na Anycast DNS na 123.10.10.10 yana aiwatar da ƙudurin DNS zuwa mafi kusancin sabar sunan DNS guda uku da aka tura ta amfani da adireshin IP na Anycast iri ɗaya. Idan na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa R1 ko Server A ta kasa, za a tura fakitin abokin ciniki na DNS kai tsaye zuwa uwar garken DNS na gaba ta hanyar Routers R2 da R3. Ƙari ga haka, za a cire hanyar zuwa uwar garken mu A daga tebur ɗin tuƙi, tare da hana ƙarin amfani da wannan mai suna.
Yanayin ƙaddamarwa
Akwai manyan tsare-tsare guda biyu waɗanda ake amfani da su don tantance wane uwar garken mai amfani ya haɗa zuwa:
- Anycast network Layer. Yana haɗa mai amfani zuwa uwar garken mafi kusa. Hanyar hanyar sadarwa daga mai amfani zuwa uwar garken yana da mahimmanci a nan.
- Matsayin aikace-aikacen kowane watsa. Wannan makirci yana da ƙarin ma'auni masu ƙididdigewa, gami da kasancewar uwar garken, lokacin amsawa, adadin haɗin kai, da sauransu. Wannan ya dogara da na'ura mai saka idanu na waje wanda ke ba da ƙididdiga na cibiyar sadarwa.
CDN bisa Anycast
Bari yanzu mu koma amfani da Anycast a cikin cibiyoyin sadarwar abun ciki na bayarwa. Anycast tabbas ra'ayi ne na hanyar sadarwa mai ban sha'awa kuma yana samun karɓuwa tsakanin masu samar da CDN na gaba.
CDN shine hanyar sadarwar da aka rarraba na sabobin da ke ba da abun ciki don ƙare masu amfani tare da babban samuwa da rashin jinkiri. Cibiyoyin sadarwar sadar da abun ciki suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a yau a matsayin kashin bayan sabis na kafofin watsa labaru na kan layi da yawa, kuma masu amfani ba su da jurewa jinkirin zazzagewa. Bidiyo da aikace-aikacen murya suna da kulawa musamman ga jitter da latency na cibiyar sadarwa.
CDN yana haɗa duk sabobin zuwa cibiyar sadarwa ɗaya kuma yana tabbatar da ɗaukar abun ciki cikin sauri. Wani lokaci yana yiwuwa a rage lokacin jiran mai amfani da 5-6 seconds. Manufar CDN ita ce haɓaka bayarwa ta hanyar ba da abun ciki daga uwar garken da ke kusa da mai amfani na ƙarshe. Wannan yayi kama da Anycast, inda aka zaɓi uwar garken mafi kusa dangane da wurin ƙarshen mai amfani. Da alama kowane mai bada sabis na CDN zai yi amfani da Anycast ta tsohuwa, amma a zahiri wannan ba haka bane.
Aikace-aikacen da ke amfani da ladabi irin su HTTP/TCP sun dogara da haɗin da aka kafa. Idan an zaɓi sabon kumburin Anycast (misali, saboda gazawar uwar garken), ana iya katse sabis. Wannan shine dalilin da ya sa a baya aka ba da shawarar Anycast don ayyukan da ba su da haɗin kai kamar UDP da DNS. Koyaya, Anycast kuma yana aiki da kyau don ka'idodin haɗin kai; misali, TCP yana aiki da kyau a yanayin Anycast.
Wasu masu samar da CDN suna amfani da hanyar kai tsaye ta Anycast, wasu sun fi son tsarin tushen DNS: an zaɓi uwar garken mafi kusa dangane da inda uwar garken DNS mai amfani take.
Haɓaka da kayan aikin cibiyar bayanai da yawa wani misali ne na amfani da Anycast. Adireshin IP na Load Balance da aka karɓa daga mai badawa yana ba ku damar rarraba kaya tsakanin adiresoshin IP na sabis na abokin ciniki daban-daban a cikin cibiyar bayanan mai bada. Godiya ga kowane fasaha na na'ura, yana ba da mafi kyawun aiki a ƙarƙashin cunkoson ababen hawa, rashin haƙuri kuma yana taimakawa haɓaka lokacin amsawa yayin mu'amala da ɗimbin masu amfani.
A cikin kayan aikin cibiyar bayanai da yawa, zaku iya rarraba zirga-zirga a cikin sabar ko ma injunan kama-da-wane akan sabar da aka sadaukar.
