Sauran labarai a cikin jerin:
- Tarihin relay
- Tarihin kwamfutocin lantarki
- Tarihin transistor
- Tarihin Intanet
A shekara ta 1938, shugaban hukumar leken asiri ta Burtaniya ya sayi kadada 24 a nitse mai nisan mil 80 daga London. Ya kasance a mahadar layin dogo daga London zuwa arewa, da kuma daga Oxford a yamma zuwa Cambridge a gabas, kuma wuri ne mai kyau ga kungiyar da ba kowa zai iya gani ba, amma yana cikin sauki ga mafi yawan. na muhimman cibiyoyin ilimi da hukumomin Burtaniya. Gidan da aka sani da , ta zama cibiyar Biritaniya don karya ka'idoji a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu. Wannan watakila shine kawai wurin da aka sani a cikin duniya don shiga cikin cryptography.
Tunni
A lokacin rani na 1941, an riga an fara aiki a Bletchley don karya sanannen na'urar ɓoye Enigma da sojojin Jamus da na ruwa ke amfani da su. Idan ka kalli fim game da masu ba da izini na Burtaniya, sun yi magana game da Enigma, amma ba za mu yi magana game da shi a nan ba - saboda jim kaɗan bayan mamaye Tarayyar Soviet, Bletchley ya gano watsa saƙonni tare da sabon nau'in ɓoyewa.
Ba da daɗewa ba masanan Cryptanlyst suka gano yanayin na'urar da ake amfani da ita wajen aika saƙon da ake yi wa lakabi da "Tunny."
Ba kamar Enigma ba, wanda dole ne a tantance saƙonsa da hannu, Tunney ya haɗa kai tsaye zuwa nau'in telebijin. Teletype ya canza kowane hali da mai aiki ya shigar zuwa rafi na ɗigo da ƙetare (mai kama da dige-dige da dashes na lambar Morse) a daidaici. tare da haruffa biyar kowane harafi. Rubutun da ba a ɓoye ba ne. Tunney ta yi amfani da ƙafafu goma sha biyu lokaci guda don ƙirƙirar nata rafi na ɗigo da giciye: maɓalli. Daga nan ta ƙara maɓalli ga saƙon, ta samar da rubutun da aka watsa ta iska. An gudanar da ƙari a cikin lissafin binary, inda ɗigogi suka yi daidai da sifili da giciye sun dace da waɗanda:
0 + 0 = 0
0 + 1 = 1
1 + 1 = 0
Wani Tanny a gefen mai karɓa tare da saitunan iri ɗaya ya samar da maɓalli iri ɗaya kuma ya ƙara shi a cikin rufaffen saƙon don samar da ainihin wanda aka buga a takarda ta hanyar wayar tarho mai karɓa. Bari mu ce muna da sako: "dot plus dot dot plus." A cikin lambobi zai zama 01001. Bari mu ƙara maɓallin bazuwar: 11010. 1 + 0 = 1, 1 + 1 = 0, 0 + 0 = 0, 0 + 1 = 1, 1 + 0 = 1, don haka muna samun rubutun kalmomi. 10011. Ta ƙara maɓalli kuma, zaku iya dawo da ainihin saƙon. Bari mu duba: 1 + 1 = 0, 1 + 0 = 1, 0 + 0 = 0, 1 + 1 = 0, 0 + 1 = 1, mun sami 01001.
Aikin Parsing Tunney ya sami sauƙi ta yadda a farkon watannin da aka fara amfani da shi, masu aikawa sun ba da damar yin amfani da na'urorin hannu kafin aika saƙo. Daga baya, Jamusawa sun fitar da littattafan lambobi tare da saitunan dabaran da aka saita, kuma mai aikawa sai kawai ya aika lambar da mai karɓa zai iya amfani da shi don nemo madaidaicin saitin dabaran a cikin littafin. Sun ƙare suna canza littattafan lambar yau da kullun, wanda ke nufin Bletchley dole ne ya saci ƙafafun lambar kowace safiya.
Abin sha'awa, cryptanalysts sun warware aikin Tunny dangane da wurin aikawa da karɓar tashoshi. Ya haɗu da cibiyoyin jijiya na babban kwamandan Jamus tare da sojoji da kwamandojin ƙungiyoyin sojoji a fagagen sojan Turai daban-daban, daga Faransa da ta mamaye har zuwa tsaunin Rasha. Aiki ne mai ban sha'awa: Hacking Tunney yayi alƙawarin samun dama kai tsaye zuwa ga babban matakin maƙiyi da iyawar maƙiyi.
