Samfurin farko na uwar garken hasken rana tare da mai sarrafa caji. Hoto:
A cikin Satumba 2018, wani mai goyon baya daga Low-tech Magazine . Manufar ita ce a rage yawan amfani da makamashi ta yadda ɗayan hasken rana zai isa ga uwar garken gida mai sarrafa kansa. Wannan ba shi da sauƙi, saboda dole ne shafin ya yi aiki awanni 24 a rana. Bari mu ga abin da ya faru a ƙarshe.
Kuna iya zuwa uwar garken , duba yawan wutar lantarki na yanzu da matakin cajin baturi. An inganta rukunin yanar gizon don ƙaramin adadin buƙatun daga shafin da ƙarancin zirga-zirga, don haka yakamata ya jure yawan zirga-zirga daga Habr. Dangane da lissafin masu haɓakawa, yawan kuzari ga kowane baƙo na musamman shine 0,021 Wh.
Kafin wayewar gari ranar 31 ga Janairu, 2020, yana da ragowar batirin kashi 42%. Alfijir a Barcelona da karfe 8:04 na lokacin gida, bayan haka yakamata ya gudana daga hasken rana.
Me ya sa?
Shekaru goma da suka wuce masana cewa ci gaban yanar-gizon yana ba da gudummawa ga "lalata" al'umma, ƙaddamar da dijital ta duniya - kuma, a sakamakon haka, rage yawan amfani da makamashi. Sun yi kuskure. A gaskiya ma, Intanet kanta ta nema , kuma waɗannan kundin suna ci gaba da girma.
Kamfanonin IT sun ƙaddamar da yunƙurin canzawa zuwa madadin hanyoyin samar da wutar lantarki, amma wannan ba zai yiwu ba a yanzu. Duk cibiyoyin bayanai suna cinye makamashi sau uku fiye da duk na'urorin hasken rana da iska a duniya. Ko da mafi muni, samarwa da sauyawa na yau da kullun na bangarorin hasken rana da injin turbin iska , don haka, yana da wuya a yau a yi watsi da albarkatun mai (man, gas, uranium). Amma waɗannan ajiyar ba za su daɗe ba, don haka ba makawa za mu yi tunanin yadda za mu rayu a kan hanyoyin da za a sabunta su. Ciki har da aikin kayan aikin kwamfuta, gami da sabar yanar gizo.
Mujallar Low-tech Shafukan yanar gizon suna kumbura da sauri. Matsakaicin girman shafi ya ƙaru daga 2010 zuwa 2018 , kuma don shafukan wayar hannu - daga 0,15 MB zuwa 1,6 MB, ƙididdiga mai ra'ayin mazan jiya.
Ƙaruwa a cikin adadin zirga-zirga (makamashin da ake buƙata don watsa megabyte 1 na bayanai), wanda ke haifar da karuwar yawan kuzarin Intanet akai-akai. Shafukan da suka fi nauyi da lodi ba kawai suna ƙara nauyi a kan ababen more rayuwa na hanyar sadarwa ba, har ma suna rage “zagayowar rayuwa” na kwamfutoci da wayoyin komai da ruwanka, waɗanda dole ne a fi fitar da su akai-akai da kuma samar da sababbi, waɗanda su ma. .
Kuma ba shakka, haɓakar aikin yana haifar da salon rayuwar kanta: mutane suna ciyar da kusan duk lokacinsu akan Intanet kuma suna dogaro da sabis na yanar gizo daban-daban. Ya riga ya yi wahala a yi tunanin al'ummar zamani ba tare da kayan aikin IT na girgije ba (cibiyoyin sadarwar jama'a, saƙon nan take, wasiku, da sauransu).
Saitin uwar garken da gidan yanar gizo
В An yi bayanin saitin kayan masarufi da tarin software na sabar gidan yanar gizo daki-daki.
Kwamfutar allo guda ɗaya zaba don ƙarancin wutar lantarki da ƙarin fasali masu amfani kamar guntu sarrafa wutar lantarki . Yana ba ku damar buƙatar ƙididdiga akan ƙarfin lantarki na yanzu da na yanzu daga allo da baturi. Microcircuit yana canza wuta ta atomatik tsakanin baturi da mai haɗin DC, inda halin yanzu ke gudana daga sashin rana. Don haka, wutar lantarki mara katsewa ga uwar garken tare da tallafin baturi yana yiwuwa.
Olimex Olinuxino A20 Lime 2
Da farko, an zaɓi baturin lithium-polymer mai ƙarfin 6600 mAh (kimanin 24 Wh) azaman baturi, sannan aka shigar da baturin gubar-acid mai ƙarfin 84,4 Wh.
