"Blade Runner", "Con Air", "Heavy Rain" - menene waɗannan wakilan shahararrun al'adu suke da su? Duk, zuwa mataki ɗaya ko wani, yana nuna tsohuwar fasahar Jafananci na nada takarda - origami. A cikin fina-finai, wasanni da kuma a rayuwa ta ainihi, ana amfani da origami a matsayin alamar wasu ji, wasu abubuwan tunawa ko saƙo na musamman. Wannan ya fi wani ɓangaren motsin rai na origami, amma daga ra'ayi na kimiyya, yawancin abubuwa masu ban sha'awa daga wurare daban-daban suna ɓoye a cikin takardun takarda: lissafi, lissafi har ma da makanikai. A yau za mu saba da wani binciken da masana kimiyya daga Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiya ta Amurka suka kirkira na'urar adana bayanai ta hanyar nad'a/bude alkaluman origami. Ta yaya daidai katin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar takarda ke aiki, waɗanne ka'idoji ne aka aiwatar a ciki, kuma nawa bayanai na iya adana irin wannan na'urar? Za mu sami amsoshin waɗannan tambayoyin a cikin rahoton masana kimiyya. Tafi
Tushen bincike
Yana da wuya a faɗi lokacin da ainihin origami ya samo asali. Amma mun san tabbas bai wuce 105 AD ba. A wannan shekarar ne Cai Lun ya kirkiro takarda a kasar Sin. Tabbas, kafin wannan lokacin, takarda ta riga ta wanzu, amma ba a yi ta daga itace ba, amma daga bamboo ko siliki. Zaɓin na farko ba shi da sauƙi, kuma na biyu yana da tsada sosai. An ba Cai Lun alhakin fito da sabon girke-girke na takarda wanda zai zama haske, arha, kuma mai sauƙin yi. Aikin ba shi da sauƙi, amma Cai Lun ya juya zuwa mafi mashahuri tushen wahayi - yanayi. Ya daɗe yana kallon ɓangarorin, waɗanda aka yi gidajensu da itace da filayen shuka. Tsai Lun ya gudanar da gwaje-gwaje da yawa inda ya yi amfani da kayan aiki iri-iri don yin takarda nan gaba (bawon bishiya, toka har ma da tarun kamun kifi) gauraye da ruwa. Sakamakon taro an shimfiɗa shi a cikin nau'i na musamman kuma ya bushe a cikin rana. Sakamakon wannan babban aikin wani abu ne wanda ke da alaƙa ga mutumin zamani - takarda.
A shekara ta 2001, an bude wurin shakatawa mai suna Cai Lun a birnin Leiyang (China).
Bazuwar takarda zuwa wasu ƙasashe bai faru nan da nan ba, sai dai a farkon ƙarni na XNUMX girkinta ya kai Koriya da Japan, kuma takarda ta isa Turai kawai a cikin ƙarni na XNUMX-XNUMX.
Mafi bayyanannen amfani da takarda shine, ba shakka, rubutun hannu da bugu. Duk da haka, Jafananci sun sami mafi kyawun amfani da shi - origami, i.e. nadawa takarda Figures.
Takaitaccen balaguron balaguro zuwa duniyar origami da injiniyanci.
Akwai nau'ikan zaɓuɓɓukan origami iri-iri, da kuma dabarun yin su: origami mai sauƙi, kusudama (modular), nadawa rigar, ƙirar origami, kirigami, da sauransu. ()
A mahangar kimiyya, origami wani nau'in metamaterial ne na injiniya, wanda aka ƙayyade kaddarorinsa ta hanyar geometry, ba ta hanyar abubuwan da aka yi shi ba. An nuna na ɗan lokaci kaɗan cewa ana iya ƙirƙira nau'ikan sifofi na XNUMXD masu amfani da kayan aiki na musamman ta amfani da maimaita tsarin origami.
Hoto #1
Akan hoton 1b yana nuna misalin irin wannan tsari - ƙwanƙolin da za a iya turawa, wanda aka gina daga takarda ɗaya bisa ga zane a kan. 1. Daga zaɓuɓɓukan origami da ake da su, masana kimiyya sun gano wani bambance-bambancen da aka aiwatar da mosaic na fale-falen fale-falen buraka iri ɗaya waɗanda aka tsara a cikin siminti na cyclic, wanda aka sani da Kroesling origami,.
Yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa tsarin tushen origami ya zo cikin nau'i biyu: m da marasa ƙarfi.
Rigid origami tsari ne mai girma uku wanda kawai folds tsakanin fale-falen da ke fuskantar nakasu yayin buɗewa.