Sa'an nan, ta hanyar haɗakar kurakurai daga masu aiki na Jamus, wayo da ƙaddarar karewa, matashin mathematician. ya wuce fiye da sauƙi mai sauƙi game da aikin Tunney. Ba tare da ganin injin kanta ba, ya ƙaddara tsarin cikinta gaba ɗaya. A cikin hikima ya zana yiwuwar matsayi na kowace dabaran (kowannensu yana da lambar farko), da kuma yadda daidai matsayin ƙafafun ke haifar da maɓallin. Tare da wannan bayanin, Bletchley ya gina kwafi na Tunney waɗanda za a iya amfani da su don tantance saƙon—da zaran an daidaita ƙafafun yadda ya kamata.
Maɓalli 12 na injin sifa na Lorenz wanda aka sani da Tanny
Heath Robinson
A karshen 1942, Tat ya ci gaba da kai hari kan Tanni, bayan da ya ɓullo da wata dabara ta musamman don wannan. Ya dogara ne akan tunanin delta: jimlar modulo 2 na sigina ɗaya a cikin saƙo (digo ko giciye, 0 ko 1) tare da na gaba. Ya gane cewa saboda motsin motsi na Tunney wheels, akwai dangantaka tsakanin ciphertext delta da key rubutu delta: dole ne su canza tare. Don haka idan kun kwatanta sifar rubutu tare da rubutun maɓalli da aka samar akan saitunan dabaran daban-daban, zaku iya ƙididdige delta ga kowane kuma ku ƙidaya adadin matches. Matsakaicin matches da ya wuce 50% yakamata ya yiwa ɗan takara alamar maɓallin saƙo na gaske. Tunanin yana da kyau a ka'idar, amma ba shi yiwuwa a aiwatar da shi a aikace, tun da yake yana buƙatar yin 2400 don kowane saƙo don duba duk saitunan da za a iya.
Tat ya kawo matsalar ga wani masanin lissafi, Max Newman, wanda ya shugabanci sashen a Bletchley wanda kowa ya kira "Newmania." Newman ya kasance, a kallo na farko, zaɓin da ba zai yuwu ba ya jagoranci ƙungiyar leƙen asiri ta Biritaniya, tunda mahaifinsa ɗan Jamus ne. Duk da haka, da alama da wuya ya yi wa Hitler leken asiri tun da danginsa Bayahude ne. Ya damu matuka game da ci gaban mulkin Hitler a Turai, wanda ya kai iyalinsa zuwa ga tsaron New York jim kadan bayan rugujewar Faransa a 1940, kuma na wani lokaci shi da kansa yana tunanin komawa Princeton.
Max Newman
Ya faru cewa Newman yana da ra'ayi game da yin aiki akan lissafin da ake buƙata ta hanyar Tata - ta hanyar ƙirƙirar na'ura. An riga an yi amfani da Bletchley don amfani da injuna don cryptanalysis. Wannan shine yadda Enigma ya fashe. Amma Newman ya ƙirƙiri wata na'urar lantarki don yin aiki akan sifa ta Tunney. Kafin yakin, ya koyar a Cambridge (daya daga cikin dalibansa shine Alan Turing), kuma ya san game da kayan lantarki da Wynne-Williams ya gina don ƙidaya barbashi a Cavendish. Manufar ita ce: idan kun haɗa fina-finai guda biyu a rufe a cikin madauki, kuna gungurawa da sauri, ɗayan yana da maɓalli, ɗayan kuma ɓoyayyen saƙon, kuma ku ɗauki kowane nau'i a matsayin na'ura mai ƙididdigewa wanda ke ƙidaya deltas, to, injin lantarki zai iya. ƙara sakamakon. Ta hanyar karanta maki na ƙarshe a ƙarshen kowane gudu, mutum zai iya yanke shawara ko wannan maɓalli mai yuwuwa ne ko a'a.
Ya faru ne cewa ƙungiyar injiniyoyi da ƙwarewar da ta dace ta wanzu. Daga cikinsu har da Wynne-Williams da kansa. Turing ya dauki Wynne-Williams daga dakin gwaje-gwaje na Malvern Radar don taimakawa ƙirƙirar sabon rotor don injin Enigma, ta amfani da na'urorin lantarki don ƙidaya juyi. An taimaka masa da wannan da wani aikin Enigma ta injiniyoyi uku daga Ofishin Bincike na Postal a Dollys Hill: William Chandler, Sidney Broadhurst da Tommy Flowers (bari in tunatar da ku cewa Ofishin Wasikun Burtaniya babbar kungiya ce ta fasaha, kuma ba ta da alhaki. kawai don wasikar takarda, amma kuma don telegraphy da telephony). Duk ayyukan biyu sun ci tura kuma an bar mutanen ba su da aiki. Newman ya tattara su. Ya nada Flowers don jagorantar ƙungiyar da ta ƙirƙiri "na'urar haɗaka" wanda zai ƙidaya deltas kuma ya watsa sakamakon zuwa ma'aunin da Wynne-Williams ke aiki a kai.
