Fiye da adiresoshin IP na musamman na biliyan guda suna wucewa ta hanyar sadarwar Cloudflare kowace rana; yana biyan buƙatun HTTP sama da miliyan 11 a sakan daya; tana cikin 100ms na 95% na yawan jama'ar intanet. Cibiyar sadarwarmu ta mamaye biranen 200 a cikin ƙasashe sama da 90, kuma ƙungiyar injiniyoyinmu sun gina ingantaccen kayan aikin da sauri kuma abin dogaro.
Muna alfahari da aikinmu kuma mun himmatu wajen taimakawa wajen sa Intanet ta zama wuri mafi kyau da aminci. Injiniyoyin kayan aikin Cloudflare suna da zurfin fahimtar sabar da abubuwan haɗin su don fahimta da zaɓi mafi kyawun kayan aikin don haɓaka aikin sa.
Tulin software ɗin mu yana sarrafa kwamfuta mai ɗaukar nauyi kuma yana dogara sosai ga CPU, yana buƙatar injiniyoyinmu su ci gaba da haɓaka ingantaccen aiki da amincin Cloudflare a kowane matakin tarin. A gefen uwar garken, hanya mafi sauƙi don ƙara ƙarfin sarrafawa ita ce ta ƙara nau'in CPU. Da yawan muryoyin da uwar garken ke iya dacewa, yawan bayanan da zai iya aiwatarwa. Wannan yana da mahimmanci a gare mu saboda nau'ikan samfuranmu da abokan cinikinmu suna girma akan lokaci, kuma haɓaka buƙatun yana buƙatar haɓaka aiki daga sabobin. Don haɓaka aikin su, muna buƙatar ƙara yawan ƙima - kuma wannan shine ainihin abin da muka cim ma. A ƙasa muna samar da cikakkun bayanai akan na'urori masu sarrafawa don sabar da muke turawa tun 2015, gami da adadin ƙididdiga:
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Gen 6
Gen 7
Gen 8
Gen 9
FarawaEND_LINK
2015
2016
2017
2018
CPU
Intel Xeon E5-2630 v3
Intel Xeon E5-2630 v4
Intel Xeon Silver 4116
Intel Xeon Platinum 6162
Kwayoyin jiki
2 x 8
2 x 10
2 x 12
2 x 24
TDP
2 x 85W
2 x 85W
2 x 85W
2 x 150W
TDP ta asali
10.65W
8.50W
7.08W
6.25W
A cikin 2018, mun yi babban tsalle a cikin jimlar adadin cores kowane sabar tare da Gen 9. An rage tasirin muhalli da kashi 33% idan aka kwatanta da ƙarni na 8, yana ba mu damar ƙara ƙarar ƙarfi da ƙididdigewa ta kowace tara. Abubuwan ƙira don zubar da zafi (, TDP) an ambaci su don nuna cewa ƙarfin makamashinmu ya karu a tsawon lokaci. Wannan alamar tana da mahimmanci a gare mu: da farko, muna so mu fitar da ƙarancin carbon cikin yanayi; Na biyu, muna son yin amfani da makamashi mafi kyau daga cibiyoyin bayanai. Amma mun san cewa muna da abin da za mu yi ƙoƙari.
Babban ma'aunin ma'aunin mu shine adadin buƙatun kowace watt. Za mu iya ƙara yawan buƙatun daƙiƙa ɗaya ta hanyar ƙara ƙira, amma muna buƙatar kasancewa cikin kasafin kuɗin wutar lantarki. An iyakance mu ta hanyar kayan aikin wutar lantarki na cibiyar bayanai, wanda, tare da zaɓaɓɓun nau'ikan rarraba wutar lantarki, yana ba mu ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun iyaka ga kowane taragar uwar garken. Ƙara sabobin zuwa rakiyar yana ƙara yawan amfani da wuta. Kudin aiki zai ƙaru sosai idan muka ƙetare iyakar makamashi na kowane tara kuma dole mu ƙara sabbin taragu. Muna buƙatar ƙara ƙarfin sarrafawa yayin zama a cikin kewayon amfani da wutar lantarki iri ɗaya, wanda zai ƙara buƙatun kowace watt, ma'aunin maɓalli na mu.
