Kamar yadda masu karatunmu suka sani, Qrator.Radar ba tare da gajiyawa ba yana bincika haɗin kai na duniya na yarjejeniyar BGP, da haɗin kai na yanki. Tun da "Internet" gajere ne don "cibiyoyin sadarwa masu haɗin gwiwa," hanya mafi kyau don tabbatar da inganci mai kyau da kuma saurin aiki shine ta hanyar haɗin kai da bambancin haɗin kai na kowane cibiyoyin sadarwa, wanda ci gaban ya samo asali ne ta hanyar gasa.
Juriyar haɗin Intanet a kowane yanki ko ƙasa yana da alaƙa da adadin madadin hanyoyin tsakanin tsarin masu cin gashin kansu - AS. Duk da haka, kamar yadda muka sha rubutawa a ciki kwanciyar hankali na ƙasa na sassan cibiyar sadarwa ta duniya, wasu hanyoyin sun zama mafi mahimmanci idan aka kwatanta da wasu (misali, hanyoyin zuwa masu ba da jigilar kayayyaki na Tier-1 ko AS waɗanda ke karɓar sabar DNS masu iko) - wannan yana nufin kasancewar sauran hanyoyin da yawa kamar yadda zai yiwu. Ƙarshe, wannan ita ce kawai hanya mai mahimmanci don tabbatar da amincin tsarin (a cikin ma'anar AS).
A wannan karon, za mu yi nazari sosai kan tsarin sashin Intanet na Tarayyar Rasha. Akwai dalilai da za a sa ido a kan wannan bangare: bisa ga bayanan da aka bayar ta hanyar RIPE database database, 6183 AS daga 88664 rajista a duniya suna cikin Tarayyar Rasha, wanda shine 6,87%.
Wannan kashi ya sanya Rasha a matsayi na biyu a duniya don wannan alamar, daidai bayan Amurka (30,08% na AS mai rijista) da kuma kafin Brazil, wanda ke da kashi 6,34% na duk tsarin mai cin gashin kansa. Tasirin da ke tasowa daga canje-canje a cikin haɗin kai na Rasha , dogara ga ko kusa da haɗin da aka bayar kuma, a ƙarshe, a matakin kusan kowane mai bada Intanet.
Siffar
Zane 1. Rarraba tsarin masu zaman kansu tsakanin ƙasashe a cikin IPv4 da IPv6, manyan ƙasashe 20
A cikin IPv4, 33933 daga cikin 774859 da ake gani a duniya prefixes cibiyar sadarwa ana sanar da masu samar da Intanet daga Tarayyar Rasha, wanda ke wakiltar 4,38% kuma ya sanya sashin Intanet na Rasha a matsayi na biyar a cikin wannan matsayi. Waɗannan prefixes, waɗanda aka sanar musamman daga ɓangaren RU, suna rufe adiresoshin IP na musamman na 4,3*10^7 daga cikin 2,9*10^9 da aka sanar a duniya-1,51%, wuri na 11.
Zane 2. Rarraba prefixes na cibiyar sadarwa tsakanin ƙasashe a cikin IPv4, manyan ƙasashe 20
A cikin IPv6, 1831 daga cikin 65532 prefixes bayyane na duniya ana sanar da su ta ISPs daga Tarayyar Rasha, wanda ke wakiltar 2,79% da matsayi na 7. Waɗannan prefixes suna rufe adiresoshin IPv1.3 na musamman 10*32^6 daga cikin 1,5*10^34 da aka sanar a duk duniya-0,84% da wuri na 18.
Zane 3. Rarraba prefixes na cibiyar sadarwa tsakanin ƙasashe a cikin IPv6, manyan ƙasashe 20
Girman al'ada
Ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyi masu yawa don kimanta haɗin kai da amincin Intanet a wata ƙasa ita ce sanya tsarin sarrafa kansa na wani yanki ta adadin prefixes da aka tallata. Wannan dabarar, duk da haka, tana da rauni ga rarrabuwar hanyoyin hanya, wanda a hankali ake daidaitawa ta hanyar tace abubuwan da suka wuce kima akan kayan aikin masu samar da Intanet, da farko saboda ci gaban da babu makawa ci gaban teburan kwatance da ke mamaye ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya.
