Yana da wuya a yarda cewa wannan dattijon Tsohon Alkawari daga wani yanki mai arziki na San Francisco yana ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa RuNet.
Joel Schatz masanin kimiyya ne, mai hangen nesa, mai akida kuma dan kasuwa; a cikin kuruciyarsa yana son gwaje-gwaje tare da sani; gogewar kwakwalwa ta taimaka masa ya ji haɗin kai na dukkan abubuwan rayuwa.
Joel Schatz: hippie kuma ɗan kasuwa IT.
"Na yi mamakin dalilin da ya sa duniya ta zama kamar ba ta da haɗin kai ba tare da kwayoyi ba, sai na gane cewa manufata ce ta haɓaka kayan aikin bayanai don taimaka mana mu haɗa waɗannan ɓangarori na gaskiya tare."
Disclaimer. Wannan labarin shine kwafin fim ɗin ban mamaki "Holivar" na Andrei Loshak. Akwai mutanen da suke ajiye lokaci da soyayyar rubutu, akwai wadanda ba za su iya kallon bidiyo a wurin aiki ko a hanya ba, amma cikin farin ciki suna karanta Habr, akwai mutanen da ke da wuyar ji, wanda waƙar sautin ba ta isa ba ko kuma mai wuyar fahimta. Mun yanke shawarar rubuta wasu manyan abubuwan ciki don su da ku duka. Ga waɗanda har yanzu sun fi son bidiyo, hanyar haɗin yana a ƙarshen.
A lokacin yakin Cold War, Schatz ya tafi Tarayyar Soviet don kafa sadarwa. Joseph Goldin, ɗan sufi na Soviet, mai hangen nesa kuma ɗan kasuwa, shi ma ya zama abokinsa kuma mai tunani iri ɗaya. Goldin kuma ya damu da ra'ayin sadarwa ta kan iyakoki, zama wanda ya shirya taron wayar tarho na farko da Amurka.
Teleconference Leningrad-Boston. 1986
“Ina so in ce a cikin tallanmu na TV komai ya shafi jima’i. Kuna da irin wannan tallan TV?
- "Amma muna yin jima'i ... ba mu yin jima'i kuma muna adawa da shi."
Kuka daga masu sauraro: "Muna yin jima'i, ba mu da talla."
"Wannan kuskure ne"!
Goldin ya yi imani da ikon talabijin. Schatz yana ɗaukar wata hanya ta dabam kuma ya yarda da haɗin gwiwa tare da Cibiyar Bincike na Tsare-tsaren Aiwatarwa. An taƙaita shi azaman VNIIPAS, ita ce ƙungiya ɗaya tilo a cikin Ƙungiyar da ke da tashar sadaukarwa zuwa yamma.
Joel Schatz: hippie kuma ɗan kasuwa IT.
"Na ba da shawarar haɗa kwamfutoci tsakanin ƙasashen biyu, daraktan cibiyar, Oleg Smirnov, ya ji daɗin ra'ayin. Amma don kada ya nemi izini daga jami'an tsaro, ya kira hakan gwaji. Don haka haɗin gwiwarmu ta farko ta kwamfutoci daga ƙasashe biyu masu amfani da ka'idar X25 ta faru ne a ƙarƙashin ingantacciyar gwaji."
Wannan shirin shine na farko da yayi magana akan magabata na Intanet, taron wayar da kai na kasa da kasa da aka gudanar a VNIIPAS. Godiya ga marubucin labarin, masanin kimiyyar halittu Klyosov, za ku iya ganin yadda hanyar sadarwa ta kasance kafin ƙirƙirar yanar gizo.
Dmitry Klyosov. Biochemist da majagaba na Intanet.
“Don haɗawa da wata babbar kwamfuta ta waje a nan, kwamfutar da nake amfani da ita tana Kanada, na ba da ɗan gajeren umarni kuma in haɗa zuwa Kanada. Shi ke nan, haɗin ya faru kuma tsarin yana nuna abin da ake kira menu, yana sanar da ni cewa na karɓi haruffa biyar tun daga aikina na ƙarshe. Waɗannan su ne na farko biyu daga Sweden, Ina iya gani nan da nan, daya daga Amurka, sa'an nan Finland da kuma New Zealand. Sannan ya gaya mani irin tarukan da nake aiki a ciki, wane sabbin sakonni ne suka tara.”
Rushewar shirin "Lokaci". 1990
A kwanakin baya a birnin Moscow sun rattaba hannu kan wata yarjejeniya kan wani kamfani na hadin gwiwa na Tarayyar Soviet da Amurka ba kamar sauran ba.
A bisa ƙa'ida, ana kiran sabuwar ƙungiyar Sovam Teleport.
Ga Oleg Smirnov, darektan VNIIPAS.
“Za a iya aika rubutu, teburi, jadawali, wasiƙa. Bari mu ce ga San Francisco, New York ko Kanada. "
Wannan shi ne Joel Schatz, darektan San Francisco-Moscow Teleport.
“Kirkirar hadin gwiwa da takwarorinmu na Amurka, kamfanin hadin gwiwa na Sovam Teleport, zai taimaka wajen karfafa wannan tsari da ake yi a kasarmu a halin yanzu. Dimokaradiyya, nuna gaskiya da kuma nemo abokan huldar da suka dace da kuma wadanda suka dace a dukkan fannoni."
Alexei Kolesnikov. Daraktan fasaha na Sovam-teleport a 1990-1995.
- "Ƙungiyar ta so ta zama abokai da Amirkawa a lokacin?"
