“A zahiri babu wani wuri don inganta fasahar mitar rediyo. Sauƙaƙan mafita ya ƙare"
A ranar 26 ga Nuwamba, 2018 da karfe 22:53 agogon Moscow, NASA ta sake yin hakan - binciken InSight ya yi nasarar sauka a saman duniyar Mars bayan da aka shiga yanayi, saukowa da kuma hanyoyin sauka, wanda daga baya aka yi masa baftisma a matsayin “minti shida da rabi na ban tsoro. .” Bayanin da ya dace, tun da injiniyoyin NASA ba za su iya gane kai tsaye ko binciken sararin samaniya ya yi nasarar sauka a sararin samaniyar duniyar ba saboda jinkirin sadarwa na kusan mintuna 8,1 tsakanin Duniya da Mars. A lokacin wannan taga, InSight ba zai iya dogara da eriya na zamani da ƙarfi ba - komai ya dogara da tsohuwar sadarwar UHF (hanyar da aka daɗe ana amfani da ita a cikin komai tun daga watsa shirye-shiryen talabijin da Walkie-talkies zuwa na'urorin Bluetooth).
Sakamakon haka, an watsa mahimman bayanai game da matsayin InSight akan igiyoyin rediyo tare da mitar 401,586 MHz zuwa tauraron dan adam guda biyu -, WALL-E da EVE, wanda daga nan ne suka watsa bayanai a 8 Kbps zuwa 70-mita eriya dake duniya. An harba cubesat ɗin a kan roka iri ɗaya da InSight, kuma sun raka shi a kan tafiyarsa zuwa duniyar Mars don lura da saukowar kuma nan da nan aika bayanai zuwa gida. Sauran masu kewaya duniyar Mars, misali. (MRS), sun kasance a cikin wani yanayi mai ban tsoro kuma da farko ba su iya musayar saƙo tare da mai ba da izini a ainihin lokacin. Ba a faɗi cewa gabaɗayan saukarwa ya dogara da CubeSats na gwaji guda biyu kowanne girman akwati ba, amma MRS za ta iya watsa bayanai daga InSight ne kawai bayan jira har ma.
Saukowar InSight a haƙiƙa ya gwada gine-ginen sadarwa na NASA gabaɗaya, Mars Network. Siginar InSight lander da aka watsa zuwa tauraron dan adam masu kewayawa da ta isa Duniya ta wata hanya, koda tauraron dan adam ya gaza. WALL-E da EVE suna buƙatar aika bayanai nan take, kuma sun yi hakan. Idan waɗannan CubeSats ba su yi aiki ba saboda wasu dalilai, MRS a shirye take ta taka rawarsu. Kowane ɗayan yana aiki azaman kumburi akan hanyar sadarwa mai kama da Intanet, yana sarrafa fakitin bayanai ta tashoshi daban-daban waɗanda suka ƙunshi kayan aiki daban-daban. A yau, mafi tasiri daga cikinsu shine MRS, mai ikon watsa bayanai a cikin sauri har zuwa 6 Mbit / s (kuma wannan shine rikodin halin yanzu don ayyukan haɗin gwiwa). Amma NASA dole ne ta yi aiki da sauri a hankali a baya-kuma za ta buƙaci canja wurin bayanai da sauri a nan gaba.
Kamar Mai Ba da Sabis ɗin Intanet ɗin ku, NASA tana ba da damar masu amfani da Intanet sadarwa tare da jiragen ruwa a cikin ainihin lokaci.
Zurfafa hanyoyin sadarwar sararin samaniya
Yayin da kasancewar NASA a sararin samaniya ya karu, ingantattun hanyoyin sadarwa sun ci gaba da fitowa don rufe sararin samaniya da yawa: na farko a cikin yanayin kasa maras nauyi, sannan a cikin kewayawa na geosynchronous da wata, kuma nan da nan sadarwa ta yi zurfi cikin sararin samaniya. Lamarin dai ya fara ne da danyen na’urar karban radiyo da aka yi amfani da ita wajen karbar na’urorin sadarwa daga Explorer 1, tauraron dan adam na farko da Amurkawa suka yi nasarar harbawa a shekarar 1958, a sansanonin sojin Amurka a Najeriya, Singapore da California. Sannu a hankali amma tabbas, wannan tushen ya samo asali ne zuwa nagartattun tsarin saƙon yau.
