A ranar 5 ga Fabrairu na wannan shekara, an amince da sabon ma'auni don 10-Mbit Ethernet. Ee, kuna karanta wannan dama: megabits goma a cikin daƙiƙa guda.
Me yasa ake buƙatar irin wannan "ƙananan" gudun a cikin karni na 21st? Don maye gurbin gidan zoo da ke ɓoye a ƙarƙashin sunan mai ƙarfi "Bas filin" - Profibus, Modbus, CC-Link, CAN, FlexRay, HART, da sauransu. Akwai da yawa daga cikinsu, ba su dace da juna ba kuma suna da wahalar daidaitawa. Amma kawai kuna son toshe kebul ɗin a cikin maɓalli, kuma shi ke nan. Daidai da tare da Ethernet na yau da kullun.
Kuma ba da daɗewa ba zai yiwu! Haɗu: "802.3cg-2019 - IEEE Standard for Ethernet - Kwaskwarima 5: Ƙimar Layer na Jiki da Ma'auni na Gudanarwa don Aiki na 10 Mb/s da Haɗaɗɗen Ƙarfin Wuta akan Madaidaicin Biyu na Masu Gudanarwa."
Menene abin farin ciki game da wannan sabon Ethernet? Da farko, yana aiki a kan karkatattun biyu, kuma ba sama da huɗu ba. Saboda haka, yana da ƙananan haši da ƙananan igiyoyi. Kuma zaku iya amfani da kebul ɗin da aka riga aka shimfiɗa ta zuwa na'urori masu auna firikwensin da masu kunnawa.
Kuna iya jayayya cewa Ethernet yana aiki har zuwa mita 100, amma na'urori masu auna firikwensin suna nan gaba. Lallai wannan ya kasance matsala. Amma 802.3cg yana aiki a nesa har zuwa 1 km! Biyu ɗaya a lokaci guda! Ba sharri ba?
A zahiri, har ma mafi kyau: Hakanan ana iya ba da wutar lantarki ta hanyar guda biyu. Daga nan za mu fara.
IEEE 802.3bu Ƙarfin Layin Bayanai (PoDL)
Ina tsammanin da yawa daga cikinku sun ji labarin PoE (Power over Ethernet) kuma sun san cewa ana buƙatar nau'i-nau'i na wayoyi 2 don watsa wutar lantarki. Ana yin shigar da wutar lantarki/fitarwa a tsakiyar wuraren tasfofi na kowane nau'i biyu. Ba za a iya yin wannan ta amfani da guda biyu ba. Saboda haka, dole ne mu yi shi daban. Yadda aka nuna daidai a cikin hoton da ke ƙasa. Misali, classic PoE shima an kara shi.
A nan:
PSE - Kayan aikin samar da wutar lantarki (samar da wutar lantarki)
PD - na'urar da aka yi amfani da ita (na'urar nesa mai amfani da wutar lantarki)
Da farko, 802.3bu yana da nau'ikan wutar lantarki guda 10:
Uku na al'ada gradations na tushen ƙarfin lantarki suna haskaka a launi: 12, 24 da 48V.
Zane-zane:
Vpse - ƙarfin wutar lantarki, V
Vpd min - ƙaramin ƙarfin lantarki akan PD, V
I max - matsakaicin halin yanzu a cikin layi, A
PPd max - matsakaicin ikon amfani PD, W
Tare da zuwan ka'idar 802.3cg, an ƙara ƙarin azuzuwan 6:
Tabbas, tare da irin wannan bambancin, PSE da PD dole ne su amince da ajin wutar lantarki kafin yin amfani da cikakken ƙarfin lantarki. Ana yin wannan ta amfani da SCCP (Serial Communications Classification Protocol). Wannan ƙa'idar ƙaƙƙarfan ƙa'idar ce (333 bps) dangane da 1-Wire. Yana aiki ne kawai lokacin da ba a ba da babbar wutar lantarki zuwa layi ba (ciki har da yanayin barci).
Tsarin toshe yana nuna yadda ake ba da wutar lantarki:
- Ana ba da halin yanzu na 10mA kuma ana duba kasancewar diode 4V zener a ƙarshen.
- ikon ajin an amince da
- babban iko yana kawota
- idan amfani ya faɗi ƙasa da 10mA, yanayin barci yana kunna (samar da ikon jiran aiki 3.3V)
- idan amfani ya wuce 1mA, yanayin barci ya fita
Babu buƙatar yarda akan ajin abinci idan an san shi a gaba. Ana kiran wannan zaɓin Fast Startup Mode. Ana amfani da shi, alal misali, a cikin motoci, saboda babu buƙatar canza saitin kayan aikin da aka haɗa.
