Akwai wanda ya tuna Erwise? Viola? Sannu? Mu tuna.
Lokacin da Tim Berners-Lee ya isa CERN, sanannen dakin gwaje-gwajen kimiyyar lissafi na Turai, a cikin 1980, an ɗauke shi hayar don sabunta tsarin sarrafa abubuwan ƙara kuzari da yawa. Amma wanda ya kirkiro shafin yanar gizon zamani ya ga matsala kusan nan da nan: dubban mutane suna ta zuwa da kuma zuwa cibiyar bincike, yawancinsu suna aiki a can na ɗan lokaci.
"Ya kasance babban kalubale ga masu shirye-shiryen kwangila suyi ƙoƙarin fahimtar tsarin, na ɗan adam da na lissafi, waɗanda suka gudanar da wannan filin wasa mai ban mamaki," Berners-Lee ya rubuta daga baya. "Yawancin mahimman bayanai sun kasance a cikin kawunan mutane kawai."
Don haka a lokacin da ya rage, ya rubuta wasu manhajoji don magance wannan gazawar: ‘yar karamar manhaja da ya kira Enquire. Ya ƙyale masu amfani su ƙirƙiri "nodes" - shafuka masu kama da kati waɗanda ke cike da bayanai tare da hanyoyin haɗi zuwa wasu shafuka. Abin takaici, wannan aikace-aikacen, wanda aka rubuta a cikin Pascal, yana gudana akan OS na mallakar CERN. “Wasu kadan daga cikin mutanen da suka ga wannan shirin sun yi tunanin abu ne mai kyau, amma babu wanda ya yi amfani da shi. Sakamakon haka, diski ɗin ya ɓace, kuma tare da shi ainihin Neman Nemi.
Bayan 'yan shekaru, Berners-Lee ya koma CERN. A wannan karon ya sake kaddamar da shirinsa na Yanar Gizon Yanar Gizo ta Duniya ta yadda za a kara samun nasararsa. A ranar 6 ga Agusta, 1991, ya buga bayanin WWW a cikin rukunin alt.hypertext usenet. Ya kuma fitar da lambar don ɗakin karatu na libWWW, wanda ya rubuta tare da mataimakinsa Jean-François Groff. Laburaren ya ƙyale mahalarta su ƙirƙiri nasu masu binciken gidan yanar gizo.
"Ayyukan su - fiye da masu bincike daban-daban guda biyar a cikin watanni 18 - sun ceci wani aikin gidan yanar gizon da aka kalubalanci kudade kuma sun kaddamar da al'umma na masu haɓaka gidan yanar gizon," in ji wani bikin tunawa da ranar tunawa a Gidan Tarihi na Computer a Mountain View, California. Shahararriyar masu binciken farko shine Mosaic, wanda Marc Andreessen da Eric Bina na Cibiyar Kwamfuta ta Kasa (NCSA) suka rubuta.
Ba da daɗewa ba Mosaic ya zama Netscape, amma ba shine farkon mai bincike ba. Taswirar da gidan kayan gargajiya ya tattara yana ba da ra'ayi game da sikelin duniya na farkon aikin. Wani abin mamaki game da waɗannan aikace-aikacen farko shine cewa sun riga sun ƙunshi yawancin fasalulluka na masu bincike na baya. Kuma ga yawon shakatawa na yanar gizo apps browsing kamar yadda suka kasance kafin su zama sananne.
Browser daga CERN
Tim Berners-Lee na farko browser, WorldWideWeb daga 1990, duka biyu ne mai bincike da edita. Ya yi fatan cewa ayyukan bincike na gaba za su tafi ta wannan hanyar. CERN ta tattara haifuwar abinda ke ciki. Hoton hoton ya nuna cewa a shekarar 1993 da yawa daga cikin halayen masu binciken zamani sun riga sun kasance a wurin.
Babban ƙayyadaddun software shine cewa tana aiki akan NeXTStep OS. Amma ba da daɗewa ba bayan WorldWideWeb, ƙwararren masanin ilimin lissafin CERN Nicola Pellow ya rubuta mashigar bincike wanda zai iya gudana a wasu wurare, gami da cibiyoyin sadarwa akan UNIX da MS-DOS. Ta haka, “kowa zai iya shiga yanar gizo,” in ji ɗan tarihin Intanet Bill Stewart, “wanda a lokacin ya ƙunshi littafin waya na CERN.”