- "Ban sani ba, ba zan iya faɗi me ba, suna son zama abokai, wataƙila sun so su zama wani ɓangare na babbar duniya mai wayewa."
Sovam Teleport ya zama farkon mai samar da Intanet a cikin Tarayyar Soviet. A cikin shekaru biyu, Schatz zai dawo Amurka.
Joel Schatz: hippie kuma ɗan kasuwa IT.
“Ban taba yin mafarkin sadaukar da rayuwata wajen gina kasuwancin sadarwa a Rasha ba, na fi sha’awar tsarin kulla alaka a duniya domin gujewa yakin nukiliya. A wannan lokacin da alama dangantakar ta dawo daidai, lokaci ne mai cike da fata kuma mun yanke shawarar komawa."
Alexei Kolesnikov. Daraktan fasaha na Sovam-teleport a 1990-1995.
“Ya kasance dan wasa ne, an kore shi daga cikin Sojojin Amurka, yana zaune a cikin dajin can tare da kabilar hippies, yana gwaji da acid (LSD). Ƙarshen 60s San Francisco, abin da zan iya ce, a bayyane yake ... A fili yana da wani nau'i na hangen nesa game da yadda za a tsara wannan duniyar, kuma ya kamata a tsara shi ta hanyar da mutane za su iya sadarwa da juna. Yanzu idan na sadu da shi kuma na yi magana, nakan tambaya, “Yaya kuke so?” Wannan yana nufin kowa yana tattaunawa da kowa, amma sun fi ƙin juna. Ya ce a fili wannan shi ne ainihin mutum.
Bayyanar Intanet ya zo daidai da rushewar tsarin Soviet kuma mafarkin Schatz da Goldin ya zama gaskiya, labule ya fadi, a cikin ainihin duniya da kuma a cikin kama-da-wane.
Alexei Kolesnikov. Daraktan fasaha na Sovam-teleport a 1990-1995.
To, nawa ne a lokacin, 25 ko wani abu, har yanzu ina matashi a lokacin, na rataye a can tare da Polunin Slava, tare da masu fasaha, tare da mawaƙa: wasu irin Obermaneken, Cinema, Boris Grebenshchikov. To, me kuma kuke bukata? Sai suka kasance suna sha'awar buɗaɗɗen duniyar da ke bayan Labulen Ƙarfe. Kuma sun kasance a ofis, ba shakka, a wurin shagali sun yi wasu wasannin hauka. Sun dauki roka SS-20, makamai masu linzami na ballistic dabaru, sanya Polunin da clowns a kai kuma suka kai shi Red Square.
Joel Schatz: hippie kuma ɗan kasuwa IT.
“Ba mu da izini a hukumance, amma ‘yan sandan da ke kula da ababen hawa ba su hana mu ba saboda Joseph ya yi nasarar gamsar da su cewa an amince da matakin a saman. Kuma wannan shi ne batun gaba daya.”
Alexei Kolesnikov. Daraktan fasaha na Sovam-teleport a 1990-1995.
"Dukkanmu matasa ne kuma sirara a nan, ga kyakkyawar fuskata da wutsiya, da kyau, mutumin intanet, me ke faruwa."
An canza sunan Sovam Teleport zuwa Rossiya Online, sannan aka siyar da shi zuwa Golden Telecom, wanda Beeline ta karbe shi akan dala biliyan 4-da biliyan. Dan hippie mai ban sha'awa, Schatz ya farka a matsayin mutum mai arziki.
Joel Schatz: hippie kuma ɗan kasuwa IT.
“Mun yi arziki kuma abin ya ba mu mamaki, domin abin da ya kawo mu Tarayyar Soviet ba sha’awar samun kudi ba ne, amma burin yin nagarta ne, mu hada kan Rasha da Amurkawa ta yadda duniya za ta samu kwanciyar hankali. ”
Tabbas, ƙa'idar RuNet ba ta haɗa da hippies na California kawai ba. Bayan mamaye Afghanistan, Tarayyar Soviet ta sami kanta a karkashin takunkumi. A karkashin waɗannan sharuɗɗan, ƙungiyar masu shirye-shirye sun gudanar da Russify na'urar aikin Unix na Amurka da aka fitar a asirce.
Kuma gina hanyar sadarwa a kai. Mutane da yawa Unixoids yi aiki a kwamfuta cibiyar Kurchatov Institute.
Alexei Soldatov. Shugaban Cibiyar Kwamfuta ta IAE mai suna. I.V. Kurchatova a 1985-1992, mahaifin Runet.
Wannan hanyar sadarwa ce da ta haɗa kan masana kimiyya, kuma mafi mahimmanci, hanyar sadarwar tana da lebur. Mutane suna sadarwa a mataki ɗaya. Kafin haka, idan kuna son samun sakamakon wata cibiya daga wannan cibiya, to kuna buƙatar wanda zai zaɓa ya tuntuɓi wanda ya zaɓa, sai ya aiko da umarni... Amma a nan akwai alaƙa a kwance, daga kowane zuwa kowane, kuma saboda. don haka, an yi musayar wuta mai tsanani. Labarai, sakamakon gwaji, da sauransu."
A cikin wannan hoton, masu shirye-shiryen Soviet waɗanda suka karɓi lambar yabo ta Majalisar Ministoci don ƙirƙirar tsarin aiki na DEMOS (Dialogue Unified Mobile Operating System), sigar cikin gida na Unix, masana kimiyya matasa sun sami damar daidaita software na ci gaba zuwa kwamfutocin Soviet na baya. Jihar ba ta hukunta wannan shiri ba, amma ta karfafa shi.
