Domin ƙirƙirar aikace-aikacen yanar gizon ku a zamaninmu, bai isa ku sami damar haɓaka shi ba. Wani muhimmin al'amari shine kafa kayan aiki don tura aikace-aikacen, sa ido, da kuma sarrafawa da sarrafa yanayin da yake aiki. Yayin da zamanin turawa da hannu ke gushewa zuwa mantuwa, har ma da kananan ayyuka, kayan aikin sarrafa kansa na iya kawo fa'idodi na gaske. Lokacin tura "da hannu", sau da yawa zamu iya mantawa don motsa wani abu, la'akari da wannan ko wannan nuance, gudanar da gwajin da aka manta, ana iya ci gaba da wannan jerin na dogon lokaci.
Wannan labarin na iya taimaka wa waɗanda kawai ke koyon tushen ƙirƙirar aikace-aikacen yanar gizo kuma suna so su fahimci kaɗan game da ƙa'idodin asali da ƙa'idodi.
Don haka, ana iya raba aikace-aikacen gini zuwa sassa 2: duk abin da ke da alaƙa da lambar aikace-aikacen, da duk abin da ke da alaƙa da yanayin da aka aiwatar da wannan lambar. Lambar aikace-aikacen, bi da bi, an raba shi zuwa lambar uwar garken (wanda ke aiki akan uwar garken, sau da yawa: dabaru na kasuwanci, izini, adana bayanai, da sauransu), da lambar abokin ciniki (wanda ke aiki akan injin mai amfani: sau da yawa. da dubawa, da kuma alaka da dabaru tare da shi).
Bari mu fara da Laraba.
Tushen gudanar da kowace lamba, ko tsarin, ko manhaja ita ce Operating System, don haka a kasa za mu duba tsarin da suka fi shahara a kasuwar hada-hada mu yi musu takaitaccen bayani:
Windows Server - Windows iri ɗaya, amma a cikin bambancin uwar garken. Wasu ayyuka da ake samu a cikin sigar abokin ciniki (na yau da kullun) na Windows ba a nan, alal misali, wasu ayyuka don tattara ƙididdiga da software iri ɗaya, amma akwai saitin abubuwan amfani don gudanar da hanyar sadarwa, software na asali don tura sabar (web, ftp, ...). Gabaɗaya, Windows Server yayi kama da Windows na yau da kullun, quacks kamar Windows na yau da kullun, duk da haka, farashinsa sau 2 fiye da takwaransa na yau da kullun. Koyaya, ganin cewa zaku iya tura aikace-aikacen akan sabar sadaukarwa/tabbatacciyar hanya, farashin ƙarshe a gare ku, kodayake yana iya ƙaruwa, ba shi da mahimmanci. Tun da dandalin Windows ya mamaye babban wuri a cikin kasuwar OS na mabukaci, bugun sabar sa zai zama mafi sabani ga yawancin masu amfani.
Unix-irin tsarin. Ayyukan al'ada a cikin waɗannan tsarin baya buƙatar kasancewar sanannen mu'amala mai hoto, yana ba mai amfani kawai abin na'ura wasan bidiyo azaman abin sarrafawa. Ga mai amfani da bai ƙware ba, yin aiki a wannan tsari na iya zama da wahala, kawai menene kuɗin fita editan rubutu wanda ya shahara a cikin bayanai. Vim, tambayar da ta danganci wannan ta riga ta sami fiye da ra'ayi miliyan 6 a cikin shekaru 1.8. Babban rabon (bugu) na wannan iyali sune: Debian - sanannen rarraba, nau'ikan fakitin da ke cikinsa an fi mai da hankali kan LTS (Tallafin Lokaci - goyon baya na dogon lokaci), wanda aka bayyana a cikin ingantaccen aminci da kwanciyar hankali na tsarin da fakiti; Ubuntu - ya ƙunshi rarraba duk fakiti a cikin sabbin nau'ikan su, wanda zai iya shafar kwanciyar hankali, amma yana ba ku damar amfani da ayyukan da suka zo tare da sabbin nau'ikan; Red Hat Enterprise Linux - OS, wanda aka sanya don amfani da kasuwanci, ana biya, duk da haka, ya haɗa da tallafi daga masu sayar da software, wasu fakitin mallakar mallaka da fakitin direba; CentOS - bude tushen bambancin Red Hat Enterprise Linux, wanda ke nuna rashin fakitin mallakar mallaka da tallafi.