Newman ya shagaltar da injiniyoyin tare da gina injinan da kuma Sashen Mata na Rundunar Sojan Ruwa na Sarauta tare da sarrafa na'urorin sarrafa saƙonsa. Gwamnati kawai ta amince da maza masu manyan mukamai na jagoranci, kuma mata sun yi kyau kamar yadda jami'an gudanarwa na Bletchley suke, suna kula da rubutun saƙon da kuma tsara saiti. Sun yi nasarar ƙaura daga aikin malamai zuwa kula da injinan da ke sarrafa aikinsu. Suka sakawa motarsu suna a hankali"", Biritaniya daidai [dukansu ƴan zane-zanen zane-zane ne waɗanda ke kwatanta na'urori masu sarƙaƙƙiya, ƙato da ƙima waɗanda ke aiwatar da ayyuka masu sauƙi / kusan. fassara.].
Motar "Tsohuwar Robinson" mai kama da wacce ta gabace ta, wato "Heath Robinson".
Lallai, Heath Robinson, ko da yake abin dogaro ne a ka'idar, ya sha wahala daga manyan matsaloli a aikace. Babban abu shine buƙatar cikakken aiki tare na fina-finai biyu - rubutun maɓalli da mabuɗin. Duk wani mikewa ko zamewar kowane fim ɗin ya sa ba a yi amfani da shi gabaɗaya. Don rage haɗarin kurakurai, injin ɗin bai sarrafa fiye da haruffa 2000 a sakan daya ba, kodayake bel ɗin na iya aiki da sauri. Furen furanni, waɗanda ba tare da son rai ba sun yarda da aikin aikin Heath Robinson, sun yi imanin cewa akwai hanya mafi kyau: injin da aka gina kusan gaba ɗaya daga kayan aikin lantarki.
Ruwan launi
Thomas Flowers ya yi aiki a matsayin injiniya a sashen bincike na ofishin gidan waya na Burtaniya daga 1930, inda ya fara aiki kan bincike kan hanyoyin da ba daidai ba da gazawa a cikin sabbin musayar tarho ta atomatik. Wannan ya sa ya yi tunanin yadda za a ƙirƙiri ingantaccen tsarin tsarin tarho, kuma a shekara ta 1935 ya fara ba da shawarar maye gurbin kayan aikin lantarki kamar relays da na lantarki. Wannan burin ya ƙaddara dukan aikinsa na gaba.
Tommy Flowers, kusan 1940
Yawancin injiniyoyi sun soki kayan aikin lantarki don kasancewa masu ƙarfi da rashin dogaro lokacin da aka yi amfani da su akan babban sikelin, amma furanni sun nuna cewa lokacin da ake amfani da su akai-akai kuma a kan ƙarfin da ke ƙasa da ƙirar su, bututun injin suna nuna tsawon rayuwa mai ban mamaki. Ya tabbatar da ra'ayoyinsa ta hanyar maye gurbin duk tashoshi na bugun kira akan layi na 1000 tare da tubes; jimillar su dubu 3-4 ne. An ƙaddamar da wannan shigarwa a cikin ainihin aikin a cikin 1939. A cikin wannan lokacin, ya yi gwaji tare da maye gurbin rajistar relay da ke adana lambobin wayar da na'ura mai kwakwalwa.
Furanni sun yi imanin cewa Heath Robinson da aka ɗauke shi hayar don ginawa yana da matsala sosai, kuma yana iya magance matsalar da kyau ta hanyar amfani da ƙarin bututu da ƙananan sassa na inji. A watan Fabrairun 1943, ya kawo madadin na'ura zuwa Newman. Furanni cikin wayo sun kawar da tef ɗin maɓalli, suna kawar da matsalar aiki tare. Dole ne injinsa ya samar da maɓalli na rubutu akan tashi. Za ta kwaikwayi Tunney ta hanyar lantarki, ta zagaya duk saitunan dabaran kuma ta kwatanta kowane ɗayan da rubutun, tana yin rikodin matches. Ya yi kiyasin cewa wannan hanyar za ta buƙaci amfani da bututu kusan 1500.
