Gabatarwar
An tsara tsarin bayanai daga mahangar mai amfani da kyau a cikin GOST RV 51987 - "tsarin sarrafa kansa, wanda sakamakonsa shine gabatar da bayanan fitarwa don amfani na gaba." Idan muka yi la'akari da tsarin cikin gida, to, a zahiri kowane IS tsarin ne na algorithms masu alaƙa da aka aiwatar a cikin lamba. A cikin faffadan ma'anar littafin Turing-Church, algorithm (ko IS) yana canza saitin bayanan shigarwa zuwa saitin bayanan fitarwa.
Wani ma yana iya cewa canza bayanan shigar da bayanai shine ma'anar wanzuwar tsarin bayanai. A kan haka, ana kayyade ƙimar IS da ɗaukacin hadaddun IS ta hanyar ƙimar bayanan shigarwa da fitarwa.
Bisa ga wannan, ƙira dole ne ya fara kuma ya kasance mai sarrafa bayanai, daidaita gine-gine da hanyoyin zuwa tsari da mahimmancin bayanai.
Adana bayanai
Mahimmin mataki a cikin shirye-shiryen ƙira shine samun halayen duk bayanan da aka tsara don sarrafawa da adanawa. Waɗannan halayen sun haɗa da:
- Girman bayanai;
- Bayani game da yanayin rayuwa na bayanai (ci gaban sabbin bayanai, tsawon rayuwa, sarrafa bayanan da ba su daɗe ba);
- Rarraba bayanai daga ra'ayi tasiri a kan ainihin kasuwancin kamfanin (triad na sirri, mutunci, samuwa) tare da alamun kudi (misali, farashin asarar bayanai a cikin sa'a na ƙarshe);
- Geography na sarrafa bayanai (wurin jiki na tsarin sarrafawa);
- Abubuwan da ake buƙata don kowane aji na bayanai (misali, Dokar Tarayya-152, PCI DSS).
Tsarin Bayanai
Ba a adana bayanai kawai ba, har ma ana sarrafa su (canzawa) ta tsarin bayanai. Mataki na gaba bayan samun sifofin bayanai shine mafi cikar ƙirƙira na tsarin bayanai, fasalin gine-ginen su, haɗin kai da buƙatun ababen more rayuwa a cikin raka'a na al'ada don nau'ikan albarkatu huɗu:
- ikon sarrafa kwamfuta;
- Adadin RAM;
- Abubuwan buƙatun don ƙarar da aikin tsarin adana bayanai;
- Abubuwan buƙatun don sadarwar watsa bayanai (tashoshi na waje, tashoshi tsakanin abubuwan IS).
A wannan yanayin, dole ne a sami buƙatu don kowane sabis / ƙaramin sabis a matsayin ɓangare na IS.
Na dabam, yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa, don daidaitaccen ƙira, samun bayanai game da tasirin IS akan babban kasuwancin kamfanin a cikin nau'in farashin IS downtime (rubles a kowace awa) ya zama dole.
Samfurin barazana
Dole ne a sami samfurin barazana wanda aka tsara shi don kare bayanai/aiyuka. Bugu da ƙari, samfurin barazanar ya haɗa da ba kawai abubuwan sirri ba, amma har da mutunci da samuwa. Wadancan. Misali:
- gazawar uwar garken jiki;
- Rashin gazawar canjin saman-da-rack;
- Rushewar tashar sadarwa ta gani tsakanin cibiyoyin bayanai;
- Rashin gazawar dukkan tsarin ajiya mai aiki.
A wasu lokuta, ana rubuta ƙirar barazanar ba kawai don abubuwan abubuwan more rayuwa ba, har ma don takamaiman tsarin bayanai ko abubuwan haɗinsu, kamar gazawar DBMS tare da lalata ma'ana ta tsarin bayanai.
Duk yanke shawara a cikin aikin don kare kariya daga barazanar da ba a bayyana ba ba dole ba ne.
Bukatun tsari
Idan bayanan da ake sarrafa su sun kasance ƙarƙashin ƙa'idodi na musamman da masu gudanarwa suka kafa, ana buƙatar bayani game da saitin bayanai da dokokin sarrafawa/ajiya.
RPO/RTO hari
Zayyana kowane nau'in kariyar yana buƙatar samun alamun asarar bayanai da aka yi niyya da lokacin dawo da sabis na kowane barazanar da aka bayyana.
Mahimmanci, RPO da RTO yakamata su kasance da alaƙar farashin asarar bayanai da raguwar lokaci kowane lokaci naúrar.