Leonid Yegoshin. Baban Runet.
An ba su kyauta, lambar yabo, difloma da 480 rubles ga kowane. Sun ba mu shi a Kremlin a cikin zauren da ke ƙarƙashin dome, wanda ake iya gani daga Red Square, daidai bayan Mausoleum Lenin. Ka sani? A can! Daga nan kuma muka fita aka dauki hotonmu kuma ya zama sanannen hoton.
A cikin gidan California na Natalya Paremskaya, matar da mijinta ya mutu na shirye-shirye Mikhail Paremsky, Maslenitsa ya yi bikin. Tsofaffin abokai Unixoid sun taru.
Natalya Paremskaya. Babban mai tsara shirye-shirye.
“Haka ya kasance. Paremsky ya kawo wadannan kaset daga Unix a cikinsa, kuma daga wani wuri ya yi sulhu da su. Ya ja shi ta ƙofar, ta hanyar Cibiyar Kurchatov, sa'an nan kuma mutane sun zama masu sha'awar. Wannan ba aikin jam’iyya ba ne, gwamnati, babu wani abu makamancin haka. Waɗannan mutane ne masu kishi. Dukanmu mun kasance abokantaka sosai. Duk wannan abin ban mamaki ne, ka sani, kamar wani nau'in motsi na KSP. Ka sani, haka daga zuciya ne.”
KSP ƙungiyar waƙa ce mai son. Daidai da motsin masoya na motsin wakokin bard.
Tarayyar Soviet ta ko da yaushe karfafa kimiyya aiki don tsaro. Ba abin mamaki ba ne cewa cibiyoyin kimiyya da ke da alaƙa da ilimin kimiyyar nukiliya su ne na farko da suka haɗu da hanyar sadarwa. IHEP (Cibiyar Harkokin Kimiyyar Makamashi) an yi niyya ne don haɗin gwiwa tare da CERN (Cibiyar Turai don Binciken Nukiliya) kuma wani ɓangare tare da Amurka.
Leonid Yegoshin. Baban Runet.
"Saboda yawancin dakunan gwaje-gwaje na IHEP sun yi kayan aiki don gwaje-gwajen haɗin gwiwa, sadarwa ya zama dole. Daraktan ya sami damar haɗawa a lokacin ta hanyar layin wayar Moscow kawai. Sun sanya modem akan wannan layin kuma na ba da tashar imel ta amfani da Unix da kwamfutar Soviet. Wani ci gaba ne."
Mikhail Popov. Babban mai tsara shirye-shirye.
"A cikin sa'a guda za mu iya magana da mutane goma daga ko'ina cikin duniya kuma mu sami amsa. Wannan kamar abin da ya canza komai gaba daya. Babu iko! Jin sabbin abubuwa gaba daya."
A cikin 1991, wani putsch ya faru, yayin da aka watsa shirye-shiryen "Swan Lake" a talabijin, masu samar da kayayyaki sun gaya wa duniya game da abin da ke faruwa a kasar. Ko da a lokacin ya bayyana cewa Intanet na iya zama madadin hanyar samun bayanai.
Alexei Soldatov. Shugaban Cibiyar Kwamfuta ta IAE mai suna. I. V. Kurchatova a 1985-1992, mahaifin Runet
Sun kafa kumburi a Cibiyar Kurchatov, tare da wani kayan aiki a cikin Demos. Mun yi musayar bayanai. Akwai bayanin irin wannan: "Ina zaune a kan irin wannan bene, tankuna suna zuwa irin wannan adireshin." Bayan haka, sai aka sanar da daukaka karar Yeltsin kuma nan take muka mika, to, kamar mu, na kira ‘yan uwana, na roke su da kada su je shingayen, amma su ci gaba da gudanar da harkokinsu na farko, domin wannan ya fi muhimmanci.”
Sau ɗaya a mako, mai shirya shirye-shirye Alexei Rudnev yana ƙoƙari ya tashi a kan San Francisco Bay don "share kansa," kamar yadda ya ce. Fitaccen jarumin nan na Unixoid, daya daga cikin wadanda suka lashe lambar yabo ta Majalisar Ministoci, Rudnev ya bar Rasha kusan shekaru 20 da suka gabata, kamar da yawa daga wannan hoton da ba a taba mantawa da shi ba.
Alexei Rudnev. Baban Runet.
“Mutanen farko da suka kasance manajoji sun kasance tsoffin MNF kuma tsoffin shugabannin labs, masu gaskiya da jahilci a cikin kasuwanci. A ƙarshen 90s, 'yan kasuwa sun riga sun isa, akwai ƙarin kasuwanci, ƙananan kayan aiki, wato, ya zama abin ban sha'awa, mutane sun fara neman sababbin ayyuka, yanzu lambar mu yana cikin jihohi, da kyau, a ganina. , ya zama wani wuri 60/40. Anan mun sami ƙarin kaɗan, amma kuma duk yana da sharadi.
Bayan sun taru, ubanni na Runet sau da yawa suna tunawa da ƙasarsu, inda ba a buƙatar basirarsu.
Leonid Yegoshin. Baban Runet.
“Shekaru casa’in ne. Sannan akwai jari-hujja na daji, masu haɓakawa sun kasance a gefe. Sai ya zama ba su ne babbar matsalar ba, matsalar ita ce inda za a samu kudi, a sayi tasha, a lallashi, a hayar daki”.