Tsarin aiki yana yin takalma daga katin SD. Ko da yake OS yana ɗaukar sama da 1 GB kuma a tsaye gidan yanar gizon yana kusan 30 MB, babu ma'anar tattalin arziki a cikin siyan katin ƙasa da Class 10 16 GB.
Sabar tana haɗi zuwa Intanet ta hanyar haɗin gida na 100Mbps a Barcelona da daidaitaccen mai amfani da hanyar sadarwa. Adireshin IP na tsaye an tanadar masa. Kusan kowa zai iya saita irin wannan rukunin yanar gizon a cikin ɗakin su; kuna buƙatar canza saitunan wuta kaɗan don tura tashar jiragen ruwa zuwa IP na gida:
Port 80 zuwa 80 don HTTP Port 443 zuwa 443 don HTTPS Port 22 zuwa 22 don SSH
tsarin aiki dangane da rarrabawar Debian da kwaya , wanda aka tsara don allon guda ɗaya tare da kwakwalwan AllWinner.
Wutar hasken rana mai nauyin watt 50 don uwar garken gidan yanar gizo da 10-watt hasken rana panel don haskaka falo a cikin ɗakin marubucin.
Tsayayyen wurin da tsarin ya samar (generator na yanar gizo a Python). Shafukan da ke tsaye suna ɗauka da sauri kuma ba su da ƙarfin CPU, don haka sun fi ƙarfin ƙarfi fiye da shafukan da aka ƙirƙira. Duba lambar tushe don jigon. .
Wani mahimmin mahimmin abu shine ɗaukar hoto, tunda ba tare da wannan ingantawa ba kusan ba zai yuwu a sanya shafukan yanar gizon ƙasa da megabyte 1 ba. Don ingantawa, an yanke shawarar canza hotuna zuwa hotuna na rabin sautin. Misali, ga hoton mata masu gudanar da tarho a kan allo a cikin karnin da ya gabata, .
Kuma a nan akwai ingantaccen hoto mai girman launin toka da launuka uku (baki, fari, launin toka). Saboda hasashe na gani, yana ga mai kallo cewa akwai launuka sama da uku.
An zaɓi Hotunan Halftone ba kawai don haɓaka girma ba (yanke shawara mai ban sha'awa), amma har ma don kyawawan dalilai. Wannan tsohuwar dabarar sarrafa hoto tana da wasu siffofi na salo, don haka rukunin yanar gizon yana da ɗan ƙira na musamman.
Bayan ingantawa, zane-zane 623 akan gidan yanar gizon Mujallar Low-tech ya ragu da girma daga 194,2 MB zuwa 21,3 MB, wato, da 89%.
Dukkan tsoffin labaran an canza su zuwa Markdown don sauƙin rubuta sabbin labarai, da kuma sauƙi na madadin ta hanyar. . An cire duk rubutun da masu sa ido, da kuma tambura, daga rukunin yanar gizon. Ana amfani da tsoffin font ɗin a cikin burauzar abokin ciniki. A matsayin "logo" - sunan mujallar a cikin manyan haruffa tare da kibiya zuwa hagu: LOW←TECH MUJALLAR. Sai kawai 16 bytes maimakon hoto.
A cikin yanayin raguwar lokaci, an shirya yuwuwar "karanta kan layi": ana fitar da rubutu da hotuna zuwa ciyarwar RSS. An kunna caching na 100% abun ciki, gami da HTML.
Wani haɓakawa yana ba da damar saitunan HTTP2 a cikin nginx, wanda ɗan rage zirga-zirgar zirga-zirga kuma yana rage lokacin ɗaukar shafi idan aka kwatanta da HTTP/1.1. Teburin ya kwatanta sakamakon shafuka biyar daban-daban.
| | FP | MU | HS | FW | CW | |-------|--------|--------|------- -| | HTTP/1.1 | 1.46s | 1.87s | 1.54s | 1.86s | 1.89s | | HTTP2 | 1.30s | 1.49s | 1.54s | 1.79s | 1.55s | | Hotuna | 9 | 21 | 11 | 19 | 23 | | tanadi | 11% | 21% | 0% | 4% | 18% |
Cikakken tsarin nginx:
root@solarserver:/var/log/nginx# cat /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/solar.lowtechmagazine.com
# Expires map
map $sent_http_content_type $expires {
default off;
text/html 7d;
text/css max;
application/javascript max;
~image/ max;
}
server {
listen 80;
server_name solar.lowtechmagazine.com;
location / {
return 301 https://$server_name$request_uri;
}
}
server{
listen 443 ssl http2;
server_name solar.lowtechmagazine.com;
charset UTF-8; #improve page speed by sending the charset with the first response.