Don haka, akwai babban zaɓi na mafita na fasaha don ginin gine-gine. Hakanan zaka iya saita daidaita ma'auni a cikin adiresoshin IP a fadin cibiyoyin bayanai da yawa, yin niyya ga kowace na'ura a cikin rukuni don haɓaka aikin rukunin yanar gizon.
Kuna iya rarraba zirga-zirga bisa ga ka'idodin ku, yana bayyana "nauyin" kowane sabar da aka rarraba a kowace cibiyar bayanai. Wannan saitin yana da amfani musamman idan akwai wurin shakatawa na uwar garken da aka rarraba kuma ayyukan sabis ɗin basu da daidaituwa. Wannan zai ba da damar rarraba zirga-zirga sau da yawa don inganta aikin uwar garken.
Don ƙirƙirar tsarin kulawa ta amfani da umarnin ping, yana yiwuwa a saita bincike. Wannan yana bawa mai gudanarwa damar ayyana hanyoyin sa ido na kansu kuma su sami ƙarin haske game da matsayin kowane bangare a cikin abubuwan more rayuwa. Ta wannan hanyar, ana iya ayyana ma'auni na samun dama.
Yana yiwuwa a gina wani matasan kayayyakin more rayuwa: wani lokacin shi ne dace don barin baya ofishin a cikin kamfanoni cibiyar sadarwa, da kuma fitar da ke dubawa part ga mai bada.
Yana yiwuwa a ƙara takaddun shaida na SSL don daidaita nauyi, ɓoye bayanan da aka watsa da kuma tsaro na sadarwa tsakanin maziyartan rukunin yanar gizo da kayan aikin kamfani. Idan akwai daidaita nauyi tsakanin cibiyoyin bayanai, SSL kuma ana iya amfani da su.
Ana iya samun sabis na kowanecast tare da daidaita nauyin adireshi daga mai baka. Wannan fasalin zai taimaka inganta yadda masu amfani ke mu'amala da ƙa'idodi dangane da wuri. Ya isa ya sanar da abin da ayyuka ke samuwa a cikin cibiyar bayanai, kuma za a tura zirga-zirga zuwa mafi kusa kayan aiki. Idan akwai sabar da aka keɓe, misali a Faransa ko Arewacin Amurka, to za a tura abokan ciniki zuwa uwar garken mafi kusa akan hanyar sadarwa.
Ɗaya daga cikin zaɓuɓɓuka don amfani da Anycast shine mafi kyawun zaɓi na wurin kasancewar mai aiki (PoP). Mu bayar . LinkedIn (an katange a cikin Rasha) yana ƙoƙari ba kawai don haɓaka aiki da saurin samfuransa ba - aikace-aikacen wayar hannu da na yanar gizo, amma har ma don haɓaka hanyoyin sadarwar sa don isar da abun ciki cikin sauri. Don wannan isar da abun ciki mai ƙarfi, LinkedIn yana amfani da rayayye na PoPs - wuraren kasancewar. Ana amfani da Anycast don jagorantar masu amfani zuwa PoP mafi kusa.
Dalilin shi ne cewa a cikin yanayin Unycast, kowane LinkedIn PoP yana da adireshin IP na musamman. Ana sanya masu amfani zuwa PoP bisa ga wurin da suke ta amfani da DNS. Matsalar ita ce lokacin da ake amfani da DNS, kusan kashi 30% na masu amfani a Amurka an tura su zuwa PoP mara kyau. Tare da aiwatar da tsarin aiwatar da Anycast, babban aikin PoP ya ragu daga 31% zuwa 10%.
Ana nuna sakamakon gwajin matukin a cikin jadawali, inda madaidaicin Y-axis shine adadin mafi kyawun aikin PoP. Kamar yadda Anycast ke haɓakawa, yawancin jihohin Amurka sun ga ci gaba a yawan adadin zirga-zirga zuwa ga mafi kyawun PoP.
Anycast Network Monitoring
Cibiyoyin sadarwar Anycast suna da sauƙi a ka'idar: yawancin sabar ta jiki ana sanya adireshin IP iri ɗaya, wanda BGP ke amfani da shi don ƙayyade hanya. Amma aiwatarwa da ƙira na dandamali na Anycast yana da rikitarwa, kuma hanyoyin sadarwar Anycast masu haƙuri sun shahara musamman ga wannan. Ko da ƙarin ƙalubale yana sa ido sosai ga hanyar sadarwar Anycast don ganowa da ware kurakurai cikin sauri.