20 Mafi kyawun IPv4
20 Mafi kyawun IPv6
ASN
AS Suna
Yawan prefixes
ASN
AS Suna
Yawan prefixes
2279
56
1283
51
1197
30
930
26
521
20
44050
PIN-AS
366
42385
RIPN-RU
20
197695
AS-REGRU
315
51604
EKAT-AS
19
12772
ENFORTA-AS
291
51819
YAR-AS
19
41704
OGS-AS
235
50543
SARATOV-AS
18
57129
RU-SERVERSGET-KRSK
225
52207
TULA-AS
18
31133
MF-MGSM-AS
216
206066
TELEDOM-AS
18
49505
SELECTEL
213
57026
CHEB-AS
18
12714
TI-AS
195
49037
Farashin MGL-AS
17
15774
TTK-RTL
193
41682
ERTH-TMN-AS
17
12418
TAMBAYA
191
21191
ASN-SEVERTTK
16
50340
SELECTEL-MSK
188
41843
ERTH-OMSK-AS
15
28840
TATTELECOM-AS
184
42682
ERTH-NNOV-AS
15
50113
SuperServersDatacenter
181
50498
LIPETSK-AS
15
31163
MF-KAVKAZ-AS
176
50542
VORONEZH-AS
15
21127
ZSTKAS
162
51645
IRKUTSK-AS
15
Tebur 1. Girman AS ta adadin prefixes da aka sanar
Muna amfani da jimlar girman sararin adireshi da aka yi talla a matsayin ma'auni mafi aminci don kwatanta girman tsarin mai cin gashin kansa, wanda ke ƙayyade yuwuwarsa da iyakokin da zai iya ƙima. Wannan ma'auni ba koyaushe yana dacewa da IPv6 ba saboda manufofin raba adireshi na yanzu na RIPE NCC IPV6 da sake fasalin da aka gina a cikin yarjejeniya.
A hankali, wannan halin da ake ciki zai daidaita ta hanyar girma a cikin amfani da IPv6 a cikin sashin Intanet na Rasha da kuma ci gaba da ayyuka don aiki tare da yarjejeniyar IPv6.
20 Mafi kyawun IPv4
20 Mafi kyawun IPv6
ASN
AS Suna
Adadin adiresoshin IP
ASN
AS Suna
Adadin adiresoshin IP
8994816
2.76*10^30
2228864
2.06*10^30
1206272
1.43*10^30
1162752
1.35*10^30
872608
1.27*10^30
31200
mai tsarawa
566272
34241
NCT-AS
1.27*10^30
42610
NCNET-AS
523264
202984
mai masaukin baki
1.27*10^30
25513
ASN-MGTS-USPD
414464
12695
DINET-AS
9.51*10^29
39927
Haske-AS
351744
206766
INETTECH1-AS
8.72*10^29
20485
TRANSTELECOM
350720
20485
TRANSTELECOM
7.92*10^29
8342
RTCOMM-AS
350464
12722
RECONN
7.92*10^29
28840
TATTELECOM-AS
336896
47764
mairu-as
7.92*10^29
8369
INTERSVYAZ-AS
326912
44050
PIN-AS
7.13*10^29
28812
JSCBIS-AS
319488
45027
INETTECH-AS
7.13*10^29
12332
PRIMORYE-AS
303104
3267
RUNNET
7.13*10^29
20632
PTERSTAR-AS
284416
34580
UNITLINE_MSK_NET1
7.13*10^29
8615
CNT-AS
278528
25341
LINIYA-AS
7.13*10^29
35807
SkyNet-SPB-AS
275968
60252
OST-LLC-AS
7.13*10^29
3267
RUNNET
272640
28884
MR-SIB-MTSAS
6.73*10^29
41733
ZTELECOM-AS
266240
42244
ESERVER
6.44*10^29
Tebur 2. Girman AS ta adadin adiresoshin IP da aka tallata
Duk ma'auni-yawan prefixes da aka yi tallar da girman girman sararin adireshi-ana iya sarrafa su. Ko da yake ba mu ga irin wannan hali daga ASs da aka ambata ba yayin binciken.
Haɗuwa
Akwai manyan nau'ikan alaƙa guda uku tsakanin tsarin masu cin gashin kansu:
• Abokin ciniki: yana biyan wani AS don zirga-zirgar ababen hawa;
• Abokin haɗin gwiwa: AS musayar nasa da na abokin ciniki kyauta;
• Mai bayarwa: yana karɓar kuɗi don zirga-zirgar ababen hawa daga wasu ASs.
Yawanci, waɗannan nau'ikan alaƙa iri ɗaya ne ga kowane masu samar da Intanet guda biyu, waɗanda aka tabbatar a yankin Tarayyar Rasha da muke la'akari. Koyaya, wani lokacin yana faruwa cewa ISPs biyu suna da alaƙa iri-iri a yankuna daban-daban, misali raba kyauta a Turai amma suna da alaƙar kasuwanci a Asiya.