Newman da sauran masu gudanar da Bletchley sun nuna shakku kan wannan shawara. Kamar yawancin mutanen zamanin Flowers, sun yi shakkar ko za a iya sanya na'urorin lantarki suyi aiki akan irin wannan sikelin. Bugu da ƙari, ko da za a iya yin aiki, suna shakkar cewa za a iya gina irin wannan na'ura a cikin lokaci don amfani da yaki.
Shugaban Flowers a Dollis Hill ya ba shi gaba don tara ƙungiyar don ƙirƙirar wannan dodo na lantarki - Furanni ba su kasance da gaske ba wajen kwatanta masa yadda ake son ra'ayinsa a Bletchley (A cewar Andrew Hodges, Furanni sun faɗa. maigidansa, Gordon Radley, cewa aikin yana da matukar muhimmanci ga Bletchley, kuma Radley ya riga ya ji daga Churchill cewa aikin Bletchley shine cikakken fifiko). Baya ga Flowers, Sidney Broadhurst da William Chandler sun taka rawa sosai wajen bunkasa tsarin, kuma dukkan ayyukan sun dauki kusan mutane 50 aiki, rabin albarkatun Dollis Hill. Tawagar ta sami wahayi ta hanyar abubuwan da aka riga aka yi amfani da su a cikin wayar tarho: mita, dabaru na reshe, kayan aiki don kewayawa da fassarar sigina, da kayan aiki don auna matsayin kayan aiki na lokaci-lokaci. Broadhurst ya kasance gwani na irin waɗannan da'irori na lantarki, kuma Flowers da Chandler ƙwararrun lantarki ne waɗanda suka fahimci yadda ake canja wurin ra'ayi daga duniyar relays zuwa duniyar bawuloli. A farkon 1944 ƙungiyar ta gabatar da samfurin aiki ga Bletchley. An yi wa katuwar na'ura lakabi da "Colossus," kuma da sauri ta tabbatar da cewa za ta iya zarce Heath Robinson ta hanyar dogaro da sarrafa haruffa 5000 a cikin dakika guda.
Newman da sauran masu gudanarwa a Bletchley da sauri sun gane cewa sun yi kuskure wajen juya Flowers. A cikin Fabrairu 1944, sun ba da umarnin 12 ƙarin Colossi, wanda ya kamata ya fara aiki a ranar 1 ga Yuni - ranar da aka shirya mamayewa na Faransa, kodayake, ba shakka, Flowers ba su sani ba. Flowers ya ce hakan ba zai yiwu ba, amma da jarumtaka tawagarsa ta yi nasarar isar da mota ta biyu a ranar 31 ga watan Mayu, wanda sabon dan kungiyar Alan Coombs ya yi gyare-gyare da yawa.
Tsarin da aka sake fasalin, wanda aka sani da Mark II, ya ci gaba da nasarar na'ura ta farko. Baya ga tsarin samar da fina-finai, ya kunshi fitilu 2400, rotary switches 12, relays 800 da kuma na’urar buga injin lantarki.
Colossus Mark II
Ya kasance mai iya gyare-gyare da sassauƙa don gudanar da ayyuka iri-iri. Bayan shigarwa, kowace ƙungiyar mata ta saita "Colossus" don magance wasu matsaloli. Ana buƙatar kwamitin faci, mai kama da kwamitin ma'aikacin tarho, don saita zoben lantarki waɗanda ke kwaikwayon ƙafafun Tunney. Saitin maɓalli ya ba masu aiki damar saita kowane adadin na'urori masu aiki waɗanda ke sarrafa rafukan bayanai guda biyu: fim ɗin waje da siginar ciki da zoben ke samarwa. Ta hanyar haɗa saitin abubuwan dabaru daban-daban, Colossus zai iya ƙididdige ayyukan Boolean na sabani dangane da bayanai, wato, ayyukan da za su samar da 0 ko 1. Kowacce naúrar ta ƙara ƙimar Colossus. Na'urar sarrafawa ta daban ta yanke shawarar reshe dangane da yanayin counter - alal misali, dakatar da buga fitarwa idan ƙimar ƙima ta wuce 1000.
Canja panel don saita "Colossus"
Bari mu ɗauka cewa Colossus wata babbar manufa ce ta kwamfuta a ma'anar zamani. Zai iya haɗa rafukan bayanai a hankali guda biyu-ɗaya akan tef, ɗaya kuma wanda ƙididdiga ta zobe ya ƙirƙira - kuma ya ƙidaya adadin XNUMXs da aka ci karo da shi, shi ke nan. Yawancin "tsarin" na Colossus ya faru a kan takarda, tare da masu aiki suna aiwatar da bishiyar yanke shawara da manazarta suka shirya: ka ce, "idan tsarin fitarwa bai kai X ba, saita tsarin B kuma yi Y, in ba haka ba Z."