Idan ayyuka suna amfani da mai ba da CDN na ɓangare na uku don hidimar abun ciki, yana da mahimmanci a gare su don saka idanu da tabbatar da aikin cibiyar sadarwa. Duk wani tushen sa ido na CDN yana mai da hankali kan auna latency na ƙarshe zuwa ƙarshe da aikin hop don fahimtar wace cibiyar bayanai ke ba da abun ciki. Yin nazarin taken uwar garken HTTP wata hanya ce ta tantance inda bayanai ke fitowa.
Misali: Maganganun martani na HTTP masu nuna wurin uwar garken CDN.
Misali, CloudFlare yana amfani da kan sa na CF-Ray a cikin saƙon Amsa na HTTP, wanda ya haɗa da alamar cibiyar bayanai wacce aka yi buƙatar. Game da Zendesk, shugaban CF-Ray na yankin Seattle shine CF-RAY: 2a21675e65fd2a3d-SEA, kuma ga Amsterdam shine CF-RAY: 2a216896b93a0c71-AMS. Hakanan zaka iya amfani da taken HTTP-X daga martanin HTTP don tantance inda abun ciki yake.
Sauran hanyoyin magancewa
Akwai wasu hanyoyin magancewa don tuntuɓar buƙatun mai amfani zuwa takamaiman wurin cibiyar sadarwa:
Babu
Yawancin Intanet a yau suna amfani da wannan hanyar. Unicast - watsa unicast, adireshin IP yana da alaƙa da takamaiman kulli ɗaya kawai akan hanyar sadarwa. Ana kiran wannan matching daya-da-daya.
Multicast
Multicast yana amfani da dangantaka ɗaya-zuwa-yawa ko yawa-zuwa-yawa. Multicast yana ba da damar aikawa da buƙatun mai aikawa lokaci guda zuwa wuraren da aka zaɓa daban-daban. Wannan yana ba abokin ciniki ikon sauke fayil a gungu-gungu daga runduna da yawa a lokaci guda (wanda ke da amfani don yawo audio ko bidiyo). Multicast sau da yawa ana rikicewa da Anycast. Duk da haka, babban bambanci shine Anycast yana jagorantar mai aikawa zuwa kundi guda ɗaya, koda kuwa akwai nodes da yawa.
Watsa
Ana aikawa da bayanai daga mai aikawa guda ɗaya zuwa duk wuraren ƙarewa masu alaƙa da adireshin watsa shirye-shirye. Cibiyar sadarwa tana kwafin bayanai ta atomatik don samun damar isa ga duk masu karɓa a cikin watsa shirye-shiryen (yawanci akan layi ɗaya).
Geocast
Geocast yana ɗan kama da Multicast: ana aika buƙatun daga mai aikawa zuwa maƙallan ƙarewa da yawa a lokaci guda. Koyaya, bambancin shine cewa an ƙayyade mai adireshin ta wurin wurinsa. Wannan nau'i ne na musamman na multicast da wasu ka'idoji masu rarrabawa ke amfani da su don cibiyoyin sadarwar ad hoc ta hannu.
Na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa yana ƙididdige yankin sabis ɗin sa kuma yana kimanta shi. Georouters, musayar wuraren sabis, gina tebur na tuƙi. Tsarin georouter yana da tsari mai matsayi.
Unicast, Multicast da Watsa shirye-shirye.
Amfani da fasahar Anycast yana haɓaka matakin dogaro, haƙuri da kuskure da tsaro na DNS. Amfani da wannan fasaha, masu aiki suna ba abokan cinikinsu sabis don nau'ikan daidaita nauyi daban-daban dangane da DNS. A cikin kwamitin kulawa, zaku iya saka adiresoshin IP zuwa waɗanne buƙatun za a aika dangane da wurin yanki. Wannan zai ba abokan ciniki damar rarraba buƙatun mai amfani cikin sassauƙa.
Wasu masu aiki suna aiwatar da damar sa ido kan hanya a kowane wuri na kasancewar (POP): tsarin yana bincika ta atomatik mafi guntun hanyoyin gida da na duniya don wuraren halarta kuma yana bi da su ta mafi ƙanƙanta yanayin yanayin latency tare da ƙarancin lokaci.
A halin yanzu, Anycast shine mafita mafi tsayayye kuma abin dogaro don gina manyan ayyuka na DNS, waɗanda ke da manyan buƙatu don kwanciyar hankali da aminci.
