Muna magana ne game da mutanen nan gaba waɗanda ke yanke babban kwanan wata. A cikin shekaru ashirin da suka gabata, adadin bayanan nazarin halittu da za a iya tantancewa ya karu da yawa saboda jerin kwayoyin halittar ɗan adam. Kafin wannan, ba ma iya tunanin cewa ta wajen yin amfani da bayanan da aka adana a zahiri a cikin jininmu, za a iya sanin asalinmu, mu bincika yadda jiki zai yi game da wasu magunguna, har ma ya canza gadonmu na halitta.
Wannan da sauran labaran sun fara bayyana a ciki a gidan yanar gizon mu. Ji dadin karatu.
Halayen matsakaicin masanin ilimin halitta iri ɗaya ne da na mai shirye-shirye - jajayen idanu, matsananciyar matsayi da alamomi daga kofuna na kofi akan tebur. Duk da haka, a wannan tebur aikin ba a kan m algorithms da umarni, amma a kan code na yanayi kanta, wanda zai iya gaya mana da yawa game da mu da kuma duniya da ke kewaye da mu.
Kwararru a cikin wannan fanni suna hulɗa da bayanai masu yawa (misali, sakamakon jerin kwayoyin halittar mutum ɗaya yana ɗaukar kimanin gigabytes 100). Don haka, sarrafa irin wannan tarin bayanai yana buƙatar hanyoyin Kimiyyar Bayanai da kayan aiki. Yana da ma'ana cewa mai cin nasara bioinformatician ya kamata ya fahimci ba kawai ilmin halitta da ilmin sunadarai ba, har ma da hanyoyin bincike na bayanai, kididdiga da lissafi - wannan ya sa sana'arsa ta zama mai wuya kuma a cikin buƙata. Ana buƙatar irin waɗannan ƙwararrun musamman a fannonin sabbin magunguna da haɓaka magunguna. Kattai masu fasaha kamar IBM da Intel , sadaukar don nazarin bioinformatics.
Menene ake ɗauka don zama bioinformatician?
- Biology da Chemistry (matakin jami'a);
- Matstat, algebra na layi, ka'idar yiwuwar;
- Harsunan shirye-shirye (Python da R, galibi suna amfani da C ++);
- Don tsarin bioinformatics: fahimtar nazarin lissafi da ka'idar daidaitawa daban-daban.
Kuna iya shigar da filin bioinformatics tare da asalin ilimin halitta da ilimin shirye-shirye da lissafi. Ga tsohon, yin aiki tare da shirye-shiryen bioinformatics da aka shirya ya dace, don na ƙarshe, ƙarin bayanin martabar algorithmic na ƙwararrun.
Menene masu binciken bioinformatics suke yi?
Bioinformatics na zamani ya kasu kashi biyu manyan rassa - tsarin bioinformatics da jerin bioinformatics. A cikin yanayin farko, muna ganin mutum yana zaune a gaban kwamfuta yana gudanar da shirye-shiryen da ke taimakawa nazarin abubuwan halitta (misali, DNA ko proteins) a cikin abubuwan gani na 3D. Suna gina nau'ikan kwamfuta waɗanda ke ba da damar yin hasashen yadda ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyi za su yi mu'amala da furotin, yadda tsarin sarari na furotin yake kama da ita a cikin tantanin halitta, menene kaddarorin kwayoyin ke bayyana mu'amalarsa da tsarin salula, da sauransu.
Tsarin bioinformatics hanyoyin ana amfani da rayayye duka biyu a ilimi kimiyya da kuma masana'antu: yana da wuya a yi tunanin wani Pharmaceutical kamfanin da zai iya yi ba tare da irin wannan kwararru. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, hanyoyin kwamfuta sun sauƙaƙa tsarin neman hanyoyin da za a iya amfani da su, suna sa haɓakar magunguna ya zama mafi sauri da rahusa tsari.
SARS-CoV-2 RNA-dogara RNA polymerase (hagu), kazalika da haɗin gwiwa tare da RNA duplex.
Menene kwayoyin halitta?
Halittar kwayoyin halitta shine dukkanin bayanai game da tsarin gadon kwayoyin halitta. A kusan dukkanin halittu masu rai, mai ɗaukar kwayar halitta DNA, amma akwai kwayoyin halitta waɗanda ke watsa bayanan gadonsu ta hanyar RNA. Kwayoyin halittar kwayar halitta suna yada daga iyaye zuwa yara, kuma yayin wannan tsarin watsawa, kurakurai da ake kira maye gurbi na iya faruwa.