Douglas Abraham, shugaban Sashen Hankalin Dabaru da Tsare-tsare a Cibiyar Sadarwar Sadarwar Sadarwa ta NASA, ya haskaka hanyoyin sadarwa guda uku da suka ɓullo da kansu don isar da saƙo a sararin samaniya. Cibiyar sadarwa ta Kusa da Duniya tana aiki da kumbon sama jannati a cikin kewayar duniya maras nauyi. “Tarin eriya ne, galibin mita 9 zuwa 12. Akwai ‘yan ’yan girma, masu tsayin mita 15 zuwa 18,” in ji Abraham. Bayan haka, a sama da kewayar duniya ta geosynchronous, akwai tauraron dan adam masu bibiyar bayanai (TDRS). "Suna iya kallon tauraron dan adam a cikin ƙananan sararin samaniya da kuma sadarwa tare da su, sannan su watsa wannan bayanin ta hanyar TDRS zuwa ƙasa," Ibrahim ya bayyana. "Wannan tsarin watsa bayanan tauraron dan adam ana kiransa NASA Space Network."
Amma ko da TDRS bai isa ya yi mu’amala da kumbon ba, wanda ya zarce sararin samaniyar wata, zuwa sauran duniyoyi. “Don haka dole ne mu samar da hanyar sadarwa wacce ta shafi tsarin hasken rana gaba daya. Kuma wannan shi ne Deep Space Network [DSN], in ji Abraham. Cibiyar sadarwa ta Mars tsawaita ce .
Ganin tsawonsa da shimfidarsa, DSN ita ce mafi hadaddun tsarin da aka jera. Ainihin, wannan saitin manyan eriya ne, daga 34 zuwa 70 m diamita. Kowace rukunin yanar gizon DSN guda uku yana aiki da eriya masu tsayin mita 34 da yawa da eriyar mita 70. Ɗayan rukunin yana cikin Goldstone (California), wani kusa da Madrid (Spain), kuma na uku a Canberra (Australia). Waɗannan rukunin yanar gizon suna kusa da nisan digiri 120 a duniya, kuma suna ba da ɗaukar hoto na sa'o'i XNUMX ga duk jiragen sama da ke wajen kewayar geosynchronous.
Eriya masu tsayin mita 34 sune manyan kayan aikin DSN, kuma akwai nau'ikan iri biyu: tsoffin eriya masu inganci da sabbin eriya mai jan hankali. Bambanci shine eriyar igiyar jagora tana da madaidaicin madubin RF guda biyar waɗanda ke nuna sigina ƙasa da bututu zuwa ɗakin sarrafa ƙasa, inda na'urorin lantarki waɗanda ke nazarin waɗannan sigina sun fi kariya daga duk tushen tsangwama. Eriya masu tsayin mita 34, suna aiki daban-daban ko a rukuni na jita-jita 2-3, na iya samar da mafi yawan hanyoyin sadarwa na NASA. Amma ga lokuta na musamman lokacin da nisa ya yi tsayi da yawa har ma da eriya mai tsayin mita 34, sarrafa DSN yana amfani da dodanni na mita 70.
"Suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a aikace-aikace da yawa," in ji Abraham na manyan eriya. Na farko shi ne lokacin da kumbon ya yi nisa daga doron kasa ta yadda ba zai yiwu a samar da hanyar sadarwa da shi ta hanyar amfani da karamin tasa ba. "Misalai masu kyau zasu kasance aikin New Horizons, wanda ya riga ya yi tafiya fiye da Pluto, ko jirgin Voyager, wanda ke wajen tsarin hasken rana. Eriya mai tsawon mita 70 ne kawai za su iya kutsawa cikin su kuma su isar da bayanansu zuwa Duniya,” in ji Abraham.
