Wannan binciken ya bayyana yadda gazawar tsarin mai cin gashin kansa guda ɗaya (AS) ke shafar haɗin gwiwar wani yanki na duniya, musamman idan ana maganar babbar cibiyar sadarwar Intanet (ISP) a wannan ƙasa. Haɗin Intanet a matakin cibiyar sadarwa yana gudana ne ta hanyar hulɗar tsakanin tsarin mai cin gashin kansa. Yayin da adadin madadin hanyoyin tsakanin ASs ya karu, haƙurin kuskure yana tasowa kuma kwanciyar hankali na Intanet a cikin ƙasa yana ƙaruwa. Duk da haka, wasu hanyoyi sun zama mafi mahimmanci fiye da wasu, kuma samun yawancin hanyoyin daban-daban kamar yadda zai yiwu shine hanya daya tilo don tabbatar da amincin tsarin (a cikin ma'anar AS).
Haɗin haɗin kai na duniya na kowane AS, ko ƙaramin mai ba da Intanet ne ko ƙaƙƙarfan duniya mai miliyoyin masu amfani da sabis, ya dogara da yawa da ingancin hanyoyin sa zuwa masu samar da Tier-1. A matsayinka na mai mulki, Tier-1 yana nufin kamfani na ƙasa da ƙasa wanda ke ba da sabis na jigilar IP na duniya da haɗi zuwa wasu masu aiki na Tier-1. Koyaya, babu wani takalifi a cikin ƙwararrun ƙungiyar da aka bayar don kiyaye irin wannan haɗin. Kasuwa ce kawai za ta iya motsa irin waɗannan kamfanoni don haɗawa da juna ba tare da wani sharadi ba, suna ba da sabis mai inganci. Shin wannan ya isa abin ƙarfafawa? Za mu amsa wannan tambayar da ke ƙasa a cikin sashin haɗin haɗin IPv6.
Idan ISP ya yi hasarar ko da ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyin sadarwar sa na Tier-1, da alama ba za a samu shi a wasu sassan duniya ba.
Auna amincin Intanet
Ka yi tunanin cewa AS ta sami gagarumin lalacewar hanyar sadarwa. Muna neman amsar tambaya mai zuwa: "Nawa ne kashi na AS a wannan yanki zai iya rasa haɗin gwiwa tare da masu aiki na Tier-1, ta yadda za a rasa samuwa a duniya"?
Hanyar BincikeMe yasa ake kwaikwayi irin wannan yanayin? A taƙaice, lokacin da BGP da duniyar zirga-zirgar interdomain ke cikin tsarin ƙira, masu ƙirƙira sun ɗauka cewa kowane mara wucewa AS zai sami aƙalla masu samarwa biyu na sama don tabbatar da haƙurin kuskure idan ɗayansu ya gaza. Koyaya, a zahiri komai ya sha bamban - fiye da 45% na ISPs suna da alaƙa ɗaya kawai zuwa hanyar wucewa. Saitin alaƙar da ba na al'ada ba tsakanin ISPs na wucewa yana ƙara rage dogaro gabaɗaya. Don haka, ISPs masu wucewa suna faɗuwa? Amsar ita ce eh, kuma yana faruwa sau da yawa. Tambayar da ta dace a wannan yanayin ita ce: "Yaushe ne wani ISP na musamman zai fuskanci lalacewar haɗin gwiwa?" Idan irin waɗannan matsalolin suna da nisa ga wani, yana da kyau a tuna da dokar Murphy: "Duk abin da zai iya yin kuskure, zai yi kuskure."
Don kwaikwayi irin wannan yanayin, muna gudanar da tsari iri ɗaya na shekara ta uku a jere. A cikin wannan shekarar, ba kawai mu maimaita lissafin baya ba - mun fadada iyakar binciken mu sosai. An bi matakai masu zuwa don kimanta amincin AS:
- Ga kowane AS a cikin duniya, muna samun duk madadin hanyoyin zuwa masu aiki na Tier-1 ta amfani da tsarin dangantakar AS, wanda ke aiki a matsayin ainihin samfurin Qrator.Radar;
- Amfani da IPIP geodatabase, mun tsara kowane adireshin IP na kowane AS zuwa ƙasar da ta dace;
- Ga kowane AS, mun ƙididdige rabon sararin adireshin sa daidai da yankin da aka zaɓa. Wannan ya taimaka tace yanayin da ISP zai iya kasancewa a wurin musanya a wata ƙasa, amma ba shi da kasancewarsa a yankin gaba ɗaya. Misalin misali shi ne Hong Kong, inda daruruwan mambobi na babbar hanyar intanet ta Asiya ke musayar zirga-zirgar zirga-zirgar HKIX da babu komai a sashin intanet na Hong Kong;
- Bayan samun tabbataccen sakamako ga AS a yankin, muna kimanta tasirin yiwuwar gazawar wannan AS akan sauran ASes da ƙasashen da suke a ciki;
- Daga ƙarshe, ga kowace ƙasa, mun sami takamaiman AS wanda ya shafi mafi girman kaso na sauran AS a wannan yanki. Ba za a yi la'akari da AS na waje ba.