Kamar yadda zaku iya tsammani, mun yi nazarin amfani da makamashi a hankali a matakin ƙira. Teburin da ke sama ya nuna cewa bai kamata mu ɓata lokaci ba don tura ƙarin CPUs masu fama da kuzari idan TDP kowane core ya fi na yanzu girma - wannan zai yi mummunan tasiri ga ma'aunin mu, buƙatun kowace watt. Mun yi nazarin tsarin shirye-shiryen gudanar da tsararrun mu na X akan kasuwa kuma muka yanke shawara. Muna motsawa daga ƙirar 48-core Intel Xeon Platinum 6162 dual-socket design zuwa 48-core AMD EPYC 7642 ƙirar soket guda ɗaya.
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Intel
AMD
CPU
Xeon Platinum 6162
EPYC 7642
micro Architecture
"Skylake"
"Zen 2"
Sunan suna
Skylake SP
"Romawa"
Tsarin fasaha
14nm ku
7nm ku
tsakiya
2 x 24
48
Frequency
1.9 GHz
2.4 GHz
L3 Cache / soket
24 x 1.375MB
16 x 16MB
Ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya/ soket
6 tashoshi, har zuwa DDR4-2400
8 tashoshi, har zuwa DDR4-3200
TDP
2 x 150W
225W
PCIe / soket
Hanyoyi 48
Hanyoyi 128
ISA
x86-64
x86-64
Daga ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun bayanai a bayyane yake cewa guntu daga AMD zai ba mu damar kiyaye adadin adadin adadin yayin rage TDP. Ƙarni na 9th yana da TDP a kowace mahimmanci na 6,25 W, kuma ƙarni na Xth zai zama 4,69 W. An rage shi da kashi 25%. Godiya ga karuwar mitar, kuma watakila ƙira mafi sauƙi tare da soket ɗaya, ana iya ɗauka cewa guntun AMD zai yi aiki mafi kyau a aikace. A halin yanzu muna gudanar da gwaje-gwaje daban-daban da kwaikwaiyo don ganin yadda mafi kyawun AMD zai yi.
A yanzu, bari mu lura cewa TDP ƙayyadaddun awo ne daga ƙayyadaddun masana'anta, waɗanda muka yi amfani da su a farkon matakan ƙirar uwar garken da zaɓin CPU. Binciken Google mai sauri ya nuna cewa AMD da Intel suna da hanyoyi daban-daban don ma'anar TDP, wanda ke sa ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ya zama abin dogaro. Amfanin wutar lantarki na gaske na CPU, kuma mafi mahimmancin amfani da wutar uwar garke, shine ainihin abin da muke amfani dashi lokacin yanke shawarar ƙarshe.
Shirye-shiryen muhalli
Don fara tafiya zuwa zabar na'urar sarrafa mu ta gaba, mun kalli nau'ikan CPUs daga masana'antun daban-daban waɗanda suka dace da tarin software da ayyukan mu (an rubuta a C, LuaJIT da Go). Mun riga mun bayyana dalla-dalla saitin kayan aikin don auna saurin gudu . A wannan yanayin, mun yi amfani da saiti iri ɗaya - yana ba mu damar kimanta ingancin CPU a cikin lokaci mai dacewa, bayan haka injiniyoyinmu na iya fara daidaita shirye-shiryenmu zuwa takamaiman processor.
Mun gwada nau'ikan na'urori masu sarrafawa tare da ƙididdiga iri-iri, ƙidayar soket, da mitoci. Tunda wannan labarin shine game da dalilin da yasa muka zauna akan AMD EPYC 7642, duk sigogin wannan rukunin yanar gizon suna mai da hankali kan yadda masu sarrafa AMD ke yin idan aka kwatanta da Intel Xeon Platinum 6162 daga. .