Hakanan ana amfani da jita-jita mai tsawon mita 70 lokacin da jirgin saman ba zai iya sarrafa eriya mai haɓakawa ba, ko dai saboda wani yanayi mai mahimmanci da aka tsara kamar shigarwar orbital, ko kuma saboda wani abu ya ɓace. An yi amfani da eriyar mai tsawon mita 70, alal misali, don mayar da Apollo 13 zuwa Duniya cikin aminci. Har ila yau, ta ɗauki shahararren layin Neil Armstrong, "Ƙananan mataki ga mutum, mataki mai girma ga 'yan adam." Kuma ko da a yau, DSN ya kasance tsarin sadarwa mafi ci gaba da kulawa a duniya. “Amma saboda dalilai da yawa ya riga ya kai iyakarsa,” in ji Ibrahim. – A zahiri babu inda za a inganta fasahar da ke aiki a mitocin rediyo. Sauƙaƙan mafita suna kurewa."
Tashoshin ƙasa uku tsakanin digiri 120
DSN Plates a Canberra
DSN hadaddun a Madrid
DSN in Goldstone
Dakin sarrafawa a dakin gwaje-gwaje na Jet Propulsion
Rediyo da abin da zai faru bayan ta
Wannan labari ba sabon abu bane. Tarihin sadarwar sararin samaniya mai zurfi ya ƙunshi gwagwarmaya akai-akai don ƙara mitoci da kuma rage tsawon igiyoyi. Explorer 1 yayi amfani da mitoci 108 MHz. NASA sannan ta gabatar da eriya mafi girma, mafi kyawun riba waɗanda ke goyan bayan mitoci a cikin L-band, 1 zuwa 2 GHz. Sa'an nan shi ne juya na S-band, tare da mitoci daga 2 zuwa 4 GHz, sa'an nan hukumar ta canza zuwa X-band, tare da mitoci na 7-11,2 GHz.
A yau, tsarin sadarwar sararin samaniya yana sake fuskantar canje-canje - yanzu suna motsawa zuwa kewayon 26-40 GHz, Ka-band. "Dalilin wannan yanayin shi ne cewa gajarta tsayin raƙuman ruwa kuma mafi girman mitoci, da sauri za a iya cimma ƙimar canja wurin bayanai," in ji Abraham.
Akwai dalilai na kyakkyawan fata, ganin cewa a tarihi saurin sadarwa a NASA ya yi sauri sosai. Takardar bincike ta 2014 daga dakin gwaje-gwajen Jet Propulsion na samar da bayanan da aka fitar don kwatantawa: Idan muka yi amfani da fasahar sadarwa ta Explorer 1 don isar da hoton iPhone na yau da kullun daga Jupiter zuwa Duniya, zai ɗauki sau 460 fiye da zamanin duniyar duniya. Ga Majagaba na 2 da 4 daga shekarun 1960, da ya ɗauki shekaru 633. Mariner 000 daga 9 zai yi shi a cikin sa'o'i 1971. Yau za a dauki MRS minti uku.
Matsala daya tilo, ba shakka, ita ce yawan bayanan da jiragen sama ke karba suna karuwa da sauri kamar yadda, idan ba su da sauri ba, karuwar karfin watsa shi. A cikin shekaru 40 na aiki, Voyagers 1 da 2 sun samar da TB na bayanai. Tauraron dan adam na NISAR Earth Science, wanda aka shirya harbawa a shekarar 5, zai samar da TB 2020 na bayanai a kowane wata. Kuma idan tauraron dan adam na Duniya yana da ikon yin hakan, canja wurin irin wannan adadin bayanai tsakanin taurari wani labari ne mabanbanta. Ko da MRS mai sauri zai watsa 85 TB na bayanai zuwa duniya har tsawon shekaru 85.