Babban misali na tsayayyen origami shine Miura-ori, wanda aka yi amfani dashi don ƙirƙirar metamaterials na inji tare da ƙimar Poisson mara kyau. Irin wannan kayan yana da nau'ikan aikace-aikace: binciken sararin samaniya, na'urorin lantarki masu lalacewa, tsokoki na wucin gadi da, ba shakka, na'urori masu mahimmanci na inji.
Origami maras ƙarfi, sifofi ne masu girma uku waɗanda ke nuna nakasar da ba ta da ƙarfi a tsakanin folds yayin buɗewa.
Misalin irin wannan bambance-bambancen origami shine ƙirar Kroesling da aka ambata a baya, wanda aka yi nasarar amfani da shi don ƙirƙirar sifofi tare da daidaitawa da yawa, tauri, nakasawa, tausasawa/taurare, da/ko taurin kusa-sifili.
Sakamakon bincike
Ƙwararrun fasahar zamani, masanan kimiyya sun yanke shawarar yin amfani da origami na Kroesling don haɓaka gungun na'urori masu sauyawa na inji wanda za'a iya tilasta su canza tsakanin jihohi biyu daban-daban ta amfani da shigarwar sarrafawa guda ɗaya a cikin nau'i na motsa jiki mai jituwa da aka yi amfani da shi zuwa tushe na sauyawa. .
Kamar yadda aka gani daga 1b, bellows an gyara shi a ƙarshen ɗaya kuma an sanya shi zuwa wani nauyin waje a cikin x shugabanci a sauran ƙarshen kyauta. Saboda wannan, yana jujjuyawa lokaci guda da jujjuyawa tare da kewaye da axis x. Ƙarfin da aka tara a lokacin nakasar ƙwanƙwasa yana fitowa ne lokacin da aka cire nauyin waje, wanda ya sa ƙwanƙwasa ta koma siffar ta ta asali.
A taƙaice, muna kallon magudanar ruwa wanda ikon maidowa ya dogara da siffar yuwuwar aikin kuzarin bellow. Wannan bi da bi ya dogara da ma'auni na geometric (a0, b0, γ0) na triangle mai haɗaka da aka yi amfani da shi don gina bellows, da jimillar lamba (n) na waɗannan triangles (1).
Don takamaiman haɗe-haɗe na ma'aunin ƙira na geometric, yuwuwar aikin makamashi na bellow yana da ƙaramin ƙarami guda ɗaya daidai da madaidaicin ma'auni ɗaya. Don sauran haɗe-haɗe, yuwuwar aikin makamashi yana da ƙaramin ƙarami guda biyu daidai da daidaitawar tsayayyen bellows guda biyu, kowannensu yana da alaƙa da tsayin ma'auni daban ko, a madadin, jujjuyawar bazara (1s). Ana kiran wannan nau'in bazara sau da yawa bistable (bidiyo a ƙasa).
Akan hoton 1d yana nuna ma'auni na geometric da ke haifar da samuwar bazara mai bistable da ma'aunin da ke haifar da samuwar bazara mai kauri don n=12.
Ruwan bistable yana iya tsayawa a ɗaya daga cikin ma'aunin daidaitonsa idan babu lodi na waje kuma ana iya kunna shi don canzawa tsakanin su lokacin da adadin kuzarin da ya dace ya samu. Wannan kadarar ita ce tushen wannan binciken, wanda ke nazarin halittar Kroesling na injina (KIMS daga Kresling-wahayi na inji mai sauyawa) tare da jihohin binary guda biyu.
Musamman, kamar yadda aka nuna a ciki 1c, za a iya kunna maɓalli don canzawa tsakanin jihohinsa biyu ta hanyar samar da isasshen makamashi don shawo kan shamaki mai yuwuwa (∆E). Za'a iya samar da makamashin ta hanyar jinkirin kunnawa mai juzu'i ko ta amfani da siginar jituwa zuwa gindin maɓalli tare da mitar motsa jiki kusa da mitar mai kunnawa ta gida a cikin jahohin ma'auni daban-daban. A cikin wannan binciken, an yanke shawarar yin amfani da zaɓi na biyu, tun da yake aiki mai jituwa da jituwa ya fi aiki mai mahimmanci ta wasu fuskoki.
Na farko, resonant actuation yana buƙatar ƙarancin ƙarfi don canzawa kuma gabaɗaya yana da sauri. Na biyu, sauya sheka ba shi da damuwa ga hargitsi na waje waɗanda ba su dace da sauyawa a cikin ƙananan hukumominsa ba. Na uku, tun da yuwuwar aikin sauyawa yawanci asymmetrical ne game da ma'aunin ma'auni mara ƙarfi U0, halayen haɓakar jituwa da ake buƙata don canzawa daga S0 zuwa S1 yawanci ya bambanta da waɗanda ake buƙata don sauyawa daga S1 zuwa S0, yana haifar da yiwuwar tashin hankali-zaɓi canjin binary.