location / {
root /var/www/html/;
index index.html;
autoindex off;
}
#Caching (save html pages for 7 days, rest as long as possible, no caching on frontpage)
expires $expires;
location @index {
add_header Last-Modified $date_gmt;
add_header Cache-Control 'no-cache, no-store';
etag off;
expires off;
}
#error_page 404 /404.html;
# redirect server error pages to the static page /50x.html
#error_page 500 502 503 504 /50x.html;
#location = /50x.html {
# root /var/www/;
#}
#Compression
gzip on;
gzip_disable "msie6";
gzip_vary on;
gzip_comp_level 6;
gzip_buffers 16 8k;
gzip_http_version 1.1;
gzip_types text/plain text/css application/json application/javascript text/xml application/xml application/xml+rss text/javascript;
#Caching (save html page for 7 days, rest as long as possible)
expires $expires;
# Logs
access_log /var/log/nginx/solar.lowtechmagazine.com_ssl.access.log;
error_log /var/log/nginx/solar.lowtechmagazine.com_ssl.error.log;
# SSL Settings:
ssl_certificate /etc/letsencrypt/live/solar.lowtechmagazine.com/fullchain.pem;
ssl_certificate_key /etc/letsencrypt/live/solar.lowtechmagazine.com/privkey.pem;
# Improve HTTPS performance with session resumption
ssl_session_cache shared:SSL:10m;
ssl_session_timeout 5m;
# Enable server-side protection against BEAST attacks
ssl_prefer_server_ciphers on;
ssl_ciphers ECDH+AESGCM:ECDH+AES256:ECDH+AES128:DH+3DES:!ADH:!AECDH:!MD5;
# Disable SSLv3
ssl_protocols TLSv1 TLSv1.1 TLSv1.2;
# Lower the buffer size to increase TTFB
ssl_buffer_size 4k;
# Diffie-Hellman parameter for DHE ciphersuites
# $ sudo openssl dhparam -out /etc/ssl/certs/dhparam.pem 4096
ssl_dhparam /etc/ssl/certs/dhparam.pem;
# Enable HSTS (https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Security/HTTP_Strict_Transport_Security)
add_header Strict-Transport-Security "max-age=63072000; includeSubdomains";
# Enable OCSP stapling (http://blog.mozilla.org/security/2013/07/29/ocsp-stapling-in-firefox)
ssl_stapling on;
ssl_stapling_verify on;
ssl_trusted_certificate /etc/letsencrypt/live/solar.lowtechmagazine.com/fullchain.pem;
resolver 87.98.175.85 193.183.98.66 valid=300s;
resolver_timeout 5s;
}Sakamako na watanni 15 na aiki
Don lokacin daga Disamba 12, 2018 zuwa Nuwamba 28, 2019, uwar garken ya nuna. . Wannan yana nufin cewa saboda rashin kyawun yanayi lokacin hutu na shekara ya kasance sa'o'i 399.
Amma idan ba ku yi la'akari da watanni biyun da suka gabata ba, lokacin aiki shine 98,2%, kuma lokacin saukarwa shine kawai awanni 152, masu haɓakawa sun rubuta. Lokaci ya ragu zuwa 80% a cikin watanni biyun da suka gabata lokacin da amfani da wutar lantarki ya karu saboda sabuntawar software. Kowace dare shafin yana raguwa na sa'o'i da yawa.
Dangane da kididdigar, na shekara (daga Disamba 3, 2018 zuwa Nuwamba 24, 2019), yawan wutar lantarki na uwar garken ya kasance 9,53 kWh. An yi rikodin hasara mai yawa a cikin tsarin photovoltaic saboda canjin wutar lantarki da fitar da baturi. Mai kula da hasken rana ya nuna amfani da shekara-shekara na 18,10 kWh, wanda ke nufin ingantaccen tsarin shine kusan 50%.
Siffar zane. Ba ya nuna mai jujjuya wutar lantarki daga 12 zuwa 5 volts da mitar awa-amper
A lokacin nazarin, baƙi na musamman 865 sun ziyarci wurin. Ciki har da duk asarar makamashi a cikin shigarwar hasken rana, yawan kuzarin kowane baƙo na musamman shine 000 Wh. Don haka, awa daya kilowatt na makamashin hasken rana da aka samar ya isa ya yiwa kusan baƙi 0,021 na musamman.