Abraham ya ce "Kimanin bayanan da ake sa ran don binciken duniyar Mars a ƙarshen 2020s da farkon 2030s zai kasance 150 Mbps ko sama da haka, don haka mu yi lissafin," in ji Abraham. - Idan jirgin sama mai daraja ta MRS a matsakaicin nisa daga gare mu zuwa duniyar Mars zai iya aika kusan 1 Mbit/s zuwa eriyar mita 70 a Duniya, sannan don tsara sadarwa a cikin saurin 150 Mbit / s tsararru na mita 150 70 za a buƙaci eriya. Ee, ba shakka, za mu iya fito da hanyoyi masu wayo don rage wannan adadin marasa hankali kaɗan, amma matsalar a fili tana wanzuwa: tsara hanyoyin sadarwar duniya a cikin saurin 150 Mbps yana da matuƙar wahala. Bugu da kari, muna fuskantar karancin mitoci da aka halatta.”
Kamar yadda Ibrahim ya nuna, yana aiki a cikin S-band ko X-band, manufa guda 25 Mbps zai mamaye dukkan nau'ikan bakan. Akwai ƙarin sarari a cikin Ka-band, amma kawai tauraron Mars biyu tare da kayan aiki na 150 Mbit/s za su mamaye duka bakan. A taƙaice, intanet ɗin da ke tsakanin duniya zai buƙaci fiye da rediyo kawai don aiki-zai dogara da lasers.
Fitowar hanyoyin sadarwa na gani
Lasers sauti na gaba, amma ra'ayin sadarwa na gani za a iya gano shi zuwa wani lamban kira da Alexander Graham Bell ya shigar a cikin 1880s. Bell ya ƙirƙiro wani tsari wanda hasken rana, mai mai da hankali ga ƙunƙun katako, aka nufa kan diaphragm mai haske wanda sauti ya girgiza. Girgizarwar ta haifar da bambance-bambance a cikin hasken da ke wucewa ta cikin ruwan tabarau zuwa cikin danyen hoto. Canje-canje a cikin juriya na photodetector canza halin yanzu wucewa ta cikin wayar.
Tsarin ba shi da kwanciyar hankali, ƙarar ya yi ƙasa sosai, kuma Bell ya yi watsi da ra'ayin. Amma kusan shekaru 100 bayan haka, masu dauke da Laser da fiber optics, injiniyoyin NASA sun dawo kan wannan tsohuwar ra'ayi.
"Mun san iyakokin tsarin mitar rediyo, don haka a JPL a ƙarshen 1970s, farkon 1980s, mun fara tattauna yiwuwar watsa saƙonni daga sararin samaniya ta hanyar amfani da laser na sararin samaniya," in ji Abraham. Don ƙarin fahimtar abin da ke da wuya kuma ba zai yiwu ba a cikin hanyoyin sadarwa mai zurfi na sararin samaniya, dakin gwaje-gwajen ya ƙaddamar da wani bincike na shekaru huɗu Deep Space Relay Satellite System (DSRSS) a ƙarshen 1980s. Dole ne binciken ya amsa tambayoyi masu mahimmanci: menene game da yanayin yanayi da matsalolin gani (bayan haka, raƙuman radiyo na iya shiga cikin girgije cikin sauƙi, yayin da lasers ba zai iya ba)? Me zai faru idan kusurwar binciken Rana-Duniya ya zama mai tsanani? Shin mai ganowa a duniya zai iya bambanta siginar gani mai rauni daga hasken rana? Kuma a ƙarshe, nawa ne duk wannan farashi kuma zai dace da shi? Ibrahim ya ce: “Har yanzu muna neman amsoshi ga waɗannan tambayoyin. "Duk da haka, amsoshin suna ƙara goyan bayan yiwuwar watsa bayanan gani."
DSRSS ta ba da shawarar cewa wurin da ke sama da yanayin duniya zai fi dacewa da sadarwar gani da rediyo. An bayyana cewa tsarin sadarwa na gani da aka sanya a tashar orbital zai yi aiki mafi kyau fiye da kowane gine-ginen da ke ƙasa, ciki har da fitattun eriya mai tsawon mita 70. A cikin kewayar ƙasa ƙasa, an shirya tura tasa mai tsawon mita 10, sannan a ɗaga shi zuwa geosynchronous. Duk da haka, farashin irin wannan tsarin-wanda ya ƙunshi tauraron dan adam tare da tasa, motar harba, da tashoshi biyar masu amfani - ya kasance haramun. Haka kuma, binciken bai hada da kudin da ake bukata na tsarin taimakon da zai fara aiki ba a yayin da tauraron dan adam ya gaza.