Ga waɗanda suka fara ƙware a wannan yanki, shawarata zata zama tsarin Windows Server, ko Ubuntu. Idan muka yi la'akari da Windows, to wannan shine farkon sanin tsarin. Ubuntu - ƙarin juriya ga sabuntawa, kuma bi da bi, alal misali, ƙananan matsaloli yayin ƙaddamar da ayyuka akan fasahar da ke buƙatar sabbin nau'ikan.
Don haka, bayan yanke shawara akan OS, bari mu matsa zuwa saitin kayan aikin da ke ba ku damar tura (shigar), sabuntawa da saka idanu akan yanayin aikace-aikacen ko sassan sa akan sabar.
Mataki na gaba mai mahimmanci shine sanya aikace-aikacen ku da uwar garken don shi. A halin yanzu, mafi yawan su ne hanyoyi 3:
- Hosting (kiyaye) uwar garken a kan ku shine mafi kyawun zaɓi na kasafin kuɗi, amma dole ne ku yi oda a tsaye IP daga mai ba ku don kada albarkatun ku su canza adireshinsa na tsawon lokaci.
- Hayar Sabar Sabar Sabis (VDS) - kuma tana gudanar da ita da kanta da ma'aunin nauyi
- Biya (sau da yawa suna ba ku zarafi don gwada ayyukan dandamali kyauta) don biyan kuɗi zuwa wasu tallan girgije, inda tsarin biyan kuɗi na albarkatun da ake amfani da su ya zama ruwan dare gama gari. Shahararrun wakilan wannan jagorar: Amazon AWS (suna ba da shekara ta kyauta ta amfani da ayyukan, amma tare da iyakacin wata-wata), Google Cloud (suna ba da $ 300 ga asusun, wanda za'a iya kashewa a cikin shekara akan sabis na tallan girgije) , Yandex.Cloud (suna ba da 4000 rubles . na watanni 2), Microsoft Azure (ba da damar yin amfani da shahararrun ayyuka na shekara guda, + 12 rubles ga kowane sabis na wata daya). Don haka, zaku iya gwada kowane ɗayan waɗannan masu samarwa ba tare da kashe dinari ba, amma samun ra'ayi mai ƙima game da inganci da matakin sabis ɗin da aka bayar.
Dangane da hanyar da aka zaɓa, kawai abin da zai canza a nan gaba shine wanda ke da alhakin wannan ko yankin na gudanarwa. Idan kun karbi bakuncin kanku, to dole ne ku fahimci cewa duk wani katsewar wutar lantarki, Intanet, uwar garken kanta, software da aka sanya a kai - duk wannan yana kan kafadunku gaba ɗaya. Koyaya, don horo da gwaji, wannan ya fi isa.
Idan ba ku da ƙarin injin da zai iya taka rawar uwar garke, to za ku so ku yi amfani da hanya ta biyu ko ta uku. Halin na biyu yayi kama da na farko, ban da cewa kuna matsawa alhakin samar da uwar garke da ikonsa zuwa kafadu na hoster. Gudanar da uwar garken da software har yanzu suna ƙarƙashin ikon ku.
Kuma a ƙarshe, zaɓi na hayar ƙarfin masu samar da girgije. Anan zaku iya saita sarrafawa ta atomatik na kusan komai ba tare da shiga cikin cikakkun bayanai na fasaha ba. Bugu da ƙari, maimakon na'ura ɗaya, za ku iya samun nau'i-nau'i masu kama da juna, waɗanda za su iya, alal misali, alhakin sassa daban-daban na aikace-aikacen, yayin da ba ya bambanta da yawa a farashi daga mallakar sabar sadaukarwa. Har ila yau, akwai kayan aikin ƙungiyar makaɗa, kwantena, jigilar atomatik, ci gaba da haɗin kai da ƙari mai yawa! Za mu kalli wasu daga cikin waɗannan abubuwan a ƙasa.
Gabaɗaya, kayan aikin uwar garken sun yi kama da haka: muna da abin da ake kira “Orchestrator” (“Orchestration” shine tsarin sarrafa yawancin lokutan uwar garken), wanda ke gudanar da canje-canjen muhalli akan misalan uwar garken, akwati na zahiri (na zaɓi, amma sosai). Yawancin lokaci ana amfani da shi), wanda ke ba ku damar raba aikace-aikacen zuwa yadudduka masu ma'ana, da software na Ci gaba - ba da damar sabuntawa zuwa lambar da aka karɓa ta hanyar "scripts."
