Tarihin yaƙi da ƙididdigewa: yadda hanyar wakili na walƙiya ta hanyar masana kimiyya daga MIT da Stanford ke aiki

A farkon 2010s, ƙungiyar haɗin gwiwar ƙwararru daga Jami'ar Stanford, Jami'ar Massachusetts, The Tor Project da SRI International sun gabatar da sakamakonsu. bincike hanyoyin yaki da cece-kuce a Intanet.

Masana kimiyya sun yi nazari kan hanyoyin da za a bi wajen hana toshewa da ake da su a wancan lokacin kuma suka ba da shawarar nasu hanyar, mai suna flash proxy. A yau za mu yi magana game da ainihinsa da tarihin ci gaba.

Gabatarwar

Intanit ya fara ne azaman hanyar sadarwa da aka buɗe ga kowane nau'in bayanai, amma bayan lokaci, ƙasashe da yawa sun fara tace zirga-zirga. Wasu jihohi suna toshe takamaiman shafuka, kamar YouTube ko Facebook, yayin da wasu ke hana shiga abubuwan da ke ɗauke da wasu kayan. Ana amfani da toshewar wani nau'i ko wani a cikin ƙasashe da dama daga yankuna daban-daban, ciki har da Turai.

Masu amfani a yankunan da ake amfani da toshewa suna ƙoƙarin ƙetare shi ta amfani da wakilai daban-daban. Akwai hanyoyi da yawa don haɓaka irin waɗannan tsarin; ɗaya daga cikin fasahohin, Tor, an yi amfani da shi yayin aikin.

Yawancin lokaci, masu haɓaka tsarin wakili don ketare tarewa suna fuskantar ayyuka uku waɗanda ke buƙatar warwarewa:

1. Ka'idojin sake fasalin Ƙa'idar rendezvous tana ba masu amfani a cikin ƙasa da aka katange damar aikawa da karɓar ƙananan bayanai don kafa haɗi tare da wakili - a cikin yanayin Tor, alal misali, yana amfani da rendezvous don rarraba adireshin IP na Tor relays (bridges). Ana amfani da irin waɗannan ka'idoji don ƙananan zirga-zirgar zirga-zirga kuma ba su da sauƙin toshewa.
2. Ƙirƙirar wakili. Tsari don cin nasarar toshewa yana buƙatar wakilai a wajen yankin tare da tace Intanet don watsa zirga-zirga daga abokin ciniki zuwa albarkatun da aka yi niyya da baya. Masu shirya toshewa na iya amsawa ta hana masu amfani koyon adiresoshin IP na sabar wakili da kuma toshe su. Don magance irin wannan Harin Sibyl dole ne sabis ɗin wakili ya sami damar ƙirƙirar sabbin wakilai koyaushe. Ƙirƙirar sabbin wakilai cikin sauri shine babban jigon hanyar da masu binciken suka gabatar.
3. Camouflage. Lokacin da abokin ciniki ya karɓi adireshin wakili wanda ba a katange shi ba, yana buƙatar ko ta yaya ya ɓoye sadarwarsa da shi ta yadda ba za a iya toshe taron ba ta amfani da kayan aikin binciken ababan hawa. Yana buƙatar ɗaukar hoto azaman zirga-zirga na yau da kullun, kamar musayar bayanai tare da kantin sayar da kan layi, wasannin kan layi, da sauransu.

A cikin aikin su, masana kimiyya sun ba da shawarar sabuwar hanya don ƙirƙirar proxies da sauri.

Ta yaya wannan aikin

Makullin ra'ayin shine a yi amfani da gidajen yanar gizo da yawa don ƙirƙirar ɗimbin wakilai tare da ɗan gajeren rayuwa wanda bai wuce ƴan mintuna ba.

Don yin wannan, ana ƙirƙirar hanyar sadarwa na ƙananan shafuka waɗanda masu aikin sa kai ke da su - kamar shafukan gida na masu amfani da ke zaune a wajen yankin tare da toshe Intanet. Waɗannan rukunin yanar gizon ba su da alaƙa da albarkatun da mai amfani ke son shiga.

Ana shigar da ƙaramar lamba akan irin wannan rukunin yanar gizon, wanda shine sauƙin dubawar da aka kirkira ta amfani da JavaScript. Misalin wannan code:

<iframe src="//crypto.stanford.edu/flashproxy/embed.html" width="80" height="15" frameborder="0" scrolling="no"></iframe>

Ga yadda alamar ta yi kama:

Lokacin da mai bincike daga wani wuri a waje da yankin da aka toshe ya isa irin wannan rukunin yanar gizon tare da lamba, zai fara watsa zirga-zirga zuwa wannan yanki da baya. Wato, burauzar maziyartan gidan yanar gizon ya zama wakili na ɗan lokaci. Da zarar mai amfani ya bar rukunin yanar gizon, ana lalata wakili ba tare da barin wata alama ba.

Sakamakon haka, yana yiwuwa a sami isasshen aiki don tallafawa ramin Tor.

Baya ga Tor Relay da abokin ciniki, mai amfani zai buƙaci ƙarin abubuwa uku. Abin da ake kira mai gudanarwa, wanda ke karɓar buƙatun daga abokin ciniki kuma ya haɗa shi da wakili. Sadarwa yana faruwa ta amfani da kayan aikin sufuri akan abokin ciniki (a nan Chrome version) da kuma jujjuyawar Tor-relay daga WebSockets zuwa TCP mai tsabta.

Zaman al'ada ta amfani da wannan tsarin yayi kama da haka:

1. Abokin ciniki yana gudanar da Tor, abokin ciniki mai walƙiya mai walƙiya (Plugin mai bincike), kuma yana aika buƙatar rajista ga mai gudanarwa ta amfani da ƙa'idar rendezvous. Filogin yana fara sauraron haɗin nesa.
2. Wakilin Flash yana bayyana akan layi kuma yana tuntuɓar mai gudanarwa tare da buƙatar haɗi tare da abokin ciniki.
3. Mai gudanarwa yana mayar da rajista, yana ba da bayanan haɗin kai zuwa wakili na filasha.
4. Wakilin yana haɗi zuwa abokin ciniki wanda aka aika masa bayanansa.
5. Wakilin yana haɗi zuwa kayan aikin sufuri da Tor relay kuma ya fara musayar bayanai tsakanin abokin ciniki da gudun ba da sanda.

Mahimmancin wannan gine-ginen shine cewa abokin ciniki bai taɓa sanin ainihin inda zai buƙaci haɗi ba. A haƙiƙa, kayan aikin jigilar kayayyaki yana karɓar adireshin ƙawancen wurin karya ne kawai don kar a keta ƙa'idodin ƙa'idodin sufuri. Ana watsi da wannan adireshin kuma an ƙirƙiri rami zuwa wani wurin ƙarshe - relay Tor.

ƙarshe

Aikin wakili na walƙiya ya haɓaka shekaru da yawa kuma a cikin 2017 masu ƙirƙira sun daina tallafa masa. Ana samun lambar aikin a wannan haɗin. An maye gurbin filasha proxies da sabbin kayan aiki don ƙetare tarewa. Ɗayan su shine aikin Snowflake, wanda aka gina akan irin wannan ka'idoji.

source: www.habr.com