Rarraba cikin wuraren tafkunan albarkatu
Bayan tattara duk bayanan shigarwa na farko, mataki na farko shine haɗa saitin bayanai da kuma IP a cikin wuraren tafki bisa tsarin barazanar da buƙatun tsari. An ƙayyade nau'in rarraba wuraren tafki daban-daban - ta hanyar shirye-shirye a matakin software na tsarin ko a zahiri.
misalai:
- An raba bayanan da ke sarrafa bayanan sirri gaba ɗaya ta jiki daga sauran tsarin;
- Ana adana bayanan ajiya akan tsarin ajiya daban.
A wannan yanayin, wuraren waha na iya zama masu zaman kansu ba cikakke ba, alal misali, wuraren waha biyu na kayan aikin kwamfuta an ayyana su (ikon sarrafawa + RAM), waɗanda ke amfani da wurin ajiyar bayanai guda ɗaya da tafkin albarkatun watsa bayanai guda ɗaya.
Ƙarfin sarrafawa
Abstract, ana auna buƙatun ikon sarrafawa na cibiyar bayanai ta zahiri dangane da adadin na'urori masu sarrafa kayan aiki (vCPUs) da ƙimar haɓakarsu akan na'urori na zahiri (pCPU). A cikin wannan yanayin musamman, 1 pCPU = 1 ainihin processor na zahiri (ban da Hyper-Threading). An taƙaita adadin vCPUs a cikin duk ƙayyadaddun wuraren tafki na albarkatu (kowannensu yana iya samun nasa abin ƙarfafawa).
Ana samun ƙimar haɗin kai don tsarin ɗorawa da ƙarfi, dangane da abubuwan more rayuwa, ko ta hanyar shigar da matukin jirgi da gwajin kaya. Don tsarin da aka sauke, ana amfani da "mafi kyawun aiki". Musamman, VMware ya faɗi matsakaicin rabo kamar 8:1.
RAM
Ana samun jimillar buƙatun RAM ta taƙaitaccen taƙaitaccen bayani. Ba a ba da shawarar yin amfani da wuce gona da iri na RAM ba.
Albarkatun ajiya
Ana samun buƙatun ajiya ta hanyar taƙaita duk wuraren tafki ta iya aiki da aiki.
Ana bayyana buƙatun aiki a cikin IOPS haɗe tare da matsakaicin adadin karantawa/rubutu kuma, idan ya cancanta, matsakaicin jinkirin amsawa.
Dole ne a ƙayyade buƙatun ingancin Sabis (QoS) don takamaiman wuraren tafki ko tsarin daban.
Bayanan cibiyar sadarwa albarkatun
Ana samun buƙatun hanyar sadarwa na bayanai ta hanyar taƙaita duk wuraren waha na bandwidth.
Ingancin Sabis (QoS) da latency (RTT) buƙatun don takamaiman wuraren tafki ko tsarin yakamata a keɓance su daban.
A matsayin wani ɓangare na buƙatun albarkatun cibiyar sadarwar bayanai, ana kuma nuna buƙatun keɓewa da/ko ɓoyayyen zirga-zirgar hanyar sadarwa da hanyoyin da aka fi so (802.1q, IPSec, da sauransu).
Zabin gine-gine
Wannan jagorar baya rufe zaɓin banda gine-ginen x86 da 100% kamantawar uwar garken. Don haka, zaɓin ƙirar ƙirar ƙirar ƙira ta zo ƙasa zuwa zaɓin dandamalin haɓakar sabar uwar garken, nau'in nau'in uwar garken, da buƙatun daidaitawar uwar garke.
Maɓalli na zaɓi shine tabbacin yin amfani da tsarin gargajiya tare da rarrabuwa na ayyuka na sarrafawa, adanawa da watsa bayanai ko mai haɗawa.
na gargajiya gine ya haɗa da yin amfani da na'urori masu hankali na waje don adanawa da watsa bayanai, yayin da sabobin ke ba da gudummawar ikon sarrafawa kawai da RAM zuwa tafkin gama gari na albarkatun jiki. A cikin matsanancin yanayi, sabobin suna zama gaba ɗaya ba a san su ba, suna da ba kawai nasu faifai ba, amma ba ma mai gano tsarin ba. A wannan yanayin, ana ɗora OS ko hypervisor daga ginanniyar filasha mai gina jiki ko daga tsarin ajiyar bayanan waje (boot daga SAN).
A cikin tsarin gine-gine na gargajiya, zaɓi tsakanin ruwan wukake da racks an yi su ne da farko bisa ka'idodi masu zuwa:
- Tasirin farashi (a matsakaita, sabobin rack-mount suna da rahusa);
- Ƙididdigar ƙididdiga (mafi girma ga ruwan wukake);
- Amfani da makamashi da kuma zubar da zafi (masu ruwan wukake suna da ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun naúrar kowace raka'a);
- Scalability da controllability (magudanar ruwa gabaɗaya suna buƙatar ƙarancin ƙoƙari don manyan shigarwa);
- Amfani da katunan fadada (zaɓi mai iyaka don ruwan wukake).