Don wannan tsarin, dakin gwaje-gwaje ya fara duba gine-ginen ƙasa da aka kwatanta a cikin rahoton Laboratory's Ground Based Advanced Technology Study (GBATS), wanda aka gudanar a lokaci guda da DRSS. Mutanen da ke aiki a kan GBATS sun fito da wasu shawarwari guda biyu. Na farko shi ne shigar da tashoshi shida tare da eriya mai tsawon mita 10 da eriya masu tsayin mitoci wanda ke tsakanin digiri 60 tare da dukan equator. Dole ne a gina tashoshi a kan kololuwar tsaunuka, inda yanayin ya kasance a sarari a kalla kashi 66% na kwanaki a shekara. Don haka, tashoshin 2-3 za su kasance koyaushe ga kowane jirgin sama, kuma za su sami yanayi daban-daban. Zaɓin na biyu shi ne tashoshi tara, masu tari a rukuni na uku, kuma suna da digiri 120 daga juna. Tashoshin da ke cikin kowace ƙungiya yakamata su kasance a nisan kilomita 200 daga juna don su kasance cikin ganuwa kai tsaye, amma a cikin ƙwayoyin yanayi daban-daban.
Dukansu gine-ginen GBATS sun fi rahusa fiye da tsarin sararin samaniya, amma kuma suna da matsaloli. Na farko, tun da siginonin dole ne su bi ta cikin yanayin duniya, liyafar rana zai fi muni fiye da liyafar dare saboda hasken sararin sama. Duk da tsarin wayo, tashoshin ƙasa na gani za su dogara da yanayin. Jirgin da ke nuna Laser a tashar kasa daga karshe dole ne ya dace da yanayin yanayi mara kyau da kuma sake kafa hanyar sadarwa tare da wata tashar da girgije ba ya rufe shi.
Duk da haka, ba tare da la'akari da matsalolin ba, ayyukan DSRSS da GBATS sun kafa tushen ka'idar tsarin tsarin sadarwa mai zurfi na sararin samaniya da ci gaban zamani na injiniyoyi a NASA. Abin da ya rage shi ne gina irin wannan tsarin da kuma nuna ayyukansa. Abin farin ciki, wannan ya rage 'yan watanni kawai.
Tsarin aiwatarwa
A lokacin, watsa bayanan gani a sararin samaniya ya riga ya faru. An yi gwajin farko ne a shekarar 1992, lokacin da binciken Galileo ke kan hanyar Jupiter, ya kuma karkatar da babbar kyamararsa zuwa doron kasa don samun nasarar karbar wani nau'in bugun jini da aka aika daga na'urar hangen nesa mai tsawon cm 60 a Table Mountain Observatory da kuma tazarar mita 1,5. USAF Starfire Tsarin hangen nesa na gani a New Mexico. A wannan lokacin, Galileo yana da nisan kilomita miliyan 1,4 daga Duniya, amma duka katakon Laser sun bugi kyamarar sa.
Kazalika hukumomin Japan da na Turai sun sami damar samar da hanyoyin sadarwa na gani tsakanin tashoshin kasa da tauraron dan adam a cikin kewayar duniya. Sannan sun sami damar kafa hanyar sadarwa ta 50 Mbps tsakanin tauraron dan adam guda biyu. Shekaru da yawa da suka gabata, wata ƙungiyar Jamus ta kafa hanyar haɗin kai tsakanin tauraron dan adam na NFIRE a cikin kewayen duniya da tashar ƙasa a Tenerife, Spain, 5,6 Gbps. Amma duk waɗannan shari'o'in suna da alaƙa da ƙananan ƙasa.