IPv4 aminci
A ƙasa zaku iya ganin manyan ƙasashe 20 dangane da dogaro dangane da juriya ga kuskure idan gazawar AS guda ɗaya. A aikace, wannan yana nufin cewa ƙasar tana da haɗin Intanet mai kyau, kuma adadin yana nuna adadin AS wanda zai rasa haɗin gwiwar duniya idan AS mafi girma ta kasa.
Gaskiya mai sauri:
- Amurka ta sauke matsayi 11 daga matsayi na 7 zuwa na 18;
- Bangladesh ta bar saman 20;
- Ukraine ta tashi matsayi 8 zuwa matsayi na 4;
- Austria ta fice daga cikin manyan kasashe 20;
- Kasashe biyu sun koma saman 20: Italiya da Luxembourg bayan sun fice a 2017 da 2018 bi da bi.
Ƙungiyoyi masu ban sha'awa suna faruwa a cikin ƙimar dorewa kowace shekara. A bara mun rubuta cewa gabaɗayan ayyukan manyan ƙasashe 20 bai canza sosai ba tun 2017. Yana da kyau a lura cewa kowace shekara muna ganin ingantacciyar yanayin duniya don ingantacciyar aminci da wadatuwar gaba ɗaya. Don kwatanta wannan batu, mun kwatanta matsakaici da matsakaicin canje-canje sama da shekaru 4 a cikin ƙimar dorewa ta IPv4 gabaɗaya a duk ƙasashe 233.
Adadin kasashen da suka yi nasarar rage dogaro da AS guda daya zuwa kasa da kashi 10% (alama ta karfin juriya) ya karu da 5 idan aka kwatanta da shekarar da ta gabata, inda ya kai sassan kasa 2019 tun daga watan Satumban 35.
Don haka, a matsayin mafi mahimmancin yanayin da aka lura yayin lokacin nazarinmu, mun gano babban haɓakar haɓakar hanyoyin sadarwa a duniya, duka a cikin IPv4 da IPv6.
Saukewa: IPV6
Mun kasance muna maimaita shekaru da yawa cewa kuskuren zato cewa IPv6 yana aiki daidai da IPv4 shine babban matsala na tsari a cikin ci gaban IPv6 da aiwatarwa.
A bara mun rubuta game da yaƙe-yaƙe da ke ci gaba ba kawai a cikin IPv6 ba, har ma a cikin IPv4, inda Cogent da Hurricane Electric ba sa sadarwa da juna. A wannan shekarar mun yi mamakin samun cewa wani biyu daga cikin abokan hamayyar bara, Deutsche Telekom da Verizon US, sun sami nasarar kafa IPV6 peering a watan Mayu 2019. Ba zai yuwu a sami wani ambaton sa ba, amma wannan babban mataki ne - manyan masu samar da Tier-1 guda biyu sun daina faɗa kuma a ƙarshe sun kafa haɗin kai-da-tsara ta amfani da ƙa'idar cewa dukkanmu muna son ƙarin ci gaba.
Don tabbatar da cikakken haɗin kai da mafi girman dogaro, hanyoyin zuwa Tier-1 masu aiki dole ne su kasance a koyaushe. Mun kuma ƙididdige adadin ASes a cikin ƙasar da ke da haɗin kai kawai a cikin IPv6 saboda yaƙe-yaƙe. Ga sakamakon:
Bayan shekara guda, IPV4 ya kasance mafi aminci fiye da IPv6. Matsakaicin dogaro da kwanciyar hankali na IPv4 a cikin 2019 shine 62,924%, da 54,53% don IPv6. IPV6 har yanzu yana da babban kaso na ƙasashen da ke da ƙarancin wadatar duniya-wato, babban kaso na haɗin kai.