Dukansu PSE da PD na iya fara yanayin barci.
Yanzu bari mu matsa zuwa bayanin canja wurin bayanai. Har ila yau, yana da ban sha'awa a can: ma'auni yana bayyana hanyoyin aiki guda biyu - dogon zango da gajere.
10 BASE-T1L
Wannan zaɓi ne mai nisa. Babban halayen su ne kamar haka:
- iyaka - har zuwa 1 km
- conductors 18AWG (0.8mm2)
- har zuwa masu haɗin tsaka-tsaki guda 10 (da masu haɗin tasha biyu)
- Yanayin aiki aya-zuwa-aya
- cikakken duplex
- alamar alama 7.5 Mbaud
- PAM-3 daidaitawa, 4B3T rikodi
- sigina tare da amplitude 1V (1Vpp) ko 2.4V
- Taimakon Ethernet Earfin Ƙarfi ("shiru/sakewa" EEE).
Babu shakka, wannan zaɓin an yi niyya ne don aikace-aikacen masana'antu, tsarin kula da samun dama, injina na gini, lif. Don sarrafa na'urorin sanyaya, na'urorin sanyaya iska, da fanfo dake kan rufin rufin. Ko dumama tukunyar jirgi da famfo dake cikin dakunan fasaha. Wato akwai aikace-aikace daban-daban da yawa ban da masana'antu. Ba a ma maganar Intanet na Abubuwa (IoT).
Yana da kyau a faɗi cewa 10BASE-T1 ɗaya ce kawai daga cikin ka'idodin Single Pair Ethernet (SPE). Hakanan akwai 100BASE-T1 (802.3bw) da 1000BASE-T1 (802.3bp). Gaskiya ne, an haɓaka su don aikace-aikacen motoci, don haka kewayon akwai kawai 15 (UTP) ko mita 40 (STP). Koyaya, shirye-shiryen sun riga sun haɗa da dogon zangon 100BASE-T1L. Don haka a nan gaba za su ƙara yin shawarwari ta atomatik na sauri.
A halin yanzu, ba a amfani da daidaitawa - an bayyana "saurin farawa" na dubawa: ƙasa da 100ms daga wutar lantarki zuwa farkon musayar bayanai.
Wani zaɓi (na zaɓi) shine ƙara girman watsawa daga 1 zuwa 2.4V don haɓaka siginar sigina zuwa amo, rage yawan kurakurai, da magance tsangwama na masana'antu.
Kuma, ba shakka, EE. Wannan wata hanya ce ta ceto wutar lantarki ta hanyar kashe na'urar sadarwa idan babu bayanan da za a iya watsawa a halin yanzu. Jadawalin yana nuna yadda wannan yayi kama:
Babu bayanai - muna aika saƙon "Na kwanta barci" kuma mun cire haɗin. Wani lokaci muna farkawa kuma mu aika saƙon "Har yanzu ina nan." Lokacin da bayanai suka bayyana, ana faɗakar da kishiyar gefen "Ina tashi" kuma ana fara watsawa. Wato masu karɓa ne kawai suke aiki akai-akai.
Yanzu bari mu ga abin da suka fito da siga na biyu na ma'auni.
10 BASE-T1S
Tuni daga harafin ƙarshe ya bayyana a sarari cewa wannan ka'ida ce ta ɗan gajeren nisa. Amma me yasa ake buƙata idan T1L yana aiki a ɗan gajeren nesa? Karatun halayen:
- kewayo har zuwa 15m a yanayin nuni-zuwa-aya
- duplex ko rabin duplex
- проводники 24-26AWG (0.2-0.13мм2)
- alamar alama 12.5 Mbaud
- DME, codeing 4B5B
- Sigina tare da amplitude 1V (1Vpp)
- har zuwa masu haɗin tsaka-tsaki 4 (da masu haɗin tasha biyu)
- babu goyon bayan EEE
Da alama babu wani abu na musamman. To don me? Amma don wannan:
- kewayo har zuwa 25m a cikin yanayin multipoint (har zuwa kullin 8)
Kuma wannan:
- Yanayin aiki tare da gujewa karo PLCA RS (Madaidaicin Matsayin Kaucewa Sasantawar Sulhun PHY)
Kuma wannan ya fi ban sha'awa, ko ba haka ba? Domin yana taimakawa sosai wajen rage adadin wayoyi a cikin kabad, inji, robobi, da motoci. Kuma an riga an sami shawarwari don amfani da shi azaman maye gurbin I2C a cikin sabobin, masu sauyawa da sauran kayan lantarki.