Wannan tsari na KIMS yana da kyau don ƙirƙirar allon ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya mai-bit mai yawa ta amfani da maɓalli na binary da yawa tare da halaye daban-daban waɗanda aka sanya akan dandamali guda ɗaya mai jituwa. Ƙirƙirar irin wannan na'urar shine saboda hankali na siffar yiwuwar aikin makamashi na canzawa zuwa canje-canje a cikin sigogi na geometric na manyan bangarori (1s).
Sakamakon haka, KIMS da yawa tare da halayen ƙira daban-daban za a iya sanya su a kan dandamali ɗaya kuma suna jin daɗin canzawa daga wannan jiha zuwa wata, ɗaiɗaiku ko a hade ta amfani da sigogi daban-daban na ma'aunin tashin hankali.
A mataki na gwaji mai amfani, an halicci canji daga takarda tare da nauyin 180 g / m2 tare da sigogi na geometric: γ0 = 26.5 °; b0/a0 = 1.68; a0 = 40 mm da n = 12. Waɗannan su ne sigogi, yin hukunci da lissafin (1d), da kuma kai ga sakamakon bazara zama bistable. An yi lissafin ƙididdiga ta amfani da samfurin da aka sauƙaƙe na axial truss (tsarin sanda) na bellows.
Yin amfani da Laser, an yi layukan da aka rarrabu a kan takarda (1), waxanda suke nadawa. An yi ninki tare da gefuna b0 (mai lankwasa a waje) da γ0 (mai lanƙwasa ciki), kuma an haɗa gefuna na ƙarshen nesa sosai. An ƙarfafa saman saman da ƙasa na mai sauyawa tare da polygons acrylic.
An sami lanƙwan ƙarfin maidowa ta hanyar gwaji ta hanyar matsawa da gwaje-gwajen juzu'i da aka yi akan na'urar gwaji ta duniya tare da saiti na musamman da ke ba da damar juyawa tushe yayin gwaje-gwaje (1f).
An gyara ƙarshen polygon ɗin acrylic da ƙarfi, kuma an yi amfani da matsaya mai sarrafawa zuwa saman polygon a maƙasudin saurin 0.1 mm/s. An yi amfani da ƙaura da matsawa ta hanyar cyclyly kuma an iyakance ga 13 mm. Kafin ainihin gwajin na'urar, ana daidaita maɓalli ta hanyar yin irin waɗannan zagayowar lodi goma kafin a rubuta ƙarfin maidowa ta amfani da 50N load cell. Kunna 1g yana nuna lanƙwan ƙarfin maidowa na canjin da aka samu ta gwaji.
Na gaba, ta hanyar haɗa matsakaicin ƙarfin maidowa na sauyawa akan kewayon aiki, aikin makamashi mai yuwuwa (1h). Karamin ma'auni a cikin yuwuwar aikin makamashi yana wakiltar daidaitattun daidaito da ke da alaƙa da jihohin sauyawa guda biyu (S0 da S1). Don wannan ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun, S0 da S1 suna faruwa a tsayin daka u = 48 mm da 58.5 mm, bi da bi. Ayyukan makamashi mai yuwuwa a fili yana da asymmetric tare da shingen makamashi daban-daban ∆E0 a aya S0 da ∆E1 a aya S1.
An sanya masu juyawa a kan girgizar lantarki, wanda ke ba da motsin motsi na tushe a cikin jagorar axial. Dangane da tashin hankali, saman saman mai sauyawa yana oscillates a tsaye. Matsayin saman saman mai canzawa dangane da tushe an auna shi ta amfani da vibrometer laser (2).
Hoto #2
An gano cewa mitar resonant na gida na sauyawa don jihohinsa biyu shine 11.8 Hz don S0 da 9.7 Hz don S1. Don fara sauyi tsakanin jihohi biyu, wato fita daga iya kyau*, An yi sharar mitar mitar layi mai saurin hankali (0.05 Hz/s) a kusa da mitocin da aka gano tare da haɓaka tushe na 13 ms-2. Musamman, an fara sanya KIMS a S0 kuma an ƙaddamar da ƙarar sharar mitar a 6 Hz.
Mai yiwuwa rijiya* - yankin da akwai ƙananan ƙananan ƙarfin makamashi na barbashi.