Alexei Rudnev. Baban Runet.
"Wato a mataki na farko, masu haɓakawa ne ke kan gaba, a mataki na biyu, 'yan kasuwa sun zama manyan, kuma yanzu wannan al'ada ce."
Leonid Yegoshin. Baban Runet.
"Kuma dukan makircin ya fara motsawa zuwa wani wuri, ya bayyana a fili cewa ba za a buƙaci kwararrun fasaha na dogon lokaci ba."
Alexei Rudnev. Baban Runet.
“To, hakan ma ba gaskiya ba ne. Ba za su kasance masu jagoranci ba. "
Kuma da yawa sun tafi.
Leonid Yegoshin. Baban Runet.
“Eh, dalilina da ya sa, gabaɗaya, muka tafi shi ne wannan. Wato a fili yake cewa ba za a dade ana bukatar su ba.”
Shin ko yaushe ana daraja masu haɓakawa a Amurka?
Leonid Yegoshin. Baban Runet.
"Me kake, mana."
Yawancin masu amfani da harshen Rashanci a farkon 90s sun kasance masana kimiyya da daliban digiri na jami'o'in Yammacin Turai da cibiyoyin bincike. Matsayin IQ a cikin RuNet ya dace.
Roman Leibov. Masanin ilimin falsafa kuma majagaba na Runet.
Farkon da na samo - da gaske ya kasance haka. Lokaci yayi ga wasu manajojin lab na Amurka. A zahiri, suna jin harshen Rashanci a gare ni, amma a lokaci guda an haɗa su gaba ɗaya cikin tsarin gida. Na yi tunanin cewa idan ka zo Intanet, ta yaya za ka kasa fahimtar Turanci?
Alexei Andreev. Marubuci kuma majagaba na Runet a 1994 - 1996, dalibin digiri a Jami'ar West Virginia.
A can, ba shakka, akwai kuma wasu cancantar hankali. Wato mutanen da suka fara zuwa wurin su ne wadanda suke jami’o’i. Ko aƙalla a cikin wasu kamfanonin IT, wato, babu maimaituwa ta wata ma'ana. Hakika mutane sun kasance masu ban mamaki da hauka, amma ba su kasance banal. Duk sun kasance masu ban sha'awa ko ta yaya.
A cikin 1993, gidan yanar gizon yanar gizon yanar gizon yanar gizon yanar gizon yanar gizon yanar gizon yanar gizon yanar gizon yanar gizon yanar gizon yanar gizon yanar gizon yanar gizon yanar gizon yanar gizon yanar gizo ya bayyana, wanda ake kira World Wide Web, masu bincike sun sa Intanet ta kasance ba kawai ga masana kimiyya ba.
Maxim Moshkov. Mahaliccin Moshkov Library albarkatun.
“Kusa da 1994, an sake kawo wata tashar a sashen lissafi. Tuni irin wannan intanit na gaske. Kuma mun fara yin www, kamar duk "fararen mutane". Ba mu san menene ba. Mun san cewa muna bukatar mu zana shafi da tsara shi ta hanya ta musamman. Muna zuwa uwar garken Cern, kusan sabar www ta farko a duniya, akwai shafin gida na wanda ya kirkiri wannan yare http Cenrov, kun san yadda yake “Game da ni”, “Game da ni”. Muna zazzage shi kuma ya ce haka-da-haka, mai ƙirƙira mosaic (Mosaic shine mashigin yanar gizo na farko tare da ƙirar hoto), http, yana aiki a can, sannan, “Ina da irin wannan abin sha’awa,” “Ga hotona. “. Duk ma'aikata tare suna ɗaukar wannan shafi, suna jefar da sunan ƙarshe na dude, rubuta kansu, maye gurbin hoto tare da nasu, kuma yanzu kowa yana da shafi na sirri. A gaskiya, wannan shirin kwafi ne, ba mu san komai ba, amma za mu kwafi komai, haka ya faru.”
Dmitry Werner ne adam wata. Mahaliccin gidan yanar gizon anekdot.ru a 1994-1998, malami mai ziyara a Jami'ar Kentucky.
"A cikin 1994, a cikin jihohi, na sami wani shafi, ana kiransa jikokin Dazhdbog, Dazhdbog's Grandsons, Sergei Naumov, dalibin digiri na daya daga cikin jami'o'in Amurka ne ya yi, kuma akwai umarnin yadda za a Russify kwamfuta, Na Russified a Unix aiki, ya kasance cikakken ni'ima. Bayan shekaru hudu ina zaune a ƙasashen waje, kwatsam sai na ga kalmomin Rasha a kan kwamfutar. Intanet ɗin Rasha ƙanƙanta ce sosai a lokacin.”
Jamus Klimenko. Dan kasuwan Intanet.
"Mun ɓoye yadda abin ya fara a hankali, sannan akwai kalmar" 'yan mata biyu a kowace awa," wato, lokacin da akwai fido, akwai modem 1200-bit, don haka ka zauna ka sami hotuna biyu na 'yan mata masu ban sha'awa. a kowace awa. Wato babu abin da za a iya yi - shi ke nan. Sun loda kaya a hankali, shi ya sa aka yi amfani da kalmar "'yan mata biyu a kowace awa" a yi hakuri.
Artemy Lebedev Studio yana murna da shekaru 23. Yanzu akwai kusan ma'aikata 300 da dubban ayyukan da aka kammala. Lokacin da gidan yanar gizon ya bayyana, mai tsara All Rus' bai kai ashirin ba. Ya zauna tare da iyayensa a Amurka kuma yana sha'awar zane-zane na kwamfuta.