20 Mafi kyawun IPv4
20 Mafi kyawun IPv6
ASN
AS Suna
Yawan abokan ciniki a yankin
ASN
AS Suna
Yawan abokan ciniki a yankin
818
94
667
82
589
77
467
72
313
70
20764
RASCOM-AS
223
9049
ERTH-MATSAYI-AS
58
9049
ERTH-MATSAYI-AS
220
8359
MTS
51
8732
COMCOR-AS
170
29076
CITYTELECOM-AS
40
2854
ROSPRINT-AS
152
31500
GLOBALNET-AS
32
29076
CITYTELECOM-AS
143
3267
RUNNET
26
29226
MASTERTEL-AS
143
25478
IHOME-AS
22
28917
Fiord-AS
96
28917
Fiord-AS
21
25159
SonicDUO-AS
94
199599
CIREX
17
3267
RUNNET
93
29226
MASTERTEL-AS
13
31500
GLOBALNET-AS
87
8732
COMCOR-AS
12
13094
SFO-IX-AS
80
35000
PROMETEY
12
31261
GARS-AS
80
49063
DTLN
11
25478
IHOME-AS
78
42861
FOTONTELECOM
10
12695
DINET-AS
76
56534
PIRIX-INET-AS
9
8641
NAUKANET-AS
73
48858
Milecom-as
8
Table 3. AS connectivity ta yawan abokan ciniki
Adadin abokan ciniki na AS da aka bayar yana nuna matsayinsa na mai ba da sabis na haɗin Intanet kai tsaye ga masu cin kasuwa.
20 Mafi kyawun IPv4
20 Mafi kyawun IPv6
ASN
AS Suna
Adadin abokan hulɗa a yankin
ASN
AS Suna
Adadin abokan hulɗa a yankin
638
266
579
201
498
189
497
177
474
176
41268
LANTA-AS
432
3267
RUNNET
86
15672
TZTELECOM
430
31133
MF-MGSM-AS
78
39442
UNICO-AS
424
60764
TK-Telecom
74
39087
PAKT-AS
422
12389
ROSTELECOM-AS
52
199805
UGO-AS
418
42861
FOTONTELECOM
32
200487
FASTVPS
417
8359
MTS
28
41691
SUMTEL-AS-RIPE
399
20764
RASCOM-AS
26
13094
SFO-IX-AS
388
20485
TRANSTELECOM
17
60357
MEGAGROUP-AS
368
28917
Fiord-AS
16
41617
SOLID-IFC
347
31500
GLOBALNET-AS
14
51674
Mehanika-AS
345
60388
TRANSNEFT-TELECOM-AS
14
49675
SKBKONTUR-AS
343
42385
RIPN-RU
13
35539
INFOLINK-T-AS
310
3216
SOVAM-AS
12
42861
FOTONTELECOM
303
49063
DTLN
12
25227
ASN-AVANTEL-MSK
301
44843
OBTEL-AS
11
Tebur 4. Haɗin AS ta adadin abokan hulɗa
Yawancin abokan hulɗa na iya haɓaka haɗin kai ga kowane yanki. Hanyoyin Intanet (IX) suna da mahimmanci, ko da yake ba a buƙata ba, a nan-mafi girma ISPs yawanci ba sa shiga cikin mu'amalar yanki (tare da wasu ƴan sanannun keɓanta, kamar NIXI) saboda yanayin kasuwancin su.
Ga mai ba da abun ciki, adadin abokan hulɗa na iya zama a kaikaice a matsayin mai nuna yawan adadin zirga-zirgar da aka samar - abin ƙarfafawa don musanya manyan kundishi kyauta abu ne mai motsa rai (isa ga yawancin masu samar da Intanet na gida) don ganin mai samar da abun ciki. a matsayin wanda ya cancanta don abokan hulɗa. Har ila yau, akwai wasu lokuta dabam-dabam lokacin da masu samar da abun ciki ba su goyi bayan manufar ɗimbin haɗin haɗin yanki ba, wanda ya sa wannan alamar ba ta da kyau sosai don ƙididdige girman masu samar da abun ciki, wato, yawan zirga-zirgar da suke samarwa.