Convergent gine (kuma aka sani da hyperconverged) ya haɗa da haɗa ayyukan sarrafa bayanai da adanawa, wanda ke haifar da yin amfani da fayafai na uwar garken gida kuma, a sakamakon haka, watsi da nau'in nau'in nau'in ruwa na gargajiya. Don tsarin haɗaɗɗiyar, ko dai ana amfani da sabar rack ko tsarin tari, suna haɗa sabar ruwan wukake da yawa da fayafai na gida a cikin akwati guda.
CPU/Memory
Don ƙididdige ƙididdiga daidai, kuna buƙatar fahimtar nau'in kaya don yanayi ko kowane gungu masu zaman kansu.
CPU daure – yanayi iyakance a cikin aiki ta ikon sarrafawa. Ƙara RAM ba zai canza komai ba dangane da aiki (yawan VMs kowane uwar garken).
Ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya – muhalli iyakance ta RAM. Ƙarin RAM akan uwar garken yana ba ku damar gudanar da ƙarin VM akan uwar garken.
GB / MHz (GB / pCPU) - matsakaicin rabon amfani da RAM da ikon sarrafawa ta wannan takamaiman nauyin. Ana iya amfani da shi don lissafin adadin da ake buƙata na ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya don aikin da aka ba da kuma akasin haka.
Lissafin daidaitawar uwar garke
Da farko, kuna buƙatar ƙayyade kowane nau'in kaya kuma yanke shawara akan haɗawa ko rarraba wuraren tafkunan kwamfuta daban-daban zuwa gungu daban-daban.
Na gaba, ga kowane gungu da aka ayyana, ana ƙaddara rabon GB / MHz a wani nauyin da aka sani a gaba. Idan ba a san nauyin a gaba ba, amma akwai ƙaƙƙarfan fahimtar matakin amfani da wutar lantarki, zaku iya amfani da ma'auni na vCPU: pCPU don canza buƙatun tafkin zuwa na zahiri.
Ga kowane gungu, raba jimlar buƙatun tafkin vCPU ta hanyar ƙididdiga:
vCPUsum / vCPU: pCPU = pCPUsum - adadin da ake buƙata na raka'a ta jiki. tsakiya
pCPUsum / 1.25 = pCPUht - adadin muryoyin da aka gyara don Hyper-Threading
Bari mu ɗauka cewa yana da mahimmanci don ƙididdige gungu tare da 190 cores / 3.5 TB na RAM. A lokaci guda, muna karɓar nauyin manufa na 50% na ikon sarrafawa da 75% na RAM.
pCPU
190
CPU amfani
50%
Mem
3500
Mem mai amfani
75%
Socket
core
Srv/CPU
Srv Mem
Srv/Mem
2
6
25,3
128
36,5
2
8
19,0
192
24,3
2
10
15,2
256
18,2
2
14
10,9
384
12,2
2
18
8,4
512
9,1
A wannan yanayin, koyaushe muna amfani da haɗawa zuwa madaidaicin lamba (= ROUNDUP(A1;0)).
Daga teburin ya zama a bayyane cewa saitunan uwar garken da yawa suna daidaitawa don masu nuna manufa:
- 26 sabobin 2 * 6c / 192 GB
- 19 sabobin 2 * 10c / 256 GB
- 10 sabobin 2 * 18c / 512 GB
Dole ne a yi zaɓin waɗannan jeri bisa ga ƙarin dalilai, kamar fakitin thermal da samuwan sanyaya, sabar da aka riga aka yi amfani da su, ko farashi.
Siffofin zabar saitin uwar garken
Faɗin VMs. Idan ya zama dole don ɗaukar nauyin VM masu fadi (kwatankwacin 1 NUMA node ko fiye), ana bada shawarar, idan zai yiwu, don zaɓar uwar garke tare da saitin da ke ba da damar irin waɗannan VM su kasance a cikin kullin NUMA. Tare da adadi mai yawa na VMs mai faɗi, akwai haɗarin rarrabuwar albarkatun tari, kuma a cikin wannan yanayin, ana zaɓar sabar waɗanda ke ba da damar sanya VM masu faɗi da yawa gwargwadon yiwuwa.
Girman yanki guda ɗaya na gazawa.
Zaɓin girman uwar garken kuma ya dogara ne akan ƙa'idar rage girman yankin gazawar guda ɗaya. Misali, lokacin zabar tsakanin:
- 3 x 4*10c / 512 GB
- 6 x 2*10c / 256 GB
Duk sauran abubuwa daidai suke, dole ne ku zaɓi zaɓi na biyu, tunda lokacin da uwar garken ɗaya ta gaza (ko ana kiyaye shi), ba a rasa kashi 33% na albarkatun gungu ba, amma 17%. Hakazalika, adadin VMs da IS da hatsarin ya shafa ya ragu da rabi.