An kafa hanyar haɗin kai ta farko da ta haɗa tashar ƙasa da jirgin sama a cikin kewayawa kusa da wata duniyar da ke cikin tsarin hasken rana a cikin Janairu 2013. Hoton baƙar fata da fari na Mona Lisa 152 x 200 pixel an watsa shi daga Tashar Jirgin Laser Tauraron Dan Adam na gaba a Cibiyar Jirgin Sama ta NASA ta Goddard zuwa Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) a 300 bps. Sadarwar hanya ɗaya ce. LRO ta aika da hoton da ta samu daga duniya ta hanyar sadarwar rediyo na yau da kullun. Hoton yana buƙatar ƴan gyara kuskuren software, amma ko da ba tare da wannan coding ba yana da sauƙin ganewa. Kuma a wancan lokacin, an riga an shirya ƙaddamar da wani tsari mai ƙarfi ga wata.
Daga aikin 2013 Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter: Don share bayanai daga kurakuran watsawa da yanayin duniya (hagu) ya gabatar, masana kimiyya a Cibiyar Jirgin Sama ta Goddard sun yi amfani da gyaran kuskuren Reed-Solomon (dama), wanda ake amfani da shi sosai a CD da DVD. Kurakurai gama gari sun haɗa da ɓacewar pixels (fararen fata) da siginar ƙarya (baƙar fata). Farin tsiri yana nuna ɗan ɗan dakata a watsa.
«(LADEE) ya shiga kewayar wata ne a ranar 6 ga Oktoba, 2013, kuma bayan mako guda ya ƙaddamar da laser ɗin sa don watsa bayanai. A wannan karon, NASA ta yi kokarin tsara hanyoyin sadarwa guda biyu a gudun 20 Mbit/s a daya bangaren da kuma saurin rikodin 622 Mbit/s a daya bangaren. Matsalar kawai ita ce ɗan gajeren rayuwar aikin. Hanyoyin sadarwa na gani na LRO sun yi aiki na ƴan mintuna kaɗan kawai. LADEE ya yi musayar bayanai da lesar sa na tsawon awanni 16 sama da kwanaki 30. Wannan yanayin yana shirin canzawa tare da ƙaddamar da tauraron dan adam na Laser Communications Demonstration (LCRD), wanda aka shirya a watan Yuni 2019. Manufarsa ita ce ta nuna yadda tsarin sadarwa na gaba zai yi aiki a sararin samaniya.
Ana haɓaka LCRD a dakin gwaje-gwajen Jet Propulsion na NASA tare da MIT ta Lincoln Laboratory. Zai kasance yana da tashoshi na gani guda biyu: ɗaya don sadarwa a cikin ƙananan ƙasa, ɗayan don zurfin sarari. Na farko dole ne ya yi amfani da Maɓallin Shift Maɓalli (DPSK). Mai watsawa zai aika da bugun laser a mitar 2,88 GHz. Amfani da wannan fasaha, kowane bit za a rufaffen ta hanyar bambance-bambancen lokaci na bugun jini. Zai iya aiki da sauri na 2,88 Gbps, amma wannan zai buƙaci iko mai yawa. Masu ganowa za su iya gano bambance-bambancen bugun jini kawai a cikin sigina masu ƙarfi, don haka DPSK yana aiki mai kyau don sadarwa ta kusa-Duniya, amma ba hanya ce mafi kyau don sararin samaniya ba, inda adana makamashi yana da matsala. Siginar da aka aika daga duniyar Mars za ta rasa kuzari a lokacin da ta isa Duniya, don haka LCRD za ta yi amfani da fasaha mafi inganci da ake kira pulse phase modulation don nuna hanyoyin sadarwa na gani tare da sararin samaniya.