Ma'amalar maganin remdesivir tare da RNA polymerase mai dogaro da RNA na kwayar cutar SARS-CoV-2.
Sequence bioinformatics yana hulɗar da babban matakin tsari na kwayoyin halitta - daga nucleotides guda ɗaya, DNA da kwayoyin halitta, zuwa genomes gabaɗaya da kwatancensu da juna.
Ka yi tunanin mutumin da ya gani a gabansa jerin haruffan haruffa (amma ba mai sauƙi ba, amma kwayoyin halitta ko amino acid) kuma ya nemi alamu a cikinsu, yana bayyanawa da tabbatar da su ta hanyar ƙididdiga, ta hanyar amfani da hanyar kwamfuta. Sequence bioinformatics yayi bayanin abin da maye gurbi ke da alaƙa da wata cuta ko dalilin da yasa abubuwa masu cutarwa ke taruwa a cikin jinin majiyyaci. Baya ga bayanan likita, masu binciken bioinformaticians na jerin suna nazarin tsarin rarraba kwayoyin halitta a fadin duniya, bambancin yawan jama'a tsakanin kungiyoyin dabbobi, da matsayi da ayyuka na takamaiman kwayoyin halitta. Godiya ga wannan kimiyya, yana yiwuwa a gwada tasirin kwayoyi da kuma nazarin hanyoyin nazarin halittu waɗanda ke bayyana ayyukansu.
Alal misali, godiya ga nazarin bioinformatics, an gano maye gurbin da ke haifar da ci gaban cystic fibrosis, cutar monoogenic da ta haifar da rushewar kwayar halittar daya daga cikin tashoshi na chloride. Kuma yanzu mun san da yawa mafi kyau wanda shi ne mafi kusa nazarin halittu dangi na mutum da kuma yadda kakanninmu zauna a kusa da duniya. Bugu da ƙari, kowane mutum, ta hanyar karanta kwayoyin halittarsa, zai iya gano daga inda iyalinsa suka fito da kuma kabilar da yake. Yawancin kasashen waje (, ) da Rashanci (, ) ayyuka suna ba ku damar samun wannan sabis ɗin akan farashi mai sauƙi (kimanin 20 dubu rubles).
Sakamakon binciken gwajin DNA don asali da alaƙar jama'a daga MyHeritage.
Sakamakon gwajin yawan DNA daga 23andMe.
Yaya ake karanta genome?
A yau, jerin kwayoyin halitta hanya ce ta yau da kullun wacce zata kashe kowa kusan dubu rubles (ciki har da Rasha). Don karanta kwayoyin halittar ku, kawai kuna buƙatar bayar da gudummawar jini daga jijiya a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje na musamman: a cikin makonni biyu za ku sami sakamakon da aka gama tare da cikakken bayanin halayen halittar ku. Baya ga kwayoyin halittar ku, zaku iya yin nazarin kwayoyin halittar microbiota na hanji: zaku koyi halayen kwayoyin cuta da ke cikin tsarin narkewar ku, sannan ku sami shawarwari daga kwararrun masana abinci mai gina jiki.
Za a iya karanta kwayoyin halitta ta hanyar amfani da hanyoyi daban-daban, daya daga cikin manyan yanzu shine abin da ake kira "sequencing na gaba". Don aiwatar da wannan hanya, dole ne a fara samo samfuran halitta. Kowane tantanin halitta yana da kwayar halitta iri daya, don haka galibi ana daukar jini don karanta kwayar halittar (wannan shine mafi sauki). Kwayoyin sai su rushe kuma su ware DNA daga kowane abu. Sa'an nan, sakamakon DNA ya rabu zuwa kananan guda da yawa da kuma musamman adaftan "dika" ga kowane daga cikinsu - artificially hada da sananniya jerin nucleotide. Sa'an nan kuma an raba sassan DNA, kuma an haɗa nau'i-nau'i guda ɗaya ta hanyar amfani da adaftan zuwa faranti na musamman wanda ake aiwatar da tsarin. A lokacin jeri, an ƙara ƙarin maƙallan nucleotides masu kyawu zuwa jerin DNA. Kowane nau'in nucleotide mai lakabin, idan an haɗa shi, yana fitar da wani haske na wani tsayin tsayi, wanda aka rubuta akan kwamfutar. Wannan shine yadda kwamfutar ke karanta gajerun jeri na ainihin DNA, wanda sai a haɗa su cikin ainihin kwayar halitta ta hanyar amfani da algorithms na musamman.