Lissafin tsarin ajiya na gargajiya dangane da aiki
Ana ƙididdige tsarin ma'ajiya na gargajiya koyaushe ta amfani da mafi munin yanayi, ban da tasirin ma'ajin aiki da haɓaka ayyuka.
A matsayin mahimman alamun aikin aiki, muna ɗaukar aikin injiniya daga faifai (IOPSdisk):
- 7.2k - 75 IPS
- 10k - 125 IPS
- 15k - 175 IPS
Bayan haka, ana ƙididdige adadin faifai a cikin tafkin diski ta amfani da dabara mai zuwa: = Jimlar IOPS * ( RW + (1-RW) * RAIDPen) / IOPSdisk. Inda:
- JimlarIPS - jimlar aikin da ake buƙata a cikin IOPS daga tafkin faifai
- RW – yawan adadin ayyukan karantawa
- RAIDpen - Hukuncin RAID don matakin RAID da aka zaɓa
Kara karantawa game da RAID na'ura da hukuncin RAID anan - и и
Dangane da sakamakon adadin fayafai, ana ƙididdige zaɓuka masu yuwuwa waɗanda suka dace da buƙatun ƙarfin ajiya, gami da zaɓuɓɓuka tare da maajiyar matakai masu yawa.
Ana la'akari da lissafin tsarin da ke amfani da SSD azaman Layer ajiya daban.
Fasalolin ƙididdiga tsarin tare da Flash Cache
flash-cache – sunan gama gari ga duk fasahar mallakar mallaka don amfani da ƙwaƙwalwar walƙiya azaman ma'ajin mataki na biyu. Lokacin amfani da cache na walƙiya, tsarin ajiya yawanci ana ƙididdige shi don samar da tsayin daka daga faifan maganadisu, yayin da mafi girman ke aiki da cache.
A wannan yanayin, wajibi ne a fahimci bayanin martabar kaya da kuma matakin ƙaddamarwa na samun damar yin amfani da tubalan ɗakunan ajiya. Cache na walƙiya fasaha ce don kayan aiki tare da tambayoyin da aka keɓance sosai, kuma kusan ba za a iya amfani da shi don ɗimbin ɗimbin yawa (kamar tsarin nazari).
Lissafi na ƙananan-ƙarshe/tsakiyar-tsakiya tsarin matasan
Tsarukan ƙanƙanta da na tsakiya suna amfani da ma'auni mai yawa tare da bayanai masu motsi tsakanin matakan akan jadawalin. A lokaci guda, girman toshe-mataki-mataki-mataki don mafi kyawun samfuran shine 256 MB. Waɗannan fasalulluka ba sa ƙyale mu mu ɗauki fasahar ajiya mai ƙima a matsayin fasaha don haɓaka aiki, kamar yadda mutane da yawa suka yi imani da kuskure. Ma'ajiyar matakai da yawa a cikin ƙananan-tsari da tsaka-tsaki fasaha ce don haɓaka farashin ajiya don tsarin tare da bayyana rashin daidaituwar nauyi.
Don ma'ajiyar tiered, ana ƙididdige aikin babban matakin farko, yayin da ake la'akari da matakin ƙasa don ba da gudummawa kawai ga ƙarfin ajiyar da ya ɓace. Don tsarin da ake ciki da yawa na zamani, ya zama tilas a yi amfani da fasahar fasahar Flash don tafkin da yawa don ramawa don tsarin aikin don samun bayanai masu zafi daga ƙaramin matakin.
Amfani da SSD a cikin Tafkin Disk mai Tiered
Amfani da SSDs a cikin tafkin faifai masu girma dabam yana da bambance-bambance, ya danganta da takamaiman aiwatar da algorithms cache flash ta masana'anta da aka bayar.
Babban aikin tsarin ajiya don tafkin faifai tare da matakin SSD shine SSD farko.
Karanta Cache Flash Kawai. Don cache mai walƙiya mai karantawa kawai, Layer ɗin ajiya akan SSD ya zo tare da mahimman rubutun rubutu, ba tare da la'akari da cache ba.
Karanta/Rubuta Cache Flash. A cikin yanayin cache na walƙiya, girman cache ɗin rubutu an fara saita shi zuwa matsakaicin girman cache, kuma matakin ajiya na SSD yana bayyana ne kawai lokacin da girman cache ɗin bai isa ba don hidimar duk aikin da aka keɓe.
Ana yin lissafin aikin SSD da cache kowane lokaci bisa shawarar masana'anta, amma koyaushe don mafi munin yanayin yanayin.
source: www.habr.com