Amma yanayin multipoint yana da nasa drawbacks. Babban shine hanyar watsa bayanai da aka raba. Tabbas, ana magance haɗuwa ta amfani da CSMA/CD. Sai dai ba a san ko menene jinkirin zai kasance ba. Kuma ga wasu aikace-aikace wannan yana da mahimmanci. Saboda haka, a cikin sabon ma'auni, an ƙara multipoint tare da yanayin PLCA RS na musamman (duba sashe na gaba).
Sakamakon na biyu shine cewa PoDL baya aiki a cikin multipoint. Wato, dole ne a ba da wutar lantarki ta hanyar kebul na daban ko kuma a ɗauka a wani wuri a wurin.
Koyaya, a cikin yanayin batu-zuwa, PoDL shima yana aiki akan T1S.
Farashin PLCA RS
Wannan yanayin yana aiki kamar haka:
- nodes suna rarraba masu ganowa a tsakanin su, kumburin tare da ID=0 ya zama mai gudanarwa
- mai gudanarwa yana ba da siginar BEACON zuwa cibiyar sadarwar, yana nuna farkon sabon yanayin watsawa da watsa fakitin bayanan sa.
- bayan aika fakitin bayanai, layin watsawa yana motsawa zuwa kumburi na gaba
- idan kumburin bai fara watsawa cikin lokacin da ake buƙata don watsa ragi 20 ba, layin yana motsawa zuwa kumburi na gaba.
- lokacin da duk nodes sun watsa bayanai (ko suka tsallake juyowarsu), mai gudanarwa zai fara sabon zagayowar
Gabaɗaya yana kama da TDMA. Amma tare da peculiarity cewa kumburi ba ya amfani da lokacinsa idan ba shi da wani abu da za a watsa. Kuma girman firam ɗin ba a bayyana shi sosai ba, saboda ... ya dogara da girman fakitin bayanan da kumburi ke watsawa. Kuma duk yana gudana a saman daidaitattun firam ɗin 802.3 Ethernet (PLCA RS na zaɓi ne, don haka yakamata a sami dacewa).
Ana nuna sakamakon amfani da PLCA a ƙasa a cikin jadawali. Na farko shine jinkirin dangane da kaya, na biyu shine abin da ake samarwa dangane da adadin nodes masu watsawa. A bayyane yake a bayyane cewa jinkirin ya zama abin tsinkaya sosai. Kuma a cikin mafi munin yanayi yana da umarni 2 na girma ƙasa da mafi munin yanayin CSMA/CD:
Kuma ikon tashar a cikin yanayin PLCA ya fi girma, saboda ba a kashe shi don magance karo:
Masu haɗin
Da farko, mun zaɓi daga zaɓuɓɓukan masu haɗawa guda 6 waɗanda kamfanoni daban-daban ke bayarwa. A sakamakon haka, mun daidaita akan waɗannan zaɓuɓɓuka guda biyu:
Don yanayin aiki na yau da kullun, an zaɓi mahaɗin IEC 63171-1 LC CommScope.
Don matsananciyar yanayi - IEC 63171-6 (tsohon 61076-3-125) dangi mai haɗawa daga HARTING. An tsara waɗannan masu haɗin don matakan kariya daga IP20 zuwa IP67.
Tabbas, masu haɗawa da igiyoyi na iya zama ko dai UTP ko STP.
Wasu
Kuna iya amfani da kebul na Ethernet guda huɗu na yau da kullun, ta amfani da kowane nau'i don tashar SPE daban. Don kada a ja igiyoyi daban-daban guda hudu a wani wuri mai nisa. Ko amfani da kebul guda biyu, kuma shigar da maɓalli guda ɗaya na Ethernet a ƙarshen nesa.
Ko kuma za ku iya haɗa wannan canjin kai tsaye zuwa cibiyar sadarwar gida ta kamfanin, idan an riga an tsawaita hanyar sadarwa ta nisa mai nisa ta hanyar fiber optics. Sanya na'urori masu auna firikwensin a ciki, kuma karanta karatun daga gare su anan. Kai tsaye a kan hanyar sadarwa. Ba tare da masu juyawa da ƙofofin ba.
Kuma waɗannan ba lallai ba ne su zama firikwensin. Ana iya samun kyamarori na bidiyo, intercoms ko fitilun fitilu masu wayo. Tuba na wasu bawuloli ko juyi a mashigai.
Don haka al'amuran suna buɗewa mai ban sha'awa. Yana da wuya, ba shakka, cewa SPE zai maye gurbin duk bas ɗin filin. Amma zai fitar da su daidai gwargwado. Lallai a cikin motoci.
PS Ban sami rubutun ma'auni a cikin jama'a ba. An tattara bayanan da ke sama bi-da-bi-da-bi daga gabatarwa da kayan da ake samu a Intanet. Don haka ana iya samun kurakurai a cikinsa.
source: www.habr.com