Injiniyoyin NASA suna shirya LADEE don gwaji
A cikin 2017, injiniyoyi sun gwada modem na jirgin sama a cikin ɗaki mai zafi
Ibrahim ya bayyana cewa: “Da gaske ana kirga photon ne. – An raba ɗan gajeren lokacin da aka keɓe don sadarwa zuwa lokuta da yawa. Don samun bayanai, kawai kuna buƙatar bincika ko photons sun yi karo da mai ganowa a kowane tazara. Wannan shine yadda ake rufaffen bayanan a cikin FIM." Yana kama da lambar Morse, amma cikin sauri-sauri. Ko dai akwai walƙiya a wani lokaci ko babu, kuma ana ɓoye saƙon ta jerin filasha. "Ko da yake wannan ya fi DPSK sannu a hankali, har yanzu muna iya samar da dubun ko ɗaruruwan Mbps na hanyoyin sadarwa masu nisa kamar Mars," in ji Abraham.
Tabbas, aikin LCRD ba waɗannan tashoshi biyu ba ne kawai. Hakanan yakamata yayi aiki azaman cibiyar Intanet a sararin samaniya. A ƙasa, tashoshi uku za su yi aiki tare da LCRD: ɗaya a White Sands a New Mexico, ɗaya a Dutsen Table a California, ɗayan kuma a tsibirin Hawaii ko Maui. Manufar ita ce a gwada sauyawa daga tashar ƙasa zuwa wancan idan mummunan yanayi ya faru a ɗaya daga cikin tashoshin. Manufar kuma za ta gwada aikin LCRD a matsayin mai watsa bayanai. Za a aika da siginar gani daga ɗaya daga cikin tashoshin zuwa tauraron dan adam sannan a watsa shi zuwa wata tasha - duk ta hanyar hanyar haɗin gani.
Idan ba za a iya canja wurin bayanan nan da nan ba, LCRD za ta adana su kuma ta canza shi lokacin da dama ta taso. Idan bayanan na gaggawa ne ko kuma babu isasshen sarari a ma'ajiyar jirgin, LCRD za ta aika da ita nan take ta eriyarta ta Ka-band. Don haka, mafari ga tauraron dan adam masu watsawa a nan gaba, LCRD zai zama tsarin tsarin rediyo na gani na matasan. Wannan shine ainihin nau'in naúrar da NASA ke buƙatar sanyawa a kewayen duniyar Mars don kafa hanyar sadarwa ta duniya wacce za ta tallafawa binciken zurfin sararin samaniya na ɗan adam a cikin 2030s.
Kawo Mars akan layi
A cikin shekarar da ta gabata, tawagar Abraham ta rubuta takarda guda biyu da ke bayyana makomar sadarwar sararin samaniya mai zurfi, wanda za a gabatar da shi a taron SpaceOps a Faransa a watan Mayu 2019. Ɗayan ya bayyana hanyoyin sadarwa mai zurfi a sararin samaniya, ɗayan ("") yana ba da cikakken bayanin abubuwan more rayuwa waɗanda ke da ikon samar da sabis kamar Intanet don 'yan sama jannati a Red Planet.
Ƙididdiga na matsakaicin matsakaicin matsakaicin saurin canja wurin bayanai sun kusan 215 Mbit/s don saukewa da 28 Mbit/s don lodawa. Intanet na Mars zai ƙunshi cibiyoyin sadarwa guda uku: WiFi mai rufe sararin binciken sararin samaniya, hanyar sadarwa ta duniyar duniyar da ke watsa bayanai daga saman zuwa duniya, da kuma hanyar sadarwa ta duniya, cibiyar sadarwar sararin samaniya mai zurfi tare da shafuka uku da ke da alhakin karɓar wannan bayanai da aika martani zuwa ga. Mars
“Lokacin da ake haɓaka irin waɗannan ababen more rayuwa, ana samun matsaloli da yawa. Dole ne ya zama abin dogaro da kwanciyar hankali, har ma a matsakaicin nisa zuwa Mars na 2,67 AU. a lokacin mafi girman haɗin rana, lokacin da Mars ke ɓoye a bayan Rana,” in ji Abraham. Irin wannan haɗin gwiwa yana faruwa a kowace shekara biyu kuma yana lalata sadarwa da duniyar Mars gaba ɗaya. "A yau ba za mu iya jurewa da wannan ba. Duk tashoshin saukar ƙasa da tashoshi waɗanda ke kan duniyar Mars suna rasa hulɗa da Duniya kusan makonni biyu. Tare da hanyoyin sadarwa na gani, asarar sadarwa ta hanyar haɗa hasken rana zai fi tsayi, makonni 10 zuwa 15." Ga mutummutumi, irin wannan gibin ba su da ban tsoro musamman. Irin wannan keɓewar ba ya haifar musu da matsala, domin ba sa gajiyawa, ba sa jin kaɗaici, kuma ba sa bukatar ganin ’yan’uwansu. Amma ga mutane ya bambanta.