Yankin .ru yana goyan bayan sabar 35 Anycast DNS, an haɗa su cikin nodes 20, rarraba a cikin girgije Anycast biyar. A wannan yanayin, ana amfani da ka'idar gini bisa ga halaye na yanki, watau. Geocast. Lokacin sanya nodes na DNS, ana tsammanin za a motsa su zuwa wuraren da aka tarwatsa su kusa da mafi yawan masu amfani da su, matsakaicin maida hankali na masu samar da Rasha a wurin da kumburin yake, kazalika da samun damar iyawa da sauƙi na kyauta. hulda da shafin.
Yadda za a gina CDN?
CDN cibiyar sadarwa ce ta sabobin da ke hanzarta isar da abun ciki ga masu amfani. yana haɗa duk sabobin zuwa cibiyar sadarwa ɗaya kuma yana tabbatar da ɗaukar abun ciki cikin sauri. Nisa daga uwar garken zuwa mai amfani yana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen saurin lodawa.
CDN yana ba ku damar amfani da sabobin da ke kusa da masu sauraron da aka yi niyya. Wannan yana rage lokacin jira kuma yana taimakawa hanzarta loda abubuwan rukunin yanar gizon ga duk baƙi, wanda ke da mahimmanci musamman ga rukunin yanar gizo masu manyan fayiloli ko sabis na multimedia. Aikace-aikace na yau da kullun don CDN sune kasuwancin e-commerce da nishaɗi.
Cibiyar sadarwa na ƙarin sabobin da aka kirkira a cikin kayan aikin CDN, waɗanda ke kusa da masu amfani, suna ba da gudummawa ga mafi kwanciyar hankali da saurin isar da bayanai. Bisa kididdigar da aka yi, yin amfani da CDN yana rage jinkirin lokacin shiga yanar gizo da fiye da 70% idan aka kwatanta da shafuka ba tare da CDN ba.
Yadda? Kafa CDN ta amfani da mafita na Anycast na iya zama babban aiki mai tsada, amma akwai zaɓuɓɓuka masu rahusa. Misali, zaku iya amfani da GeoDNS da sabar na yau da kullun tare da adiresoshin IP na musamman. Yin amfani da sabis na GeoDNS, zaku iya ƙirƙirar CDN tare da iyawar geolocation, inda ake yanke shawara dangane da ainihin wurin baƙo, maimakon wurin mai warware DNS. Kuna iya saita yankin DNS ɗin ku don nuna adiresoshin IP na uwar garken Amurka ga baƙi Amurka, amma baƙi na Turai za su ga adireshin IP na Turai.
Tare da GeoDNS, zaku iya dawo da martanin DNS daban-daban dangane da adireshin IP na mai amfani. Don yin wannan, an saita uwar garken DNS don dawo da adiresoshin IP daban-daban dangane da tushen adireshin IP a cikin buƙatun. Yawanci, ana amfani da bayanan GeoIP don tantance yankin da ake buƙata. Gelocation ta amfani da DNS yana ba ku damar aika abun ciki zuwa masu amfani daga rukunin yanar gizon da ke kusa.
GeoDNS yana ƙayyade adireshin IP na abokin ciniki wanda ya aika buƙatar DNS, ko adireshin IP na uwar garken DNS mai maimaitawa, wanda ake amfani dashi lokacin sarrafa buƙatar abokin ciniki. An ƙayyade ƙasar/yankin ta hanyar bayanan abokin ciniki na IP da GeoIP. Abokin ciniki sannan ya sami adireshin IP na sabar CDN mafi kusa. Kuna iya karanta ƙarin game da kafa GeoDNS.
Anycast ko GeoDNS?
Duk da yake Anycast babbar hanya ce don sadar da abun ciki a kan sikelin duniya, ba shi da takamaiman takamaiman. Wannan shine inda GeoDNS ke zuwa don ceto. Wannan sabis ɗin yana ba ku damar ƙirƙirar ƙa'idodi waɗanda ke aika masu amfani zuwa wuraren ƙarshen keɓancewar dangane da wurinsu.
Misali: Ana jagorantar masu amfani daga Turai zuwa wani wuri na daban.
Hakanan zaka iya ƙin samun dama ga yankuna ta hanyar watsar da duk buƙatun. Wannan ita ce, musamman, hanya mai sauri don yanke masu kutse.
GeoDNS yana ba da ingantattun amsoshi fiye da Anycast. Idan a cikin yanayin Anycast mafi guntuwar hanya an ƙaddara ta adadin hops, to a cikin GeoDNS routing don masu amfani da ƙarshen yana faruwa dangane da wurinsu na zahiri. Wannan yana rage jinkiri kuma yana haɓaka daidaito lokacin ƙirƙirar ƙa'idodin tuƙi na granular.