Idan aka kwatanta da shekarar da ta gabata, mun ga gagarumin ci gaba a cikin manyan ƙasashe uku, musamman a ɓangaren haɗin kai. A bara, Venezuela tana da 33%, China 65% da UAE 25%. Yayin da Venezuela da Sin suka inganta dangantakarsu sosai, tare da magance manyan kalubalen da ke tattare da wani bangare na hanyoyin sadarwa, an bar UAE ba tare da wani tasiri mai kyau ba a wannan fanni.
Samun damar Broadband da bayanan PTR
Sake maimaita tambayar da muke yi wa kanmu tun shekarar da ta gabata: "Shin da gaske ne cewa babban mai ba da sabis a cikin ƙasa koyaushe yana rinjayar amincin yanki fiye da kowa ko wani?", Mun haɓaka ƙarin awo don ƙarin bincike. Wataƙila mafi mahimmanci (ta hanyar abokin ciniki) mai ba da Intanet a wani yanki da aka ba shi ba lallai ba ne ya zama tsarin cin gashin kansa wanda ya zama mafi mahimmanci wajen samar da haɗin kai a duniya.
A shekarar da ta gabata, mun ƙaddara cewa mafi ingancin ma'anar ainihin mahimmancin mai bayarwa na iya dogara ne akan nazarin bayanan PTR. Yawancin lokaci ana amfani da su don juyar da bincike na DNS: ta amfani da adireshin IP, ana iya gano sunan mai haɗin gwiwa ko sunan yanki.
Wannan yana nufin cewa PTR na iya ba da damar auna takamaiman kayan aiki a cikin adireshin adireshin ma'aikaci ɗaya. Tun da mun riga mun san ASes mafi girma ga kowace ƙasa a duniya, za mu iya ƙidaya bayanan PTR a cikin hanyoyin sadarwar waɗannan masu samar da su, ƙayyade rabonsu a cikin duk bayanan PTR a yankin. Yana da daraja yin ɓata lokaci nan da nan: mun ƙidaya bayanan PTR KAWAI kuma ba mu ƙididdige adadin adiresoshin IP ba tare da bayanan PTR zuwa adiresoshin IP tare da bayanan PTR ba.
Don haka, a cikin masu zuwa muna magana ne kawai game da adiresoshin IP tare da bayanan PTR. Ba ka'ida ba ce don ƙirƙirar su, wanda shine dalilin da ya sa wasu masu samarwa sun haɗa da PTRs wasu kuma ba sa.
Mun nuna nawa daga cikin waɗannan adiresoshin IP tare da ƙayyadaddun bayanan PTR za a katse a yayin da aka cire haɗin daga / tare da mafi girma (ta PTR) tsarin cin gashin kansa a cikin ƙayyadaddun ƙasar. Adadin yana nuna adadin duk adiresoshin IP tare da tallafin PTR a yankin.
Bari mu kwatanta ƙasashe 20 da aka fi amincewa da su daga ƙimar 4 IPv2019 tare da martabar PTR:
Babu shakka, tsarin da ke yin la'akari da bayanan PTR yana ba da sakamako daban-daban. A mafi yawan lokuta, ba wai kawai AS ta tsakiya a yankin ke canzawa ba, amma yawan rashin zaman lafiyar da aka ce AS ya bambanta. A cikin duk yankuna da ke da aminci, daga ra'ayi na samuwa a duniya, adadin adiresoshin IP tare da goyon bayan PTR da za a katse saboda faduwar AS shine sau goma mafi girma.
Wannan na iya nufin cewa babban ISP na ƙasa koyaushe yana mallakar masu amfani da ƙarshe. Don haka, dole ne mu ɗauka cewa wannan kashi yana wakiltar ɓangaren mai amfani da ISP da tushe na abokin ciniki wanda za a yanke (a yayin da sauyawa zuwa madadin mai badawa ba zai yiwu ba) a yayin da aka gaza. Daga wannan ra'ayi, kasashe sun daina zama kamar abin dogaro kamar yadda suke kallo ta hanyar wucewa. Mun bar wa mai karatu yiwuwar ƙarshe daga kwatanta manyan 20 IPv4 tare da ƙimar ƙimar PTR.
Cikakkun bayanai na canje-canje a cikin ƙasashe ɗaya
Kamar yadda muka saba a wannan sashe, zamu fara da shigarwar AS174 ta musamman - Cogent. A bara mun bayyana tasirinsa a Turai, inda aka gano AS174 a matsayin mai mahimmanci ga 5 na manyan ƙasashe 20 a cikin IPV4 Resilience Index. A wannan shekara Cogent yana ci gaba da kasancewa a cikin manyan 20 don dogaro, duk da haka, tare da wasu canje-canje - musamman a Belgium da Spain an maye gurbin AS174 a matsayin AS mafi mahimmanci. A cikin 2019, don Belgium ya zama AS6848 - Telenet, kuma ga Spain - AS12430 - Vodafone.