"Saboda haka a bisa ka'ida muna ba da izinin ƙaddamar da na'urori masu watsawa biyu na orbital da aka sanya a cikin wani madauwari mai da'ira mai nisan kilomita 17300 daga saman duniyar Mars," in ji Ibrahim. A cewar binciken, ya kamata su auna nauyin kilogiram 1500 kowanne, kuma su kasance a kan tashar tashar jiragen ruwa masu aiki a cikin X-band, Ka-band, da na'urar gani, kuma za su kasance masu amfani da hasken rana mai karfin 20-30 kW. Dole ne su goyi bayan ka'idar Sadarwar Sadarwar Jinkiri - ainihin TCP/IP, wanda aka ƙera don ɗaukar dogon jinkirin da zai faru a cikin hanyoyin sadarwar duniya. Tashoshin orbital da ke shiga cikin hanyar sadarwa dole ne su iya sadarwa tare da 'yan sama jannati da ababen hawa a saman duniya, tare da tashoshin ƙasa da juna.
"Wannan haɗin kai yana da mahimmanci sosai saboda yana rage adadin eriya da ake buƙata don watsa bayanai a 250 Mbps," in ji Abraham. Ƙungiyarsa ta kiyasta cewa za a buƙaci tsararrun eriya mai tsawon mita 250 don karɓar bayanan 34 Mbps daga ɗaya daga cikin masu watsawa na orbital. Wannan yana nufin cewa NASA za ta buƙaci gina ƙarin eriya uku a wuraren sadarwar sararin samaniya mai zurfi, amma suna ɗaukar shekaru ana ginawa kuma suna da tsada sosai. "Amma muna tunanin tashoshi biyu na orbital za su iya raba bayanan kuma su aika a lokaci guda a kan 125 Mbps, tare da mai watsawa daya aika rabin fakitin bayanan, ɗayan kuma ya aika da ɗayan," in ji Abraham. Ko da a yau, eriyar sadarwar sararin samaniya mai zurfin mita 34 na iya karɓar bayanai lokaci guda daga jiragen sama daban-daban guda huɗu a lokaci ɗaya, wanda ya haifar da buƙatar eriya uku don kammala aikin. "Karbar watsawa na 125 Mbps guda biyu daga yanki ɗaya na sararin sama yana buƙatar adadin eriya ɗaya kamar yadda ake karɓar watsa guda ɗaya," in ji Abraham. "Ana buƙatar ƙarin eriya idan kuna buƙatar sadarwa cikin sauri mafi girma."
Don magance matsalar haɗin rana, ƙungiyar Abraham ta ba da shawarar harba tauraron dan adam mai watsawa zuwa maki L4/L5 na Rana-Mars/Sun-Earth orbit. Sannan, yayin lokutan haɗin gwiwa, ana iya amfani da shi don watsa bayanai a kusa da Rana, maimakon aika sigina ta ciki. Abin takaici, a wannan lokacin gudun zai ragu zuwa 100 Kbps. A sauƙaƙe, zai yi aiki, amma yana tsotsa.
A halin da ake ciki, 'yan sama jannati na gaba a duniyar Mars za su jira sama da mintuna uku kafin su karbi hoton kyanwa, ba tare da kirga jinkirin da zai iya kaiwa mintuna 40 ba. Abin farin ciki, kafin burin bil'adama ya kai mu har ma fiye da Red Planet, Intanet mai shiga tsakani zai riga ya yi aiki da kyau mafi yawan lokaci.
source: www.habr.com