A yayin gwajin, an gwada hasken rana masu girma dabam. Teburin ya nuna lissafin tsawon lokacin da za a ɗauka don yin cajin batura masu iya aiki daban-daban yayin amfani da hasken rana masu girma dabam.
Matsakaicin amfani da sabar gidan yanar gizo a cikin shekarar farko, gami da duk asarar makamashi, shine 1,97 Watts. Lissafin ya nuna cewa gudanar da gidan yanar gizon dare ɗaya a mafi guntun dare na shekara (awanni 8 da mintuna 50, Yuni 21) yana buƙatar awoyi 17,40 na ƙarfin ajiya, kuma a cikin dare mafi tsayi (awa 14 mintuna 49, Disamba 21) kuna buƙatar 29,19 .XNUMX ku.
Tunda bai kamata batirin gubar-acid ya saki ƙasa da rabin ƙarfin ba, uwar garken yana buƙatar baturi 60 Wh don tsira mafi tsayi dare tare da mafi kyawun hasken rana (2x29,19 Wh). Domin mafi yawan shekara, tsarin ya yi aiki tare da baturi 86,4 Wh da kuma 50-watt hasken rana panel, sa'an nan da aka ambata a baya 95-98% uptime.
Lokaci 100%
Domin 100% uptime, ya zama dole don ƙara ƙarfin baturi. Don ramawa ga rana ɗaya na mummunan yanayi (ba tare da samar da wutar lantarki mai mahimmanci ba), ana buƙatar 47,28 watt-hours (24 hours × 1,97 watts) na ajiya.
Daga 1 ga Disamba, 2019 zuwa 12 ga Janairu, 2020, an shigar da baturi mai ƙarfin watt 168 a cikin tsarin, wanda ke da ƙarfin ajiya mai amfani na awa 84 watt. Wannan ya isa wurin adanawa don ci gaba da tafiyar dare biyu da yini ɗaya. An gwada daidaitawar a lokacin mafi duhu na shekara, amma yanayin ya yi kyau sosai - kuma a cikin ƙayyadadden lokacin lokacin ya kasance 100%.
Amma don tabbatar da 100% uptime na shekaru da yawa, dole ne ku samar da yanayin mafi munin yanayi, lokacin da mummunan yanayi ya ci gaba na kwanaki da yawa. Ƙididdigar ta nuna cewa don adana gidan yanar gizon yanar gizon yanar gizon yanar gizon yanar gizon yanar gizon yanar gizon yanar gizon yanar gizon yanar gizon yanar gizon yanar gizon yanar gizon yanar gizon yanar gizon yanar gizon yanar gizon yanar gizon yanar gizon yanar gizon yanar gizon yanar gizon yanar gizon yanar gizon yanar gizon yanar gizon yanar gizon yanar gizon yanar gizon yanar gizon yanar gizon yanar gizon yanar gizon yanar gizon yanar gizon yanar gizon yanar gizon yanar gizon yanar gizon yanar gizon yanar gizon yanar gizon yanar gizon yanar gizon yanar gizon yanar gizon yanar gizon yanar gizon yanar gizon yanar gizon yanar gizon yanar gizon yanar gizon yanar gizon yanar gizon yanar gizon yanar gizon yanar gizon yanar gizon yanar gizon yyın na tsawon kwanaki hudu ba tare da samar da makamashi ba ko kuma babu makamashi, kana buƙatar baturin gubar-acid mai karfin awoyi 440, wanda girman batirin mota ne.
A aikace, a cikin yanayi mai kyau, baturin gubar-acid mai nauyin 48 Wh zai kiyaye uwar garken yana gudana cikin dare daga Maris zuwa Satumba. Batirin 24 Wh zai šauki uwar garken na tsawon sa'o'i 6, ma'ana zai rufe kowane dare, kodayake a lokuta daban-daban ya danganta da watan.
Gabaɗaya, wasu rukunin yanar gizon ba sa buƙatar yin aiki da dare, lokacin da yawan baƙi ba su da yawa, in ji mutanen daga Mujallar Low-tech. Misali, idan wannan littafin birni ne na yanki, inda baƙi daga wasu yankuna na lokaci ba sa zuwa, amma mazauna gida kawai.
Wato, don shafukan da ke da zirga-zirga daban-daban da lokutan aiki daban-daban, ana buƙatar batura masu iya aiki daban-daban da kuma hasken rana masu girma dabam dabam.
Marubucin ya ba da lissafin adadin kuzari da ake buƙata samarwa da hasken rana panels da kansu (embodied makamashi) da kuma nawa ne idan ka raba wannan adadin da sa ran sabis rayuwa na shekaru 10.