Farkon CERN mai binciken gidan yanar gizo, ca. 1990
Kuskure
Sai Erwise ya zo tare. Daliban kwalejin Finnish guda huɗu ne suka rubuta shi a cikin 1991, kuma an sake shi a cikin 1992. Ana ɗaukar Erwise a matsayin mai bincike na farko tare da ƙirar hoto. Ya kuma san yadda ake neman kalmomi a shafi.
Berners-Lee ya sake duba Erwise a cikin 1992. Ya lura da ikonsa na sarrafa nau'ikan rubutu daban-daban, layin layi, yana ba ku damar danna hanyar haɗi sau biyu don tsalle zuwa wasu shafuka, da goyan bayan windows da yawa.
"Erwise ya yi kama da wayo," in ji shi, kodayake akwai wani ɗan asiri a gare shi, "wani bakon akwati kusa da kalma ɗaya a cikin takarda, kamar maɓalli ko sigar zaɓi. Ko da yake ita ba ɗaya ba ce ko ɗayan - watakila wannan wani abu ne don sigogin gaba."
Me yasa ba a cire aikace-aikacen ba? A wata hira da aka yi da shi daga baya, daya daga cikin wadanda suka kirkiro Erwise ya lura cewa kasar Finland na cikin koma bayan tattalin arziki a lokacin. Babu masu zuba hannun jari a kasar.
"A wancan lokacin, da ba za mu iya ƙirƙirar kasuwanci bisa Erwise ba," in ji shi. "Hanya daya tilo don samun kuɗi ita ce a ci gaba da haɓakawa ta yadda Netscape za ta saya mana." Koyaya, za mu iya isa matakin Musa na farko tare da ƙarin aiki kaɗan. Muna buƙatar gama Erwise kuma mu sake shi akan dandamali da yawa. "
Erwise Browser
ViolaWWW
An sake shi a cikin Afrilu 1992. Developer Pei-Yuan Wei ya rubuta shi a Jami'ar California, Berkeley, ta amfani da yaren rubutun Viola da ke gudana a ƙarƙashin UNIX. Wei bai buga cello ba, "kawai ya faru ne saboda ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun kalmomi" Harshe da Aikace-aikacen Abubuwan Ma'amala Mai Mahimmanci, kamar yadda James Gillies da Robert Caillou suka rubuta a cikin tarihin WWW.
Da alama Wei ya sami wahayi daga farkon Mac shirin da ake kira , wanda ya ba masu amfani damar ƙirƙirar matrices daga takaddun da aka tsara tare da hyperlinks. "Sa'an nan HyperCard wani aiki ne mai ban sha'awa, a hoto, da kuma waɗannan hanyoyin haɗin gwiwar," daga baya ya tuna. Koyaya, shirin "ba duniya bane kuma yana aiki akan Mac kawai. Kuma ba ni da ma Mac tawa."
Amma ya sami damar zuwa tashar UNIX X a Cibiyar Kwamfuta na Gwaji ta Berkeley. "Ina da umarnin HyperCard, na yi nazarinsa kuma kawai na yi amfani da dabarun aiwatar da su a cikin windows X." Kawai, da ban sha'awa, ya aiwatar da su ta amfani da yaren Viola.
Ɗaya daga cikin mafi mahimmanci da sababbin abubuwan ViolaWWW shine cewa mai haɓakawa zai iya haɗawa da rubutun da "applets" a cikin shafin. Wannan ya kwatanta babban guguwar applet ɗin Java da suka bayyana akan gidajen yanar gizo a ƙarshen 90s.
В Wei ya kuma lura da nakasu iri-iri na masarrafar burauza, babban wanda shi ne rashin nau'in PC.
- Ba a aika zuwa dandamalin PC ba.
- Ba a tallafawa bugu na HTML.
- HTTP ba ta katsewa kuma ba za a iya karantawa ba.
- Ba a tallafawa wakili.
- Mai fassarar harshe ba mai zare da yawa ba ne.
"Mawallafin yana aiki akan waɗannan matsalolin, da dai sauransu," Wei ya rubuta a lokacin. Duk da haka, "mai tsaftataccen burauza, wanda kowa zai iya amfani da shi, mai fa'ida sosai kuma madaidaiciya," Berners-Lee ya kammala a cikin nasa. . "Kashi 90% na masu amfani na gaske ba za su yi amfani da ƙarin fasali ba, amma fasali ne da masu amfani da wutar lantarki ke buƙata."