Misalin bayanan da jerin bioinformaticians ke aiki tare da: jeri na amino acid.
A ina masu nazarin halittu ke aiki kuma nawa suke samu?
Hanyar bioinformatics an raba bisa ga al'ada zuwa manyan fannoni biyu - masana'antu da kimiyya. Sana'a a matsayin masanin kimiyyar bioinformatics yawanci tana farawa da matsayin digiri a wata babbar cibiya. Da farko, masu ilimin kimiyyar halittu suna karɓar albashin tushe bisa ga cibiyar su, adadin tallafin da suke shiga, da adadin alaƙarsu - wuraren da aka yi musu aiki a kai a kai. A tsawon lokaci, adadin tallafi da alaƙa suna girma, kuma bayan kimanin shekaru biyu na aiki a cikin yanayin ilimi, masanin ilimin halittu yana karɓar matsakaicin albashi (70-80 dubu rubles), amma mai yawa ya dogara da himma da aiki tuƙuru. Kwararrun masana ilimin halittu sun ƙare suna gudanar da nasu dakunan gwaje-gwaje a yankunansu na ƙwarewa.
A ina kuke nazarin bioinformatics?
- Jami'ar Jihar Moscow - Faculty of Bioengineering da Bioinformatics
- HSE - Binciken Bayanai a Biology da Magunguna (Shirin Jagora)
- MIPT - Sashen Bioinformatics
- Cibiyar Bioinformatics (NPO)
Ba kamar makarantar kimiyya ba, babu wanda ke cikin masana'antar da zai kashe lokacinsa yana koya wa ma'aikaci ƙwarewar da ake buƙata, don haka samun wurin yawanci yana da wahala. Hanyar sana'a ta masanin ilimin halittu a cikin masana'antu ya bambanta sosai dangane da ƙwarewarsu da wurinsu. A matsakaita, albashi a wannan fanni yana canzawa dubu rubles, dangane da kwarewa da ƙwarewa.
Shahararrun masana bioinformatics
Tarihin bioinformatics za a iya koma baya ga Frederick Sanger, masanin kimiyya dan kasar Ingila wanda ya samu kyautar Nobel a fannin ilmin sinadarai a shekarar 1980 domin gano hanyar karanta jerin DNA. Tun daga wannan lokacin, hanyoyin karatun jeri sun inganta kowace shekara, amma hanyar "Sanger sequencing" ta zama tushen duk ƙarin bincike a wannan yanki.
Af, yawancin shirye-shiryen da masana kimiyyar Rasha suka kirkira yanzu ana amfani da su sosai a duk faɗin duniya - alal misali, mai haɗawa da genome. , - St. Petersburg genome assembler, wanda aka kirkira a Cibiyar St.
Ganowa da nasarorin bioinformatics
A zamanin yau, masu binciken bioinformatics suna yin bincike mai amfani da yawa. Ba zai yuwu ba a yi tunanin haɓakar magunguna don coronavirus ba tare da tantance kwayar halittar sa da kuma hadadden binciken bioinformatics na hanyoyin da ke faruwa yayin cutar ba. Ƙasashen Duniya Masana kimiyya da ke amfani da kwatankwacin ilimin genomics da hanyoyin koyon injin sun sami damar fahimtar abin da coronaviruses ke da alaƙa da sauran ƙwayoyin cuta.
Ya bayyana cewa ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan fasalulluka shine ƙarfafa siginonin ganowa na nukiliya (NLS) na ƙwayoyin cuta masu haɗari waɗanda ke faruwa a lokacin juyin halitta. Wannan bincike zai iya taimakawa wajen nazarin nau'ikan ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda za su iya zama haɗari ga ɗan adam a nan gaba, kuma watakila haifar da haɓakar magunguna na rigakafi.
Bugu da ƙari, masu ilimin halitta sun taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen haɓaka sababbin hanyoyin gyaran kwayoyin halitta, musamman tsarin CRISPR / Cas9 (fasaha na tushen tsarin rigakafi. ). Godiya ga binciken bioinformatics na tsarin waɗannan sunadaran da haɓakar juyin halittar su, daidaito da ingancin wannan tsarin ya ƙaru sosai a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, wanda ya ba da damar da gangan gyara genomes na halittu da yawa (ciki har da mutane).
Kuna iya samun sana'a da ake nema daga karce ko Matsayin Sama dangane da ƙwarewa da albashi ta hanyar ɗaukar darussan kan layi na SkillFactory:
Ƙarin darussa
source: www.habr.com