Don haka, ƙungiyar kade-kade tana ba ku damar ganin matsayin sabobin, fitar da ko mirgine sabuntawa zuwa yanayin uwar garken, da sauransu. Da farko, wannan yanayin ba zai yuwu ya shafe ku ba, tunda don tsara wani abu, kuna buƙatar sabar da yawa (za ku iya samun ɗaya, amma me yasa hakan ya zama dole?), kuma don samun sabar da yawa kuna buƙatar su. Daga cikin kayan aikin da ke cikin wannan jagorar, mafi mashahuri shine Kubernetes, wanda ya haɓaka ta Google.
Mataki na gaba shine haɓakawa a matakin OS. A zamanin yau, manufar "dockerization" ya zama tartsatsi, wanda ya fito daga kayan aiki Docker, wanda ke ba da aikin kwantena da ke ware daga juna, amma an ƙaddamar da shi a cikin mahallin tsarin aiki ɗaya. Menene ma'anar wannan: a cikin kowane ɗayan waɗannan kwantena za ku iya gudanar da aikace-aikacen, ko ma saitin aikace-aikacen, waɗanda za su yarda cewa su kaɗai ne a cikin OS gaba ɗaya, ba tare da zargin kasancewar wani akan wannan na'ura ba. Wannan aikin yana da amfani sosai don ƙaddamar da aikace-aikacen iri daban-daban, ko aikace-aikace ne kawai, da kuma don rarraba guda na aikace-aikace zuwa yadudduka. Ana iya rubuta wannan simintin simintin daga baya cikin hoto, wanda za'a iya amfani dashi, misali, don tura aikace-aikace. Wato, ta hanyar shigar da wannan hoton da kuma tura kwantenan da ke cikinsa, za ku sami yanayin da aka tsara don gudanar da aikace-aikacenku! A cikin matakai na farko, zaku iya amfani da wannan kayan aikin duka don dalilai na bayanai kuma don samun fa'idodi na gaske ta hanyar rarraba dabaru na aikace-aikacen zuwa yadudduka daban-daban. Amma yana da kyau a faɗi a nan cewa ba kowa yana buƙatar dockerization ba, kuma ba koyaushe ba. Dockerization yana da barata a cikin lokuta inda aikace-aikacen ya kasance "rarrabe", rarraba zuwa ƙananan sassa, kowannensu yana da alhakin aikinsa, abin da ake kira "microservice architecture".
Bugu da kari, baya ga samar da yanayi, muna bukatar mu tabbatar da ingantaccen tura aikace-aikacen, wanda ya haɗa da kowane nau'in sauye-sauye na code, shigar da ɗakunan karatu da fakiti masu alaƙa da aikace-aikacen, gwaje-gwajen gudana, sanarwa game da waɗannan ayyukan, da sauransu. Anan muna buƙatar kula da irin wannan ra'ayi kamar "Ci gaba da Haɗin kai" (CI - Ci gaba da Haɗuwa). Babban kayan aikin wannan yanki a halin yanzu shine Jenkins ( CI software da aka rubuta a Java na iya zama kamar ɗan rikitarwa a farkon), Travis CI (an rubuta a cikin Ruby, na zahiri, da ɗan sauƙi Jenkins, duk da haka, har yanzu ana buƙatar wasu ilimi a fagen daidaitawar turawa), Gitlab CI (an rubuta a kan Ruby da Go).
Don haka, bayan yin magana game da yanayin da aikace-aikacenku zai yi aiki, lokaci ya yi da za ku duba ƙarshe ga irin kayan aikin da duniyar zamani ke ba mu don ƙirƙirar waɗannan aikace-aikace.
Bari mu fara da abubuwa masu mahimmanci: backend (bayan baya) - ɓangaren uwar garken. Zaɓin harshe, saitin ayyuka na asali da ƙayyadaddun tsari (tsarin) a nan an ƙaddara shi ne ta hanyar abubuwan da ake so, amma duk da haka, yana da kyau a ambaci don la'akari (ra'ayin marubucin game da harsuna yana da mahimmanci, ko da yake tare da da'awar). zuwa bayanin mara son zuciya):
- Python harshe ne na abokantaka na gaskiya ga mai amfani da bashi da kwarewa, yana gafarta wasu kurakurai, amma kuma yana iya zama mai tsauri ga mai haɓakawa don kada ya yi wani abu mara kyau. Riga wani fairly balagagge da ma'ana harshe, wanda ya bayyana a 1991.