Yanzu, bari mu yi la'akari da kyau a kan kasashe biyu da tarihi mai kyau juriya maki da suka yi mafi muhimmanci canje-canje a cikin shekara da ta shige: Ukraine da kuma Amurka ta Amurka.
Da fari dai, Ukraine ta inganta matsayinta sosai a cikin martabar IPv4. Don cikakkun bayanai, mun juya zuwa Max Tulyev, memba na hukumar Intanet ta Ukrainian, don cikakkun bayanai game da abin da ya faru a ƙasarsa a cikin watanni 12 da suka gabata:
"Babban canjin da muke gani a Ukraine shine raguwar farashin jigilar bayanai. Wannan yana ba da damar mafi yawan kamfanonin Intanet masu riba don samun hanyoyin haɗin kai da yawa a wajen iyakokin mu. Hurricane Electric yana aiki musamman a kasuwa, yana ba da "shigar kasa da kasa" ba tare da kwangilar kai tsaye ba saboda ba sa cire prefixes daga musayar - kawai suna sanar da mazugi na abokin ciniki akan IXPs na gida."
Babban AS na Ukraine ya canza daga AS1299 Telia zuwa AS3255 UARNET. Mista Tulyev ya bayyana cewa, kasancewar tsohuwar hanyar sadarwa ta ilimi, UARNET yanzu ta zama cibiyar sadarwa ta hanyar wucewa, musamman a Yammacin Ukraine.
Yanzu bari mu matsa zuwa wani yanki na Duniya - zuwa Amurka.
Babban tambayarmu mai sauƙi ce - menene cikakkun bayanai game da faɗuwar matsayi 11 na juriyar Amurka?
A cikin 2018, Amurka tana matsayi na 7th tare da 4,04% na ƙasar mai yuwuwar rasa wadatar duniya idan AS209 ta gaza. Rahotonmu na 2018 ya ba da ɗan haske game da abin da ke canzawa a Amurka shekara guda da ta wuce:
“Amma babban labari shi ne abin da ya faru a Amurka. Shekaru biyu a jere - 2016 da 2017 - mun gano Cogent's AS174 a matsayin mai canza wasa a wannan kasuwa. Ba haka lamarin yake ba—a cikin 2018, AS 209 CenturyLink ya maye gurbinsa, ya aika da Amurka sama da tabo uku zuwa lamba 7 a cikin martabar IPv4."
Sakamakon 2019 ya nuna Amurka tana matsayi na 18th tare da ƙimar juriya ta faɗuwa zuwa 6,83%—canji fiye da 2,5%, wanda yawanci ya isa ya faɗi daga saman 20 a cikin martabar juriya na IPv4.
Mun tuntubi wanda ya kafa Hurricane Electric Mike Leber don sharhinsa game da halin da ake ciki:
“Wannan canjin yanayi ne yayin da Intanet ke ci gaba da girma. Ayyukan IT a kowace ƙasa suna haɓaka da haɓakawa don tallafawa tattalin arzikin bayanai wanda ke canzawa koyaushe da haɓakawa. Yawan aiki yana inganta ƙwarewar abokin ciniki da kudaden shiga. Kayan aikin IT na gida yana inganta yawan aiki. Waɗannan dakarun macro-techno-economic ƙarfi ne.”
Yana da ban sha'awa koyaushe don nazarin abin da ke faruwa a cikin mafi girman tattalin arzikin duniya, musamman idan muka lura da irin wannan gagarumin faduwa a cikin ƙimar dogaro. A matsayin tunatarwa, a bara mun lura da maye gurbin Cogent's AS174 ta CenturyLink's AS209 a Amurka. A wannan shekara, CenturyLink ya rasa matsayinsa na AS mai mahimmanci na ƙasar zuwa wani tsarin tsayayyen tsari, Level3356's AS3. Wannan ba abin mamaki ba ne tun da kamfanonin biyu sun wakilci ƙungiya ɗaya da kyau tun lokacin da 2017 ya karbi ragamar mulki. Daga yanzu, haɗin gwiwar CenturyLink ya dogara gaba ɗaya akan haɗin Level3. Ana iya ƙarasa da cewa raguwar dogaro gabaɗaya yana da alaƙa da abin da ya faru a kan hanyar sadarwar Level3/CenturyLink a ƙarshen 2018, lokacin da fakitin cibiyar sadarwa 4 da ba a tantance ba suka katse Intanet na sa'o'i da yawa a cikin babban yanki na Amurka. . Tabbas wannan taron ya yi tasiri ga ikon CenturyLink/Level3 na samar da hanyar wucewa ga manyan ƴan wasan ƙasar, waɗanda wasu daga cikinsu ƙila sun canza zuwa wasu masu ba da jigilar kayayyaki ko kuma kawai sun ɓata hanyoyin haɗin yanar gizon su na sama da ƙasa. Koyaya, duk da abubuwan da ke sama, Level3 ya kasance mafi mahimmancin mai ba da haɗin kai ga Amurka, wanda rufewar zai iya haifar da ƙarancin wadatar duniya kusan kashi 7% na tsarin cin gashin kansa na gida waɗanda ke dogaro da wannan hanyar wucewa.