ViolaWWW Hypermedia Browser
Midas dan Samba
A cikin Satumba 1991, masanin kimiyya Paul Kunz daga Stanford Linear Accelerator (SLAC) ya ziyarci CERN. Ya dawo tare da lambar da ake buƙata don gudanar da sabar yanar gizo ta Arewacin Amurka ta farko akan SLAC. "Na kasance a CERN kawai," Kunz ya gaya wa babban jami'in laburare Louis Addis, "kuma na gano wannan abu mai ban mamaki da abokina, Tim Berners-Lee, ke tasowa. Wannan shi ne ainihin abin da kuke buƙata don ginin ku. "
Addis ta amince. Babban ma'aikacin laburare ya buga mahimman bincike akan yanar gizo. Masana Physicists daga Fermilab sun yi haka nan ba da jimawa ba.
Sai kuma a lokacin rani na 1992, masanin kimiyyar lissafi daga SLAC ya rubuta Midas, mai zane mai zane don masana kimiyyar Stanford. Babba Ƙarƙashin ma'anar shi ne cewa zai iya nuna takardu a cikin tsarin rubutu, wanda masana kimiyya suka fi so don ikonsa na sake haifar da tsarin kimiyya daidai.
"Tare da waɗannan mahimman fa'idodin, gidan yanar gizon ya shiga cikin amfani mai amfani a cikin al'umma ta zahiri," ya ƙare. Ma'aikatar Makamashi ta Amurka SLAC ta kwanan wata 2001.
A halin yanzu, a CERN, Pellow da Robert Caillau sun fitar da mai binciken gidan yanar gizo na farko don kwamfutar Macintosh. Gillies da Caillau sun bayyana ci gaban Samba ta wannan hanya.
Ga Pellow, ci gaban ƙaddamar da aikin Samba ya kasance a hankali saboda kowane ƴan hanyoyin haɗin mai binciken zai rushe kuma babu wanda zai iya gano dalilin. "Mac browser cike yake da kwari," in ji Tim Berners-Lee cikin baƙin ciki a cikin wata jarida daga '92. "Ina ba da T-shirt mai rubutu W3 ga duk wanda zai iya gyara ta!" - ya sanar. T-shirt ta tafi John Streets a Fermilab, wanda ya bi diddigin kwaro, wanda ya baiwa Nicola Pellow damar ci gaba da haɓaka nau'in Samba mai aiki.
Samba "yunƙuri ne na ƙaddamar da ƙirar burauzar farko da na rubuta akan na'urar NeXT zuwa dandalin Mac," Berners-Lee, amma ba a gama ba sai NCSA ta fitar da wani nau'in Mosaic na Mac wanda ya rufe shi."
Samba
mosaic
Mosaic shi ne “hasken da ya kunna haɓakar haɓakar yanar gizo a 1993,” in ji ’yan tarihi Gillies da Caillau. Amma ba za a iya haɓaka ba tare da magabata ba, kuma ba tare da ofisoshin NCSA a Jami'ar Illinois ba, sanye take da injunan UNIX mafi kyau. NCSA kuma tana da Dr. Ping Fu, likitan zane-zane na kwamfuta kuma mayen da yayi aiki akan tasirin morphing na fim ɗin Terminator 2. Kuma kwanan nan ya dauki mataimaki mai suna Marc Andreessen.
"Me kuke tunani game da rubuta GUI don mai bincike?" - Fu ya ba da shawara ga sabon mataimakinsa. "Mene ne browser?" – Andreessen ya tambaya. Amma bayan 'yan kwanaki, daya daga cikin ma'aikatan NCSA, Dave Thompson, ya ba da gabatarwa a kan mawallafin farko na Nicola Pellow da Pei Wei's ViolaWWW browser. Kuma kafin gabatarwa, Tony Johnson ya fito da sigar farko ta Midas.
Shirin na ƙarshe ya ba Andreessen mamaki. “Abin mamaki! Abin mamaki! Abin mamaki! Damn ban sha'awa! - ya rubuta wa Johnson. Andreessen ya nemi ƙwararren NCSA na UNIX, Eric Bina, don taimaka masa ya rubuta nasa burauzar don X.