Artemy Lebedev. Designer na All Rus'.
“Na zo nan na zama mutum na farko da ya fara zana gidajen yanar gizo don kudin mutane da sauransu. Daga cikin abokan ciniki na farko, a cikin 1996-1997, akwai Hewlett-Packard, Babban Bankin Rasha, na yi gidan yanar gizon farko na Duma State. Wato na zauna a gida a kicin dina, suka zo suka yi oda, don babu wanda zai je. Na yi aiki na kwanaki da kwanaki kuma na yi ni kaɗai abin da mutane 5 suka fara yi a rana ɗaya, ranar aiki na sa'o'i 36 ne. Na rufe labulen, ina da kwalabe biyu na cola da pizza tare da sigari, kuma wannan shi ne kawai man da na yi aiki a kai."
Roman Leibov. Majagaba Runet.
"Duba, yanzu mun ga Lotman. Yayin da muke motsawa, muna ci gaba da ganin Lotman. "
"Kuma wannan shine inda Lotman ya fara tarwatsewa ya koma Cthulhu ko wani abu makamancin haka."
Yayin da ingancin haɗin gwiwar ya sa ya yiwu a sauke 'yan mata 2 a kowace awa, Intanet ya kasance game da rubutu, ba game da hotuna ba. Alama ce cewa yawancin majagaba na Runet sun kasance ɗaliban babban Lotman a Jami'ar Tartu.
Roman Leibov. Majagaba Runet.
"Lotman ya zo tare da semiosphere, ra'ayin semiosphere shine cewa mutum yana kewaye da alamu, wanda su da kansu ke samarwa. Lokacin da Intanet ta zo, mun ga menene semiosphere.
Wani dalibi na Lotman, Dmitry Itskovich, a yau shi ne mai shahararren mashahuran sha. A cikin tsakiyar 90s, ofisoshin edita na wallafe-wallafen farko na kan layi tare da sunaye masu sauƙi zhurnal.ru da polit.ru sun kasance a cikin gidansa a Kalashny Lane; wannan shine wurin da aka ƙirƙira Intanet ɗin jin kai na Rasha.
Dmitry Itskovich. Dan kasuwa da Runet majagaba.
"Sun ba mu modem kuma muna da kusan ethernet na farko a Moscow, daidai a cikin "kwakwalwar zinari". Daga cikin tagar gidana, wani katako na kai tsaye ya nuna a Cibiyar Kimiyyar Kimiyya, ta hanyar Intanet ya zo mana, kuma a cikin dakina akwai kawai kwamfutoci 5 kuma wani yana yin wani abu akai-akai. Mu ne farkon wanda ya fara gudanar da taron IRC tare da Prigov, tare da Auction, tare da Pelevin. "
Sa'an nan kuma yana yiwuwa a kira Pelevin kuma ya yarda da wani abu tare da shi?
"Ta wace hanya"?
To, ba ya magana da kowa a yanzu.
"To, ba mu bayar da maganar banza ba. Waɗannan abubuwa ne masu ban sha'awa, abubuwan ci gaba. Yana nan zaune, ya buya a bayan kofa a kusurwa.”
Don kada wani ya gan shi?
“To, eh, ya rage masa sararin samaniya sosai kuma muna tare da shi a bayan kofa. Kuma katon tsohon gidan jama'a ne. Ba a sake gina shi ba, yana da girma, babban abin ban tsoro, kyankyasai suna zaune a wurin, babu dumama, akwai tagogi da ke kallon hasumiya ta Kremlin, domin ita ce bene na sama."
Alexei Andreev. Marubuci kuma majagaba na Runet a 1994 - 1996, dalibin digiri a Jami'ar West Virginia.
“Akwai tarin dakuna da koridor sai ku je ku hadu da Nosik a daya daki, da Tyoma Lebedev a wani. To, ko ta yaya na zo nan sau ɗaya kuma na sadu da kowa a lokaci ɗaya. Suna shiga suna fita, kuma a lokacin wani yana rubuta labarai. Andrei Levkin ya zauna ya kirkiro Polit.ru, alal misali, gidan yanar gizon labarai na siyasa na farko.
“Amma ya zauna a kusurwa. Anan mutane suna wasa rock da roll... Wannan shine yadda Intanet ta farko ta Rasha ta kasance. Wani abu kamar haka".
Dmitry Itskovich. Dan kasuwa da Runet majagaba.
"A gaskiya muna da wallafe-wallafen farko na Nosik, Linor Goralik, Zhenya Gorny, babban editan - ba haka ba ne, da sauransu. mutane."
"Akwai zama" mine Surveyors", "Auktsyons", wannan guda Zhenya Fedorov, "Tequilla Jazz", daga nan suka tashi suka zo kide kide. To, irin wannan rayuwar bohemian daji ta al'ada, ƙasa da mutane 12 ba su zauna cin abincin dare ba. "
Shin kuna rayuwa a cikin duk wannan kullun ko kuma kuna da wani nau'in daban ...
“A’a, can na zauna. Sai na gaji na kai shi kulab din da kansu.”
Itskovich, tare da abokansa, ya bude "OGI Project" - na farko kafa a Moscow inda za ka iya saya barasa da littattafai. Ya rasa sha'awar Intanet, lokacin matsi na soyayya ya ƙare, kuma samun kuɗi a layi yana da sauƙi kuma mafi daɗi. A wani lokaci, akwai rubutu da yawa akan RuNet cewa gasa wallafe-wallafen kan layi sun zama na zamani. Gasar da ta fi shahara, "Teneta," nan da nan ta fara da bugun fuska ga dandano na jama'a.