Kamar yadda aka gani akan 2bLokacin da mitar tuƙi ya kai kusan 7.8 Hz, sauyawa yana barin yuwuwar S0 da kyau kuma ya shiga yuwuwar S1 da kyau. Canjin ya ci gaba da kasancewa a cikin S1 yayin da mitar ta ƙara ƙara.
An sake saita canjin zuwa S0, amma wannan lokacin an fara saukar da saukarwa a 16 Hz. A wannan yanayin, lokacin da mitar ta kusanci 8.8 Hz, mai sauyawa ya bar S0 kuma ya shiga kuma ya kasance cikin yuwuwar rijiyar S1.
Jiha S0 tana da rukunin kunnawa na 1 Hz [7.8, 8.8] tare da haɓakar 13 ms-2, da S1 - 6...7.7 Hz (2s). Yana biye da cewa KIMS na iya zaɓin canzawa tsakanin jihohi biyu ta hanyar haɓakar jituwa ta tushe mai girma iri ɗaya amma mitar daban-daban.
Canja wurin bandwidth na KIMS yana da rikitaccen dogaro ga sifar yuwuwar aikinsa na makamashi, halayen damping, da sigogin tashin hankali masu jituwa (yawanci da girma). Bugu da ƙari, saboda laushin hali mara kan layi na sauyawa, bandwidth kunnawa ba dole ba ne ya haɗa da mitar resonant na layi. Don haka, yana da mahimmanci cewa an ƙirƙiri taswirar kunna kunnawa ga kowane KIMS ɗaya ɗaya. Ana amfani da wannan taswirar don siffanta mita da girman tashin hankali wanda ke haifar da sauyawa daga wannan jiha zuwa wata kuma akasin haka.
Irin wannan taswira za a iya ƙirƙira ta gwaji ta hanyar sharar mitoci a matakan tashin hankali daban-daban, amma wannan tsari yana da matuƙar wahala. Sabili da haka, masana kimiyya sun yanke shawarar a wannan matakin don matsawa zuwa yin ƙirar canji, ta amfani da yuwuwar aikin makamashi da aka ƙaddara yayin gwaje-gwajen (1h).
Samfurin yana ɗauka cewa za a iya ƙididdige halayen motsin motsi ta hanyar kuzarin asymmetric bistable Helmholtz-Duffing oscillator, ma'aunin motsi wanda za'a iya bayyana shi kamar haka:
inda u - karkatar da fuska mai motsi na polygon acrylic dangane da tsayayyen daya; m - tasiri mai tasiri na sauyawa; c - danko damping coefficient da aka ƙaddara da gwaji; ais-bistable maido da ƙarfi coefficients; ab da Ω sune girman tushe da mitar hanzari.
Babban aikin simintin shine amfani da wannan dabarar don kafa haɗin ab da Ω waɗanda ke ba da damar sauyawa tsakanin jihohi biyu daban-daban.
Masana kimiyya sun lura cewa mitar tashin hankali mai mahimmanci wanda oscillator oscillator ke canzawa daga wannan jiha zuwa waccan ana iya kusantar ta ta mitoci biyu. bifurcation*: lokaci biyu bifurcation (PD) da cyclic fold bifurcation (CF).
Bifurci* - Canjin ingancin tsarin ta hanyar canza sigogi wanda ya dogara da su.
Yin amfani da kusantar, an gina matakan amsa mitar KIMS a cikin jihohin sa guda biyu. A kan ginshiƙi 2s yana nuna maɓallan amsa mitar mai sauyawa a S0 don matakan haɓaka tushe daban-daban guda biyu.
A madaidaicin hanzari na 5 ms-2, lanƙwan girman-mita yana nuna ɗan laushi, amma babu rashin kwanciyar hankali ko bifurcations. Don haka, maɓalli ya kasance a cikin S0 ko ta yaya mitar ta canza.
Koyaya, lokacin da aka ƙara haɓaka tushe zuwa 13 ms-2, kwanciyar hankali yana raguwa saboda bifurcation PD yayin da mitar tuƙi ke raguwa.
Yin amfani da wannan makircin, an sami maɓallan amsa mitar mai sauyawa a cikin S1 (2f). A hanzarin 5 ms-2, tsarin da aka lura ya kasance iri ɗaya. Koyaya, yayin da haɓakar tushe ke ƙaruwa zuwa 10ms-2 PD da CF bifurcations suna bayyana. Mai ban sha'awa mai sauyawa a kowane mita tsakanin waɗannan bifurcations biyu yana haifar da sauyawa daga S1 zuwa S0.