Lokacin kewayawa zuwa yanki, mai binciken yana tuntuɓar uwar garken DNS mafi kusa, wanda, dangane da yankin, yana ba da adireshin IP don loda rukunin yanar gizon. Bari mu ɗauka cewa kantin sayar da kan layi ya shahara a cikin Amurka da Turai, amma sabobin DNS nasa yana samuwa ne kawai a cikin Turai. Sannan masu amfani da Amurka waɗanda suke son yin amfani da sabis ɗin kantin za a tilasta musu aika buƙatu zuwa sabar mafi kusa, kuma tunda yana da nisa sosai, za su jira dogon lokaci don amsawa - rukunin yanar gizon ba zai yi sauri ba.
Lokacin da uwar garken GeoDNS ke cikin Amurka, masu amfani za su riga sun isa gare ta. Amsar za ta kasance mai sauri, wanda zai shafi saurin lodawa na shafin.
A halin da ake ciki tare da uwar garken DNS da ke cikin Amurka, lokacin da mai amfani daga Amurka ya kewaya zuwa wani yanki da aka ba shi, zai tuntuɓi uwar garken mafi kusa wanda zai samar da IP da ake bukata. Za a tura mai amfani zuwa uwar garken da ke kunshe da abubuwan da ke cikin shafin, amma tun da sabobin da ke cikin abubuwan sun yi nisa, ba zai karɓa da sauri ba.
Idan kun karbi bakuncin sabar CDN a cikin Amurka tare da bayanan da aka adana, to bayan lodawa mai binciken abokin ciniki zai aika da buƙatu zuwa sabar DNS mafi kusa, wanda zai mayar da adireshin IP ɗin da ake buƙata. Mai burauzar da ke da adireshin IP ɗin da aka karɓa yana tuntuɓar uwar garken CDN mafi kusa da babban uwar garken, kuma uwar garken CDN tana ba da abin da aka adana ga mai bincike. Yayin da ake loda abubuwan da aka adana, fayilolin da suka ɓace don loda cikakken rukunin ana karɓar su daga babban uwar garken. Sakamakon haka, lokacin lodin rukunin yanar gizon yana raguwa, tunda an aika ƴan fayiloli kaɗan daga babban uwar garken.
Ƙayyade ainihin wurin takamaiman adireshin IP ba koyaushe aiki ne mai sauƙi ba: abubuwa da yawa suna shiga cikin wasa, kuma masu kewayon adireshin IP na iya yanke shawarar tallata shi a ɗayan ɓangaren duniya (sannan dole ne a jira bayanan don zuwa. sabunta don samun daidai wurin). Wani lokaci masu samar da VPS suna ba da adiresoshin da ake zaton suna cikin Amurka zuwa VPS a Singapore.
Ba kamar amfani da adiresoshin Anycast ba, ana yin rarraba yayin ƙudurin suna maimakon yayin haɗawa zuwa uwar garken caching. Idan uwar garken recursive baya goyan bayan EDNS abokin ciniki subnets, to ana amfani da wurin wannan sabar mai maimaitawa maimakon mai amfani da zai haɗa zuwa uwar garken caching.
Subnets na Abokin ciniki a cikin DNS shine tsawo na DNS (RFC7871) wanda ke bayyana yadda sabobin DNS masu maimaitawa zasu iya aika bayanan abokin ciniki zuwa uwar garken DNS, musamman bayanan cibiyar sadarwa wanda uwar garken GeoDNS zai iya amfani da shi don tantance wurin abokin ciniki daidai.
Yawancin suna amfani da sabobin DNS na ISP nasu ko sabar DNS waɗanda ke kusa da su, amma idan wani a Amurka saboda wasu dalilai ya yanke shawarar yin amfani da mai warware DNS da ke cikin Ostiraliya, wataƙila za su ƙare da adireshin sabar IP mafi kusa da Ostiraliya.
Idan kuna son amfani da GeoDNS, yana da mahimmanci ku san waɗannan fasalulluka, saboda a wasu lokuta yana iya ƙara tazara tsakanin sabar caching da abokin ciniki.
Takaitawa: idan kuna son hada VPS da yawa a cikin CDN, to, mafi kyawun zaɓin turawa shine amfani da tarin sabar uwar garken DNS tare da aikin GeoDNS + Anycast daga cikin akwatin.
source: www.habr.com