Leonid Delitsyn. Mai shirye-shirye kuma majagaba na Runet.
"Wataƙila a cikin 1997, Kirill Vorobyov ya bayyana a wurin, wanda ya rubuta a ƙarƙashin sunan bayan Shiryanov kuma ya kawo wurin littafin "Low Pilotage," wanda ya gigice kowa da kowa, amma ba abin da masu shirya suka yi tsammani ba. Wani labari ne game da masu shan miyagun ƙwayoyi. Kuma a can muka yi magunguna muka yi amfani da su a can, kuma akwai hangen nesa da rayuwar waɗannan mutane, munanan al'amuran da za su iya yin gogayya da Sorokin, da dai sauransu."
"Abin kunya ne cewa Anton Nosik ya kawo Shiryanov da wasu daga cikin 'yan takarar da alkalan kotun sun ce a cire wannan gaba daya, wasu kuma sun ce" to, ta yaya za mu cire shi, mun yarda cewa mun dauki komai kuma muna da gasa mai kyau. , dimokuradiyya kamar yadda. " Kuma a ƙarshe sun nuna wa Strugatsky, Strugatsky ya ce wannan ma wallafe-wallafe ne, ya ce a hankali cewa yana kama da "Life of Aliens," wannan kuma wallafe-wallafe ne. Kuma aka yanke shawarar cewa "eh, okay, bar shi ya tafi."
Littafin abin kunya na Shiryanov ya lashe gasar; a shekara mai zuwa marubucin kansa zai ba wa masu nasara kyauta ta musamman - tarin jaridar batsa "Ƙari". Mataimakin shugaban gwamnatin shugaban kasa na gaba, Sergei Kiriyenko, zai zo wurin bikin kuma a wani lokaci zai kasance a kan wannan mataki tare da Shiryanov, to, wannan ya yiwu.
Sai aka yi irin wannan tuƙi don karya wani abu, sun yi banki gaba ɗaya, to, me ya kamata matasa su yi? Wannan yanayin al'ada ne. Aƙalla kuna gwada tsarin don ƙarfi.
A farkon shekarun XNUMX, ƙungiyar Pro-Putn "Tafiya Tare" ta kaddamar da ainihin zalunci na marubuta Sorokin da Shiryanov: "To, ba shi yiwuwa a ko da ɗaukar wannan littafi, saboda yana da ƙima." An janye "Low Aerobatics" daga sayarwa, kuma an bude wani shari'ar laifi a kan Shiryanov. Bayan Shiryanov, a cikin duniya Kirill Vorobyov, ya maimaita makomar jarumai. Shekaru da yawa da suka gabata ya mutu sakamakon cutar hanta a cikin talauci da mantuwa.
"'Yan mata, ku kurkure cikina da hanta, zan sake zama mutumin kirki, zan sake zama mutumin kirki, ina da koshin lafiya da ruhi."
Ɗaya daga cikin rassan RuNet mafi girma yana kaiwa Urushalima. A farkon shekarun casa’in, gungun abokai da suka dawo gida sun kafa a nan.
Arsen Revazov. Shugaban hukumar talla ta IMHO.
"Don wani rabin wargi, mun yanke shawarar je mu rera waƙa a kan titin Beneuda, tsakiyar titin Urushalima, irin wannan "Arbat", masu tafiya a ƙasa, waƙoƙi kuma mu ga ko sun ba mu kuɗi. Sun jefo mana shekel na ban dariya, wani ya jefar da buhun chips, wani abu dabam. To, ko ta yaya duk ya zama abin jin daɗi.”
Nan da nan uku daga wannan kamfani za su zama mahimman adadi a cikin Runet. Revazov da Nosik sunyi karatu tare a Moscow, a makarantar likita ta uku. Tuni a Isra'ila mun hadu da wani dan gudun hijira, Demyan Kudryavtsev.
Arsen Revazov. Shugaban hukumar talla ta IMHO.
“Ba wanda yake da kuɗi da gaske, amma duk wanda yake da kuɗi ya raba kowa da kowa, ya ciyar da kowa. Mun rubuta rubutu, rera waƙoƙi, zuwa wasu bukukuwan adabi da kulake. To, wato liyafa ce kawai. Mun yi soyayya. Mu ne irin wannan cibiyar ilimi na Urushalima. Sa'an nan duk abin da ke cikin Moscow ba shi da kyau sosai, komai yana da duhu, amma a can, akasin haka, yana da dumi da fara'a. "
Emelyan Zakharov ya yi karatu a makarantar likitanci ta uku tare da Revazov da Nosik, kuma bai bar Moscow ba, ya shiga cikin guguwar rugujewar shekaru casa'in.
Emelyan Zakharov. Wanda ya kafa Cityline.
“Ina da wani abokina na kud da kud, abokina na kud da kud, Ilya Medkov, an kashe shi. A wancan lokacin shi babban dan kasuwa ne, mai yiwuwa, da zai zama daya daga cikin manya-manyan oligarchs, amma kash, bai dade ba, sai aka kashe shi.”
Ilya Medkov, daya daga cikin attajirai na farko a Rasha, an kashe shi ne a shekarar 1993 yana da shekaru 26 a duniya.