Sakamakon ya yi daidai da ma'auni na sabar guda ɗaya tare da kowane bambance-bambancen processor - wato, tare da na'urori masu sarrafawa guda biyu 24-core daga Intel, ko tare da processor guda 48-core daga AMD (uwar garken Intel mai kwasfa biyu da sabar na AMD EPYC tare da ɗaya) . A cikin BIOS mun saita sigogi masu dacewa da sabobin masu gudana. Wannan shine 3,03 GHz don AMD da 2,5 GHz don Intel. Sauƙaƙawa sosai, muna tsammanin cewa tare da adadin nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan, AMD zai yi 21% mafi kyau fiye da Intel.
Rubutun Rubutu
Yana da alama mai ban sha'awa ga AMD. Yana aiki mafi kyau 18% akan maɓalli na jama'a. Tare da maɓallin simmetric, yana yin hasarar zaɓuɓɓukan ɓoyewar AES-128-GCM, amma gabaɗaya yana yin kwatankwacinsa.
Matsawa
A kan sabobin gefen, muna damfara bayanai da yawa don adanawa akan bandwidth da haɓaka saurin isar da abun ciki. Muna wuce bayanan ta cikin ɗakunan karatu na C zlib da brotli. An gudanar da duk gwaje-gwaje akan fayil ɗin HTML na blog.cloudflare.com a cikin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya.
AMD ta yi nasara da matsakaicin 29% lokacin amfani da gzip. A cikin yanayin brotli, sakamakon ya fi kyau, akan gwaje-gwaje tare da ingancin 7, wanda muke amfani da shi don matsawa mai ƙarfi. A kan gwajin brotli-9 akwai digo mai kaifi - mun bayyana wannan ta gaskiyar cewa Brotli yana cinye ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya da yawa kuma yana mamaye cache. Koyaya, AMD yayi nasara da babban tazara.
Yawancin ayyukanmu an rubuta su a cikin Go. A cikin jadawali masu zuwa, muna duba saurin cryptography sau biyu da matsawa a cikin Go tare da RegExp akan layukan 32 KB ta amfani da ɗakin karatu na kirtani.
Je zuwa cryptography
Tafi Matsi
Je zuwa Regexp
Tafi Kiɗa
AMD yana yin mafi kyau a duk gwaje-gwaje tare da Go ban da Alamar ECDSA P256, inda ta kasance 38% a baya - wanda baƙon abu ne, ganin cewa ya yi 24% mafi kyau a cikin C. Yana da kyau a gano abin da ke faruwa a wurin. Gabaɗaya, AMD bai yi nasara da yawa ba, amma har yanzu yana nuna sakamako mafi kyau.
LuaJIT
Muna yawan amfani da LuaJIT akan tari. Wannan shine manne da ke haɗa dukkan sassan Cloudflare tare. Kuma mun yi farin ciki cewa AMD ta yi nasara a nan ma.
Gabaɗaya, gwaje-gwajen sun nuna cewa EPYC 7642 yana yin aiki mafi kyau fiye da Xeon Platinum 6162 guda biyu. AMD ta yi hasarar akan gwaje-gwaje biyu - alal misali, AES-128-GCM da Go OpenSSL ECDSA-P256 Sign - amma yayi nasara akan duk sauran, ta matsakaicin matsakaici. na 25%.
Kwaikwayo Aikin Aiki
Bayan gwaje-gwajenmu na gaggawa, mun gudanar da sabar ta hanyar wani saiti na simintin gyare-gyaren da ake amfani da nauyin roba a cikin tulin software. Anan muna kwaikwayi nauyin aikin yanayi tare da nau'ikan buƙatu daban-daban waɗanda za'a iya saduwa da su a cikin aiki na gaske. Buƙatun sun bambanta cikin ƙarar bayanai, ka'idojin HTTP ko HTTPS, tushen WAF, Ma'aikata, da sauran masu canji masu yawa. A ƙasa akwai kwatancen kayan aikin CPUs guda biyu don nau'ikan buƙatun da muke yawan cin karo da su.