Bayanan kwaikwayo na nuna cewa akwai manyan yankuna a cikin taswirar kunnawa wanda kowace jiha za a iya kunna ta ta musamman. Wannan yana ba ku damar zaɓin canzawa tsakanin jihohi biyu dangane da mita da girman faɗakarwa. Hakanan ana iya ganin cewa akwai yankin da jihohin biyu za su iya canzawa lokaci guda.
Hoto #3
Haɗin KIMS da yawa ana iya amfani dashi don ƙirƙirar ƙwaƙwalwar injina na ragi da yawa. Ta hanyar sãɓã wa jũna a juzu'i ta yadda siffar yuwuwar aikin makamashi na kowane biyu canji ya bambanta sosai, yana yiwuwa a tsara bandwidth kunnawa na masu sauya sheka ta yadda ba za su zoba. Saboda wannan, kowane maɓalli zai sami sigogin tashin hankali na musamman.
Don nuna wannan fasaha, an ƙirƙiri allon 2-bit dangane da masu sauyawa guda biyu tare da halaye daban-daban (3): bit 1 - γ0 = 28°; b0/a0 = 1.5; a0 = 40 mm da n = 12; bit 2 - γ0 = 27°; b0/a0 = 1.7; a0 = 40 mm da n = 12.
Tun da kowane bit yana da jihohi biyu, ana iya samun jimillar jihohi huɗu daban-daban S00, S01, S10 da S11 (3b). Lambobin bayan S suna nuna ƙimar hagu (bit 1) da dama (bit 2).
Ana nuna halin canjin 2-bit a cikin bidiyon da ke ƙasa:
Dangane da wannan na'urar, zaku iya ƙirƙirar gungu na maɓalli, wanda zai iya zama ginshiƙan allunan ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya na injina da yawa.
Don ƙarin cikakken sani tare da nuances na binciken, Ina ba da shawarar dubawa и masa.
Epilogue
Yana da wuya cewa wani daga cikin masu yin origami zai iya tunanin yadda za a yi amfani da halittar su a cikin zamani na zamani. A gefe guda, wannan yana nuna adadi mai yawa na hadaddun abubuwa da aka ɓoye a cikin sifofin takarda na yau da kullun; a daya bangaren kuma, kimiyyar zamani tana iya amfani da wadannan abubuwa wajen samar da wani sabon abu.
A cikin wannan aikin, masana kimiyya sun sami damar yin amfani da geometry na origami na Kroesling don ƙirƙirar canji mai sauƙi na inji wanda zai iya kasancewa a cikin jihohi biyu daban-daban, dangane da sigogin shigarwa. Ana iya kwatanta wannan da 0 da 1, waɗanda sune raka'o'in bayanai na gargajiya.
An haɗa na'urorin da aka haifar zuwa tsarin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya na inji mai ikon adana rago 2. Sanin cewa harafi ɗaya yana ɗaukar 8 ragowa (1 byte), tambaya ta taso: nawa za a buƙaci origami irin wannan don rubuta "Yaƙi da Aminci," alal misali.
Masana kimiyya suna da masaniya game da shakku da ci gaban su zai iya haifarwa. Duk da haka, a cewar su, wannan binciken bincike ne a fannin ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa. Bugu da ƙari, origami da aka yi amfani da su a cikin gwaje-gwajen bai kamata ya zama babba ba; ana iya rage girman girman su ba tare da lalata dukiyar su ba.
Ko ta yaya, wannan aikin ba za a iya kiransa na yau da kullun ba, banal ko mai ban sha'awa. Ba koyaushe ana amfani da kimiyya don haɓaka takamaiman wani abu ba, kuma masana kimiyya ba koyaushe suke sanin ainihin abin da suke ƙirƙira ba. Bayan haka, yawancin ƙirƙira da bincike sun kasance sakamakon tambaya mai sauƙi - menene idan?
Godiya da kallon, tsaya sha'awar kuma sami kyakkyawan karshen mako kowa! 🙂
Talla kadan
Na gode da kasancewa tare da mu. Kuna son labaran mu? Kuna son ganin ƙarin abun ciki mai ban sha'awa? Goyon bayan mu ta hanyar ba da oda ko ba da shawara ga abokai, , analog na musamman na sabar matakin shigarwa, wanda mu muka ƙirƙira muku: (akwai tare da RAID1 da RAID10, har zuwa 24 cores kuma har zuwa 40GB DDR4).
Dell R730xd 2x mai rahusa a cibiyar bayanan Equinix Tier IV a Amsterdam? Nan kawai a cikin Netherlands! Dell R420 - 2x E5-2430 2.2Ghz 6C 128GB DDR3 2x960GB SSD 1Gbps 100TB - daga $99! Karanta game da
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