“Na shiga wata sana’a ce ta daban kuma na sami rugujewar tunani, sai kawai na gane cewa ba zan iya zagayawa cikin garin da muke zaune tare ba, to, har yanzu ba zan iya ba kuma shi ke nan, sai na tafi. Faransa, inda a zahiri na sami na farko da na ƙarshe a rayuwata. "
Bayan murmurewa daga shaye-shaye, Zakharov ya koma Rasha tare da ra'ayin ƙirƙirar mai ba da Intanet tare da farashi mai araha. Ya kira Nosik da Revazov, sa'an nan Kudryavtsev da Lebedev, don haka almara CITYLINE ya bayyana.
Yegor Shuppe, abokin Zakharov, dan kasuwa da kuma surukin Boris Berezovsky, ya zama babban darektan.
Egor Shuppe. Shugaban Cityline a 1996-2001.
“Borya ya yanke shawarar ganawa da mu. Ya ce, "Yanzu zan tattara mutanena, ku zo wurin, mu yi magana." Kafin haka, mun hadu daya daya, don yin bayani game da Intanet. Ya ce, "Me ya sa duk wannan, idan kun yi haka, za a daidaita komai," wani abu makamancin haka. Kuma akwai shawarar zuba jari. Daga gefen Bory, kusa da ni ya tsaya Roma Abramovich, Evgeniy Shvindler, Alexander Voloshin. Mun amince da rancen kasuwanci, komai yayi daidai. Abin ya kasance mai ban tsoro don ya zama ba zai yiwu a sami kuɗi daga Bori ba. Saboda haka, a sakamakon haka, dole ne in sami kudi a wuri guda, Emelin ya same shi a wani wuri. Daga cikin wannan adadin da aka alkawarta X, mun sami kashi 30 ne kawai.
Artemy Lebedev. Designer na All Rus'.
"Kudi da Intanet - ba su tafi tare ba kwata-kwata. Ya kasance kamar kasancewa a cikin mawaƙa a cikin 50s, tare da mutane suna tattaunawa game da kuɗi. Wannan ba zai yiwu ba, saboda an kori irin wannan mutumin nan da nan a matsayin ɗan kasuwa mai banƙyama, ƙwaƙƙwal da speculator. Kuma wannan yana nufin na fara karya rami, wanda ke nufin abubuwan da ke cikin su kyauta ne ga masu karatu, ba a yi rajista ba tukuna, amma waɗannan marubutan sun riga sun karɓi sarauta kuma juyin juya hali ne. Kuma a haƙiƙa, Nosik da kansa ya zama ɗaya daga cikin marubutan farko. Na fito da sunan "Internet na maraice" kuma ya gudanar da wannan shafi na yau da kullun, wanda ya shahara sosai.
Arsen Revazov. Shugaban hukumar talla ta IMHO.
"Sun gabatar da farashin dala 36.60, sannan farashin ya kasance dala, farashi ne mara nauyi, yana da matukar arha kuma kuna da cikakkiyar damar shiga. Sannan, tun da a bayyane yake cewa babu wanda zai buƙaci Intanet da kanta idan babu abun ciki, sun kawo Anton Nosik don ƙirƙirar abubuwan. "
Nosik yana zaune a Urushalima a lokacin, kamar yadda ya dace da mai wa’azi a nan gaba, amma ba da daɗewa ba shi da abokansa suka koma Moscow.
Anton Nosik. Babban manzo na RuNet.
“Na dawo ne saboda an fara Intanet a nan, wanda na shafe shekaru 2 ina yi a can, kuma abokaina sun fara Intanet a nan. Na zauna a Urushalima kuma na yi aiki ga abokaina a Moscow, saboda abin da za a iya samu a cikin ƙananan Isra'ila a 1996 akan Intanet ba za a iya kwatanta shi da abubuwan da za a iya gani da kuma tsinkaya a Rasha ba. Intanet na harshen Rashanci yana cikin mutane miliyan 200 ...
Masanin ilimin taurari daga St. Petersburg, Dmitry Werner, ya sami nasara a aiki a Kentucky a farkon shekarun casa'in. Ya yi sha'awa mai kyau, tattarawa da aika barkwanci akan layi. anekdot.ru ya zama shafin farko na yau da kullun da aka sabunta akan RuNet, kuma nan da nan kawai shine farkon.
Dmitry Werner ne adam wata. Mahaliccin gidan yanar gizon anekdot.ru a 1994-1998, malami mai ziyara a Jami'ar Kentucky.
“Babu talla. Amma mutane sun ce akwai gidan yanar gizo mai kyau, kuma a cikin faɗuwar 1996 babu 100, amma tuni mutane 1000 a rana. A lokacin wannan yana da yawa. A cikin 1997, Rambler TOP 100, jaririn Intanet, ya bayyana, na kafa ma'auni kuma ya nuna cewa na ɗauki matsayi na farko a cikin dukkan shafuka cikin sauri. Af, wannan ita ce furucin Delitsina, a ganina, cewa barkwanci jima'i ne na Rasha, shugabannin kowa da kowa shafukan batsa ne, amma namu shafi ne mai barkwanci. "
A hankali, barkwanci ya fara tsoma baki tare da yin kimiyya, ya zama dole a zabi, kuma manyan manajoji na Cityline sun ba da damar shiga su don samun albashi mai kyau, suna ba su sunan yanki, kuma Werner ya zaɓi barkwanci.