Sakamakon da ke cikin ginshiƙi ana auna su ne a kan tushen tushen injuna na ƙarni na 9 na Intel, waɗanda aka daidaita su zuwa ƙimar 1,0 akan axis x. Misali, ɗaukar buƙatun KiB 10 masu sauƙi akan HTTPS, zamu iya ganin cewa AMD yayi sau 1,5 fiye da Intel dangane da buƙatun daƙiƙa guda. A matsakaita, AMD ta yi 34% mafi kyau fiye da Intel don waɗannan gwaje-gwajen. Idan akai la'akari da cewa TDP na AMD EPYC 7642 guda ɗaya shine 225 W, kuma ga masu sarrafa Intel guda biyu shine 300 W, ya zama cewa dangane da "buƙatun kowace watt" AMD yana nuna sau 2 mafi kyawun sakamako fiye da Intel!
A wannan gaba, mun riga mun karkata a fili zuwa zaɓin soket ɗaya don AMD EPYC 7642 a matsayin Gen X CPUs na gaba. sabobin zuwa wasu daga cibiyoyin bayanai.
Aiki na gaske
Mataki na farko, a zahiri, shine shirya sabobin don aiki a cikin yanayi na ainihi. Duk injina a cikin rundunarmu suna aiki tare da matakai da ayyuka iri ɗaya, wanda ke ba da kyakkyawar dama don kwatanta aiki daidai. Kamar yawancin cibiyoyin bayanai, muna da tsararraki masu yawa na sabar da aka tura, kuma muna tattara sabobin mu zuwa gungu domin kowane aji ya ƙunshi sabar kusan tsara iri ɗaya. A wasu lokuta, wannan na iya haifar da sake amfani da lankwasa waɗanda suka bambanta tsakanin gungu. Amma ba tare da mu ba. Injiniyoyin mu sun inganta amfani da CPU ga duk tsararraki ta yadda ko da ko wani na'ura na CPU yana da nau'ikan 8 ko 24, amfani da CPU gabaɗaya iri ɗaya ne da sauran.
Jadawalin ya kwatanta sharhin mu game da kamanceniyar amfani - babu wani babban bambanci tsakanin amfani da AMD CPUs a cikin sabobin ƙarni na Gen X da kuma amfani da na'urori masu sarrafa Intel a cikin sabar ƙarni na Gen 9. Wannan yana nufin cewa duka sabobin gwaji da na asali ana loda su daidai. . Mai girma. Wannan shine ainihin abin da muke ƙoƙari a cikin sabobin mu, kuma muna buƙatar wannan don kwatanta gaskiya. Hotuna guda biyu da ke ƙasa suna nuna adadin buƙatun da aka sarrafa ta hanyar CPU guda ɗaya da duk maƙallan a matakin sabar.
Buƙatun kowane tushe
Buƙatun ga uwar garken
Ana iya ganin cewa a matsakaitawar aiwatar da AMD 23% ƙarin buƙatun. Ba sharri ko kadan! Sau da yawa mun rubuta a kan shafin yanar gizon mu game da hanyoyin da za a kara yawan aikin Gen 9. Kuma yanzu muna da adadin nau'in nau'in nau'i, amma AMD yana yin ƙarin aiki tare da ƙarancin iko. Nan da nan ya bayyana daga ƙayyadaddun ƙididdiga na adadin cores da TDP cewa AMD yana ba da saurin sauri tare da ingantaccen ƙarfin kuzari.