- Go - harshe daga Google, kuma yana da abokantaka kuma mai dacewa, yana da sauƙin tattarawa da samun fayil mai aiwatarwa akan kowane dandamali. Yana iya zama mai sauƙi kuma mai daɗi, ko kuma yana iya zama mai rikitarwa da tsanani. Sabo da matasa, sun bayyana kwanan nan, a cikin 2009.
- Tsatsa ya ɗan girmi abokin aikin sa na baya, wanda aka saki a cikin 2006, amma har yanzu yana da matashi sosai idan aka kwatanta da takwarorinsa. An yi niyya ga ƙwararrun ƙwararrun masu haɓakawa, kodayake har yanzu yana ƙoƙarin warware yawancin ayyuka marasa ƙarfi ga mai tsara shirye-shirye.
- Java tsohon soja ne na ci gaban kasuwanci, wanda aka gabatar a cikin 1995, kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin yarukan da aka fi amfani da su wajen haɓaka aikace-aikacen kasuwanci a yau. Tare da ainihin ra'ayoyinsa da saiti mai nauyi, lokacin gudu na iya zama ƙalubale ga mafari.
- ASP.net dandamali ne na haɓaka aikace-aikacen da Microsoft ya fitar. Don rubuta aiki, ana amfani da yaren C # (lafazin C Sharp), wanda ya bayyana a cikin 2000. Rukunin sa yana kwatankwacin matakin tsakanin Java da Tsatsa.
- PHP, wanda aka fara amfani da shi don ƙaddamar da HTML, a halin yanzu, ko da yake yana riƙe da cikakken jagoranci a cikin kasuwar harshe, akwai yanayi na raguwar amfani. Yana da ƙananan ƙofar shiga da sauƙi na lambar rubutu, amma a lokaci guda, lokacin haɓaka manyan aikace-aikace masu kyau, aikin harshe bazai isa ba.
To, ɓangaren ƙarshe na aikace-aikacen mu - mafi dacewa ga mai amfani - Frontend (frontend) - shine fuskar aikace-aikacen ku; tare da wannan ɓangaren ne mai amfani ke hulɗa kai tsaye.
Ba tare da shiga cikin cikakkun bayanai ba, gaba na zamani yana tsaye a kan ginshiƙai uku, tsarin (kuma ba da yawa ba), don ƙirƙirar masu amfani da musaya. Saboda haka, mafi shahararru guda uku sune:
- ReactJS ba tsari bane, amma ɗakin karatu. A zahiri, tsarin ya bambanta da taken girman kai kawai idan babu wasu ayyuka "daga cikin akwatin" da buƙatar shigar da su da hannu. Don haka, akwai bambance-bambancen da yawa na “shirya” na wannan ɗakin karatu, waɗanda ke samar da tsari na musamman. Zai iya zama ɗan wahala ga mafari, saboda wasu ƙa'idodi na asali, da kuma saitin yanayin ginin. Koyaya, don farawa mai sauri, zaku iya amfani da kunshin "create-react-app".
- VueJS tsari ne don gina mu'amalar mai amfani. Daga cikin wannan Triniti, da kyau yana ɗaukar taken mafi kyawun tsarin abokantaka; don haɓakawa a Vue, shingen shiga ya yi ƙasa da na sauran ƴan'uwan da aka ambata. Bugu da ƙari, shi ne ƙarami a cikinsu.
- Angular ana la'akari da mafi hadaddun waɗannan tsarin, wanda kawai yake buƙata Nau'inAbubakar (ƙara don harshen Javascript). Yawancin lokaci ana amfani da su don gina manyan aikace-aikacen kasuwanci.
Taƙaice abin da aka rubuta a sama, za mu iya ƙarasa cewa yanzu tura aikace-aikacen ya bambanta da yadda wannan tsari ya gudana a baya. Duk da haka, babu wanda zai hana ku yin "turawa" tsohuwar hanyar da aka tsara. Amma shin ɗan ƙaramin lokacin da aka adana a farkon ya cancanci yawan kurakuran da maginin da ya zaɓi wannan hanyar zai taka? Na yi imani amsar ita ce a'a. Ta hanyar ba da ɗan lokaci kaɗan sanin kanka da waɗannan kayan aikin (kuma ba kwa buƙatar fiye da haka, saboda kuna buƙatar fahimtar ko kuna buƙatar su a cikin aikinku na yanzu ko a'a), zaku iya wasa da shi, ragewa sosai, misali. , lokuta na kurakuran fatalwa dangane da yanayin da ke bayyana kawai akan uwar garken samarwa, nazarin dare na abin da ya haifar da hadarin uwar garke da dalilin da yasa ba zai fara ba, da yawa.
source: www.habr.com