“A wancan lokacin sam ban fahimci darajar sunan yankin ba, sai na yi tunanin cewa sau daya na koma, na sake komawa karo na biyu, kuma idan wani abu ya faru zan sake motsawa, tunda ban sayar musu da aikin ba. Na je aiki a kan albashin edita, ban ji haushi kawai ba, na yi mamaki lokacin da suka sayar mini da aikin gaba ɗaya ba tare da sun gaya mani komai ba, lokacin da na buɗe wani littafin kan layi kuma an rubuta cewa Cityline ta sayar da anekdot.ru. Tabbas wannan hali ne, farfesa daga Amurka, ba daga duniyar nan ba. Kuma wannan wani bangare ne na gaskiya, ba shakka babu wata dabarar kasuwanci."
Shekaru 5 da suka gabata, Werner ya cika burinsa, ya ci bashi kuma ya sayi gidan yanar gizon sa daga RBC. Dole ne a yi sadaukarwa da yawa don yin tatsuniyoyi don a bar ƙaunataccen yaro a hannun da ba daidai ba.
Dmitry Werner ne adam wata. Mahaliccin gidan yanar gizon anekdot.ru a 1994-1998, malami mai ziyara a Jami'ar Kentucky.
“Ni da matata mun yi aiki tare, ita ma ƙwararriyar ilimin taurari ce, kuma ba shakka ita ma tana son in yi nazarin ilimin taurari, kuma na tsunduma cikin Intanet na Rasha. A sakamakon haka, ta ci gaba da zama a Amurka, kuma na koma Rasha."
Yayin da Cityline ta girma, ta fuskanci sababbin ƙalubale. Rashin layukan kyauta da hackers. Ba a iya magance matsalar layin ba; an magance masu kutse.
Emelyan Zakharov. Wanda ya kafa Cityline.
“Hackers, wasu mutane sun yi nishadi ta hanyar faɗuwar sabobin. Mun shirya hare-haren DDOS, sabobin sun fadi, masu amfani ba su sami sabis ɗin da ya dace ba, sun rantse mana. Ba a san yadda za a yi da wannan ba, don haka na yi abu mai zuwa. Duk wani shigarwa a cikin hanyar sadarwa yana faruwa daga wani adireshin. Gabaɗaya, yana yiwuwa a fahimci inda, menene, ta yaya. Gabaɗaya, sun gaya mani adireshin, na isa wannan adireshin da bat ɗin baseball, na karya ƙafafuwan mutumin nan na tafi, bayan haka babu wani ɗan ɗan fashin da ya kai hari kan sabobin Cityline, saboda sun san cewa masu kula da tsarin ba za su yi aiki ba. , amma zai zo kawai kuma a gaba ɗaya ”…
A shekara ta XNUMX, Boris Berezovsky ya yi jayayya da sabon zababben shugaban kasar Putin kuma aka tilasta masa yin hijira. Shuppe da danginsa suka bi shi.
Egor Shuppe. Shugaban Cityline a 1996-2001.
“Dukkanmu mun tafi, an tafi da gidana, an kwace min kasuwanci da dama. Na yi nadama, ba shakka, cewa ba za mu iya kammala aikin ba kuma dole ne in tafi.”
Yanzu Yegor Shuppe yana zaune a gidansa a wani yanki na London, amma ya tuna da lokutan Cityline tare da nostalgia.
Egor Shuppe. Shugaban Cityline a 1996-2001.
"Muna gina harsashin, ba mu kadai ba, mu masu shiga cikin Intanet na Rasha a nan gaba. Mun kamu da waɗannan ra'ayoyin, kuma akwai yalwar ɗaki don ƙirƙira a can, har sai da rashin alheri, duk ya fara juya zuwa siyasa. Wataƙila wannan shine mafi kyawun kamfani da na taɓa samu a rayuwata. Ba dangane da nasarar kuɗi ko wani abu ba, amma a cikin ma'anar ruhu. Mu kamar masu farawa ne. Kullum suna da ƙarfin hali. Akwai ma'aikacin banki, yanzu ya zama ma'aikacin gidan waya. Amma mu mun kasance ma’aikata masu daraja.”
A shekara ta 2000, Zakharov da Schuppe sun sami nasarar sayar da Cityline akan dala miliyan 30. Schuppe zai saka hannun jari a cikin farawar Intanet kuma ya zama ɗan jari hujja mai nasara. A Rasha, za a bude shari'ar aikata laifuka a kansa bisa zargin shirya kisan kai.
Emelyan Zakharov zai gane mafarkinsa kuma ya buɗe wani gallery na fasaha na zamani.
Demyan Kudryavtsev zai zama kusa da Boris Berezovsky kuma zai kasance hannun dama na dogon lokaci.
Kamfanin Revazov IMHO zai zama jagora a tallan Intanet a Rasha.
Anton Nosik a ƙarshe zai kafa kansa a matsayin babban manzo na Runet.
Na gode da kasancewa tare da mu. Kuna son labaran mu? Kuna son ganin ƙarin abun ciki mai ban sha'awa? Goyon bayan mu ta hanyar ba da oda ko ba da shawara ga abokai, Rangwamen 30% ga masu amfani da Habr akan keɓaɓɓen analogue na sabar matakin shigarwa, wanda mu muka ƙirƙira muku: (akwai tare da RAID1 da RAID10, har zuwa 24 cores kuma har zuwa 40GB DDR4).
Dell R730xd sau 2 mai rahusa? Nan kawai a cikin Netherlands! Dell R420 - 2x E5-2430 2.2Ghz 6C 128GB DDR3 2x960GB SSD 1Gbps 100TB - daga $99! Karanta game da
source: www.habr.com