Amma kamar yadda muka riga muka ambata, TDP ba ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun bayanai ba ne kuma ba iri ɗaya bane ga duk masana'antun, don haka bari mu kalli ainihin amfani da makamashi. Ta hanyar auna yawan kuzarin uwar garken daidai da adadin buƙatun daƙiƙa, mun sami jadawali mai zuwa:
Dangane da buƙatun daƙiƙa ɗaya a kowace watt ɗin da aka kashe, sabar Gen X da ke gudana akan na'urori na AMD sun fi 28% inganci. Mutum na iya tsammanin ƙarin, idan aka ba da cewa AMD's TDP yana da 25% ƙananan, amma ya kamata a tuna cewa TDP wata sifa ce mai ban sha'awa. Mun ga cewa ainihin amfani da wutar lantarki na AMD ya kusan kama da TDP da aka bayyana a mitoci da yawa fiye da tushe; Intel ba shi da wannan. Wannan shi ne wani dalilin da ya sa TDP ba a dogara da kimanta amfani da makamashi. CPUs daga Intel a cikin sabobin mu na Gen 9 an haɗa su cikin tsarin kuɗaɗe da yawa, yayin da CPUs daga AMD ke aiki a daidaitattun sabar nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan 1U. Wannan baya goyon bayan AMD, tunda ya kamata sabar multinode ya samar da mafi girma tare da ƙarancin amfani da wutar lantarki a kowane kumburi, amma har yanzu AMD ta mamaye Intel dangane da amfani da wutar lantarki kowane kumburi.
A cikin mafi yawan kwatancen a cikin ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun bayanai, gwaje-gwajen gwaje-gwaje, da wasan kwaikwayo na ainihi, tsarin 1P AMD EPYC 7642 ya yi aiki sosai fiye da 2P Intel Xeon 6162. A wasu yanayi, AMD na iya yin har zuwa 36% mafi kyau, kuma mun yi imani da cewa ta hanyar ingantawa. hardware da software, za mu iya cimma wannan ci gaba a kan ci gaba.
Yana nuna AMD ya ci nasara.
Ƙarin jadawali suna nuna matsakaicin jinkiri da rashin jinkirin p99 da ke gudana NGINX akan tsawon awa 24. A matsakaita, matakai akan AMD sun gudu 25% cikin sauri. A kan p99 yana tafiyar da 20-50% cikin sauri dangane da lokacin rana.
ƙarshe
Cloudflare's Hardware and Performance injiniyoyi suna yin adadi mai yawa na gwaji da bincike don tantance mafi kyawun tsarin uwar garken ga abokan cinikinmu. Muna son yin aiki a nan saboda za mu iya magance manyan matsaloli kamar waɗannan, kuma za mu iya taimaka muku warware matsalolinku tare da ayyuka kamar na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa da tsararrun hanyoyin tsaro kamar Magic Transit, Argo Tunnel, da Kariyar DDoS. . Dukkan sabobin da ke cikin hanyar sadarwar Cloudflare an saita su don yin aiki da dogaro, kuma koyaushe muna ƙoƙarin sanya kowane tsarar sabar na gaba ya fi na baya. Mun yi imanin AMD EPYC 7642 shine amsar idan yazo ga masu sarrafawa na Gen X.
Amfani da Ma'aikatan Cloudflare, masu haɓakawa suna tura aikace-aikacen su akan hanyar sadarwar mu mai faɗaɗawa a duniya. Muna alfaharin barin abokan cinikinmu su mai da hankali kan rubuta lambar yayin da muke mai da hankali kan tsaro da aminci a cikin gajimare. Kuma a yau mun fi farin cikin sanar da cewa za a tura aikin su akan sabar tsarar mu ta Gen X da ke tafiyar da na'urori na AMD EPYC na ƙarni na biyu.
EPYC 7642 masu sarrafawa, lambar sunan "Rome" [Rome]
Ta amfani da AMD's EPYC 7642, mun sami damar haɓaka ayyukanmu kuma mun sauƙaƙa fadada hanyar sadarwar mu zuwa sabbin birane. Ba a gina Roma a cikin yini ɗaya ba, amma ba da daɗewa ba za ta kasance kusa da yawancin ku.
A cikin shekaru biyun da suka gabata muna yin gwaji tare da kwakwalwan kwamfuta x86 da yawa daga Intel da AMD, da kuma na'urori masu sarrafawa daga ARM. Muna sa ran waɗannan masu yin CPU za su ci gaba da yin aiki tare da mu a nan gaba ta yadda za mu iya gina ingantacciyar Intanet tare.
source: www.habr.com