20 Mafi kyawun IPv4
20 Mafi kyawun IPv6
ASN
AS Suna
Girman mazugi abokin ciniki
ASN
AS Suna
Girman mazugi abokin ciniki
3083
335
2973
219
2587
205
2463
183
2318
166
8359
MTS
2293
3216
SOVAM-AS
143
20764
RASCOM-AS
2251
8359
MTS
143
9049
ERTH-MATSAYI-AS
1407
3267
RUNNET
88
29076
CITYTELECOM-AS
860
29076
CITYTELECOM-AS
84
28917
Fiord-AS
683
28917
Fiord-AS
70
3267
RUNNET
664
9049
ERTH-MATSAYI-AS
65
25478
IHOME-AS
616
31500
GLOBALNET-AS
54
43727
KVANT-TELECOM
476
25478
IHOME-AS
33
31500
GLOBALNET-AS
459
199599
CIREX
24
57724
DDOS-GARDA
349
43727
KVANT-TELECOM
20
13094
SFO-IX-AS
294
39134
UNITEDNET
20
199599
CIREX
290
15835
MAP
15
29226
MASTERTEL-AS
227
29226
MASTERTEL-AS
14
201706
AS-SERVICEPIPE
208
35000
PROMETEY
14
8641
NAUKANET-AS
169
49063
DTLN
13
Tebur 5. Haɗin AS ta girman mazugi na abokin ciniki
Mazugi na abokin ciniki shine saitin duk AS waɗanda suka dogara kai tsaye ko a kaikaice ga tsarin mai cin gashin kansa da ake tambaya. Daga ra'ayi na tattalin arziki, kowane AS a cikin mazugi na abokin ciniki shine, kai tsaye ko a kaikaice, abokin ciniki mai biyan kuɗi. A matsayi mafi girma, yawan ASes a cikin mazugi na abokin ciniki, da kuma yawan masu amfani da kai tsaye, shine mahimmin alamar haɗin kai.
A ƙarshe, mun shirya muku wani tebur da ke kallon haɗin kai zuwa ainihin RuNet. Ta hanyar fahimtar ainihin tsarin haɗin gwiwar yanki dangane da adadin abokan ciniki kai tsaye da girman mazugi na abokin ciniki don kowane tsarin mai cin gashin kansa a cikin yanki, zamu iya ƙididdige nisa daga manyan ISPs na baya-bayan nan na yankin. Ƙananan lambar, mafi girman haɗin haɗin gwiwa. "1" yana nufin cewa duk hanyoyin da ake gani suna da alaƙa kai tsaye zuwa ainihin yanki.
IPv4 Jerin: 20
IPv6 Jerin: 20
ASN
AS Suna
Ƙimar haɗin kai
ASN
AS Suna
Ƙimar haɗin kai
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.07
1.05
13238
YANDEX
1.1
8470
MAcomnet
1.17
3216
SOVAM-AS
1.11
12389
ROSTELECOM-AS
1.19
48061
GPM-TECH-AS
1.11
41722
MIRAN-AS
1.2
31133
MF-MGSM-AS
1.11
8359
MTS
1.22
8359
MTS
1.12
60879
SYSTEMPROJECTS-AS
1.25
41268
LANTA-AS
1.13
41268
LANTA-AS
1.25
9049
ERTH-MATSAYI-AS
1.16
44020
CLN-AS
1.25
20485
TRANSTELECOM
1.18
29226
MASTERTEL-AS
1.25
29076
CITYTELECOM-AS
1.18
44943
RAMNET-AS
1.25
12389
ROSTELECOM-AS
1.23
12714
TI-AS
1.25
57629
IVI-RU
1.25
47764
mairu-as
1.25
48297
KOFAR
1.25
44267
IESV
1.25
42632
MNOGOBYTE-AS
1.25
203730
SVIAZINVESTREGION
1.25
44020
CLN-AS
1.25
3216
SOVAM-AS
1.25
12668
MIRALOGIC-AS
1.25
24739
SVEREN-TELECOM
1.29
Tebur 6. Haɗin AS ta nisa zuwa ainihin haɗin yanki
Menene za a iya yi don inganta haɗin kai gaba ɗaya kuma, a sakamakon haka, kwanciyar hankali, aminci da tsaro na kowace ƙasa, Tarayyar Rasha musamman? Ga kadan daga cikin matakan:
- Cire haraji da sauran fa'idodi ga masu aiki na gida na wuraren musayar zirga-zirga, da samun damar shiga su kyauta;
- Sauƙaƙan ƙasa kyauta ko ƙarancin kuɗi don shimfida layin sadarwa na fiber-optic;
- Gudanar da zaman horo da ilimi ga ma'aikatan fasaha a yankuna masu nisa, gami da tarurrukan bita da sauran nau'ikan horo kan mafi kyawun ayyuka don aiki tare da BGP. Hukumar RIPE NCC ta shirya wasu daga cikinsu. .
Bayanan da aka gabatar a sama wani yanki ne daga binciken da Qrator Labs ya gudanar a kan yanki na biyu mafi girma na Intanet na Tarayyar Rasha (wanda aka fi sani da "Runet"), bisa ga bayanan da aka tattara da sarrafa su a cikin aikin. . An bayyana gabatar da cikakken binciken a matsayin taron bita a cikin tsarin a watan Yuli. Ana iya aika buƙatar irin wannan bayanai na sassan wasu ƙasashe da yankuna zuwa adireshin imel .
source: www.habr.com