Italiya ta koma saman 20 a cikin 17th wuri tare da AS12874 Fastweb guda ɗaya, wanda wataƙila shine sakamakon babban ci gaba a cikin inganci da adadin hanyoyin zuwa wannan mai bada. Bayan haka, tare da shi a cikin 2017, Italiya ta koma matsayi na 21, inda ta bar saman 20.
A cikin 2019, Singapore, wacce ta shiga manyan matsayi na 20 a bara kawai amma ta yi tsalle kai tsaye zuwa matsayi na 5, ta sake samun sabon ASN mai mahimmanci. A bara mun yi ƙoƙari mu bayyana canje-canje a yankunan kudu maso gabashin Asiya. A wannan shekara, AS mai mahimmanci ga Singapore ya canza daga AS3758 SingNet na bara zuwa AS4657 Starnet. Da wannan sauyin, yankin ya rasa matsayi daya kacal, inda ya fado zuwa matsayi na 6 a matsayi na 2019.
Kasar Sin ta yi wani gagarumin tsalle daga matsayi na 113 a shekarar 2018 zuwa na 78 a shekarar 2019, tare da samun sauyin kusan kashi 5% a karfin IPV4 bisa tsarinmu. A cikin IPV6, sashin haɗin gwiwar kasar Sin ya ragu daga kashi 65,93% a bara zuwa sama da kashi 20% a bana. ASN na farko a cikin IPv6 ya canza daga AS9808 China Mobile a cikin 2018 zuwa AS4134 a cikin 2019. A cikin IPV4, AS4134, mallakar China Telecom, ya kasance mai mahimmanci shekaru da yawa.
A cikin IPv6, a lokaci guda, sashin Sinanci na Intanet ya ragu da wurare 20 a cikin 2019 mai dorewa - daga 10% a bara zuwa 23,5% a cikin 2019.
Watakila, duk wannan yana nuni da abu daya ne kawai - Kamfanin sadarwa na kasar Sin yana kara inganta ababen more rayuwa, wanda ya kasance babbar hanyar sadarwa ta kasar Sin tare da Intanet na waje.
Tare da haɓaka haɗarin tsaro ta yanar gizo da kuma, a zahiri, ci gaba da yaɗuwar labarai game da hare-hare kan ababen more rayuwa na Intanet, lokaci ya yi da duk gwamnatoci, kamfanoni masu zaman kansu da na jama'a, amma mafi yawan duka, masu amfani na yau da kullun su kimanta matsayinsu a hankali. Dole ne a bincika haɗarin da ke da alaƙa da haɗin gwiwar yanki a hankali da gaskiya, ana nazarin matakan dogaro na gaskiya. Ko da ƙananan ƙima a cikin ƙimar ƙarancin ƙarfi na iya haifar da matsalolin samuwa na gaske a yayin da aka kai hari ga babban, mai ba da sabis mai mahimmanci na ƙasa baki ɗaya, in ji DNS. Kar ku manta kuma cewa duniyar waje za a katse daga sabis da bayanan da ke cikin yankin idan an sami cikakkiyar asarar haɗin gwiwa.
Bincikenmu ya nuna a sarari cewa gasa ISP da kasuwanni masu ɗaukar kaya suna haɓakawa a ƙarshe don samun kwanciyar hankali da juriya ga haɗari a ciki da ma bayan yankin da aka bayar. Ba tare da kasuwa mai gasa ba, gazawar AS guda ɗaya na iya kuma zai haifar da asarar haɗin yanar gizo don babban ɓangaren masu amfani a cikin ƙasa ko yanki mai faɗi.
source: www.habr.com