Ta wannan hanyar, ana iya ƙididdige kwatankwacin daidaitaccen mai da ake cinyewa a cikin samarwa da aiki na bangarorin. Mujallar Low-tech ta gano cewa a cikin shekarar farko ta aiki, tsarin su (50 W panel, 86,4 Wh baturi) "ya samar da" kimanin kilogiram 9 na hayaki, ko kuma daidai da kona lita 3 na man fetur: kusan daidai da 50- motar fasinja mai shekara tayi tafiya.
Idan uwar garken ba ta yin amfani da wutar lantarki ba daga hasken rana ba, amma daga grid na wutar lantarki na gaba ɗaya, to, daidaitattun abubuwan da aka fitar sun zama ƙasa da sau shida: 1,54 kg (sashin makamashi na Spain yana da babban kaso na madadin makamashi da makamashin nukiliya). Amma wannan ba kwatancin daidai ba ne, marubucin ya rubuta, saboda yana la'akari da tsarin makamashin hasken rana, amma ba ya la'akari da wannan mai nuna alama ga cibiyar sadarwar makamashi ta gaba ɗaya, wato, farashin gininsa da tallafi. .
Ƙarin haɓakawa
A cikin lokacin da ya gabata, an aiwatar da haɓaka da yawa waɗanda suka rage yawan ƙarfin uwar garken. Misali, a wani lokaci mai haɓakawa ya lura cewa 6,63 TB na jimlar 11,15 TB na zirga-zirga an samar da shi ta hanyar aiwatar da ciyarwar RSS guda ɗaya da ba daidai ba wanda ke jan abun ciki kowane ƴan mintuna. Bayan gyara wannan kwaro, ikon uwar garken (ban da asarar makamashi) ya ragu daga 1,14 W zuwa kusan 0,95 W. Ribar na iya zama ƙarami, amma bambancin 0,19 W yana nufin 4,56 watt-hours kowace rana, wanda yayi daidai da fiye da sa'o'i 2,5 na rayuwar baturi don uwar garke.
A cikin shekarar farko, ingancin ya kasance kawai 50%. An yi hasarar asarar lokacin caji da fitar da baturi (22%), da kuma lokacin da ake canza wutar lantarki daga 12 V (tsarin PV na rana) zuwa 5 V (USB), inda asarar ta kasance har zuwa 28%. Mai haɓakawa ya yarda cewa yana da mai jujjuya wutar lantarki na ƙasa (mai sarrafawa ba tare da ginanniyar USB ba), don haka zaku iya inganta wannan batu ko canza zuwa shigarwar hasken rana na 5V.
Don inganta ingantaccen ajiyar makamashi, ana iya maye gurbin batirin gubar-acid tare da batura lithium-ion mafi tsada, waɗanda ke da ƙarancin caji / asara (<10%). Yanzu mai zanen yana la'akari da m (CAES), wanda ke da tsawon shekarun da suka gabata, wanda ke nufin ƙaramin sawun carbon akan samar da shi.
Karamin matsewar makamashin iska,
Ana la'akari da shigar da ƙarin injin turbin iska (zai iya zama ) da shigar da na'urar bin diddigin hasken rana don juyar da bangarorin zuwa rana. Tracker yana ba ku damar haɓaka samar da wutar lantarki da kashi 30%.
Wata hanyar da za a ƙara ingantaccen tsarin ita ce auna shi. Ƙara ƙarin gidajen yanar gizo akan uwar garken kuma ƙaddamar da ƙarin sabobin. Sannan amfani da makamashi a kowane rukunin yanar gizon zai ragu.
Solar hosting company. Misali: Diego Marmolejo
Idan kun rufe barandar ku gabaɗaya tare da fa'idodin hasken rana kuma buɗe kamfani mai karɓar gidan yanar gizon hasken rana, farashin kowane abokin ciniki zai yi ƙasa sosai fiye da gidan yanar gizon guda ɗaya: tattalin arzikin sikelin.
Gabaɗaya, wannan gwaji ya nuna cewa, idan aka ba da wasu ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun, yana yiwuwa gaba ɗaya kayan aikin kwamfuta suyi aiki akan hanyoyin makamashi masu sabuntawa.
A ka'ida, irin wannan uwar garken na iya yin hakan ba tare da baturi ba idan an yi kama da shi a wasu sassan duniya. Misali, shigar da madubai a New Zealand da Chile. Can na'urorin hasken rana zasu yi aiki idan dare yayi a Barcelona.
source: www.habr.com