Mosaic yana da sabbin abubuwa da yawa da aka gina a ciki don gidan yanar gizo, kamar goyan bayan bidiyo, sauti, fom, alamomi, da tarihi. "Kuma abin ban mamaki shi ne, ba kamar duk masu bincike na farko na X ba, komai yana kunshe a cikin fayil guda," Gillies da Caillau sun bayyana:
Tsarin shigarwa ya kasance mai sauƙi - kawai zazzage shi kuma kunna shi. Mosaic daga baya ya zama sananne don gabatar da alamar , wanda a karon farko ya ba da damar a saka hotuna kai tsaye cikin rubutu, maimakon su bayyana a wata taga daban, kamar yadda Tim ya fara bincike na NeXT. Wannan ya ba mutane damar sanya shafukan yanar gizon su yi kama da kafofin watsa labaru da suka saba da su; Ba duk masu kirkire-kirkire ba ne suka so ra'ayin, amma tabbas ya sa Musa ya shahara.
"Abin da Mark ya yi da kyau, a ganina," Tim Berners-Lee ya rubuta daga baya, "shi ne yin shigarwa mai sauƙi, da goyon baya tare da gyara kuskure ta hanyar imel, a kowane lokaci na rana ko dare. Kuna iya aika masa da sako game da kuskuren, kuma bayan sa'o'i biyu zai aiko muku da gyara."
Babban ci gaban Mosaic, daga ra'ayi na yau, shine aikinsa na giciye. "Tare da ikon da, bisa ƙa'ida, babu wanda ya ba ni, na ayyana X-Mosaic ya sake," Andreessen ya rubuta cikin fahariya a cikin rukunin tattaunawa na www a ranar 23 ga Janairu, 1993. Alex Totik ya fito da sigar sa don Mac bayan 'yan watanni. Chris Wilson da John Mittelhauser ne suka kirkiro sigar PC.
Mosaic browser ya dogara ne akan Viola da Midas, kamar yadda aka gani a cikin nunin kayan tarihi na kwamfuta. Kuma ya yi amfani da ɗakin karatu daga CERN. "Amma ba kamar sauran ba, abin dogara ne, har ma da ƙwararrun ƙwararru za su iya shigar da shi, kuma nan da nan ya ƙara tallafi don zane-zane masu launi a cikin shafuka maimakon kowane windows."
Mosaic browser yana samuwa don X Windows, Mac da Microsoft Windows
Guy daga Japan
Amma Mosaic ba shine kawai sabon samfurin da ya fito a lokacin ba. dalibin Jami'ar Kansas ya daidaita mashigin bayanan bayanan hypertext don Intanet da gidan yanar gizo. An ƙaddamar da shi a cikin Maris 1993. "Da sauri Lynx ya zama mai bincike na zaɓi don tashoshi masu tushe ba tare da zane-zane ba, kuma har yanzu ana amfani da shi a yau," in ji ɗan tarihi Stewart.
Kuma a Makarantar Shari'a ta Cornell, Tom Bruce yana rubuta aikace-aikacen yanar gizo don PC, "saboda waɗannan lauyoyin kwamfuta ne da aka saba amfani da su," bayanin Gillies da Caillau. Bruce ya buga masarrafar bincikensa ta Cello a ranar 8 ga Yuni, 1993, "kuma ba da daɗewa ba ana zazzage shi sau 500 a rana."
Cello
Bayan watanni shida, Andreessen ya kasance a Mountain View, California. Ƙungiyarsa ta shirya sakin Mosaic Netscape a ranar 13 ga Oktoba, 1994. Shi, Totik da Mittelhauser cikin farin ciki sun loda aikace-aikacen zuwa sabar FTP. Mai haɓaka na ƙarshe ya tuna wannan lokacin. “Bayan mintuna biyar suka wuce, duk muna zaune a wurin. Babu wani abu da ya faru. Kuma ba zato ba tsammani saukar farko ta faru. Wani mutum ne daga Japan. Mun rantse za mu aika masa da T-shirt!”
Wannan hadadden labari yana tunatar da mu cewa babu wani sabon abu da mutum daya ya yi. Mai binciken gidan yanar gizon ya shigo cikin rayuwarmu godiya ga masu hangen nesa daga ko'ina cikin duniya, mutanen da sau da yawa ba su fahimci abin da suke yi ba, amma sha'awar sani, la'akari mai amfani, ko ma sha'awar wasa. Hankalinsu na hazaka ya ci gaba da gudana gaba ɗaya. Kamar yadda Tim Berners-Lee ya dage cewa aikin ya kasance mai haɗin gwiwa kuma, mafi mahimmanci, budewa.
"Lokacin farko na gidan yanar gizon sun kasance masu kula da kasafin kuɗi sosai," Shi. "Akwai abubuwa da yawa da za a yi, irin wannan ƙaramin harshen wuta don a raye."
source: www.habr.com