Tsarin toshe babban matakin don Colossus
Duk da haka, "Colossus" yana da ikon magance aikin da aka ba shi. Ba kamar kwamfutar Atanasoff-Berry ba, Colossus yana da sauri sosai - yana iya sarrafa haruffa 25000 a cikin daƙiƙa guda, kowannensu na iya buƙatar ayyukan Boolean da yawa. Mark II ya karu da sauri sau biyar akan Mark I ta hanyar karantawa da sarrafa sassa daban-daban na fim guda biyar. Ya ƙi haɗa dukkan tsarin tare da jinkirin na'urorin shigar da kayan aiki na lantarki, ta amfani da photocells (an ɗauko daga jirgin sama. ) don karanta kaset masu shigowa da rajista don buffering printing fitarwa. Jagoran tawagar da ta maido da Colossus a cikin 1990s ya nuna cewa har yanzu yana iya yin fice a cikin sauƙi a matsayin na'ura mai kwakwalwa ta Pentium na 1995 a aikinsa.
Wannan injin sarrafa kalmomi mai ƙarfi ya zama cibiyar aikin karya lambar Tunney. An gina ƙarin Mark II guda goma kafin ƙarshen yaƙin, waɗanda ma'aikata a ma'aikatar gidan waya da ke Birmingham, waɗanda ba su da masaniyar abin da suke yi, sukan taru a Bletchley a kusan kowane wata. . Wani jami'in da ya fusata daga Ma'aikatar Supply, da ya sami wani buƙatu na bawuloli na musamman dubu, ya tambayi ko ma'aikatan gidan waya suna "harba su a Jamus." Ta wannan hanyar masana'antu, maimakon ta hanyar haɗa aikin mutum ɗaya da hannu, kwamfutar ta gaba ba za a samar da ita ba sai a shekarun 1950. A ƙarƙashin umarnin Flowers don kare bawuloli, kowane Colossus yana aiki dare da rana har zuwa ƙarshen yaƙin. Sun tsaya shuru suna walƙiya cikin duhu, suna dumama jikar hunturu na Biritaniya kuma suka haƙura suna jiran umarni har ranar da ba a buƙatar su.
Mayafin Shiru
Sha'awar dabi'a don wasan kwaikwayo mai ban sha'awa da ke gudana a Bletchley ya haifar da wuce gona da iri game da nasarorin da kungiyar ta samu. Yana da matukar wauta don yin nuni, kamar yadda fim ɗin ke yi."[Wasan Kwaikwayo] cewa wayewar Birtaniyya za ta daina wanzuwa idan ba don Alan Turing ba. "Colossus", a fili, ba shi da wani tasiri a kan yakin da ake yi a Turai. Babban nasarar da ya samu shine tabbatar da cewa yaudarar saukar Normandy ta 1944 ta yi aiki. Saƙonnin da aka samu ta hanyar Tanny sun nuna cewa Allies sun sami nasarar shawo kan Hitler da umarninsa cewa ainihin bugun zai kara zuwa gabas, a Pas de Calais. Bayani mai ƙarfafawa, amma yana da wuya cewa rage matakin cortisol a cikin jinin rundunar kawance ya taimaka wajen cin nasara a yakin.
A gefe guda, ci gaban fasaha da Colossus ya gabatar ba su da tabbas. Amma duniya ba za ta san wannan ba nan da nan. Churchill ya ba da umarnin cewa duk "Colossi" da ke faruwa a lokacin ƙarshen wasan za a wargaje, kuma a aika da asirin ƙirar su tare da su zuwa wuraren da aka kwashe. Motoci biyu ko ta yaya suka tsira daga wannan hukuncin kisa, kuma sun kasance a cikin hukumar leken asirin Birtaniyya har zuwa shekarun 1960. Amma duk da haka gwamnatin Birtaniyya ba ta ɗaga lullubin shuru ba game da aiki a Bletchley. Sai a cikin 1970s ne kasancewarsa ya zama ilimin jama'a.
Za a iya kiran shawarar dakatar da duk wani tattaunawa na aikin da ake gudanarwa a Bletchley Park a matsayin taka tsantsan ga gwamnatin Burtaniya. Amma ga Flowers wani bala'i ne na sirri. An cire masa duk wani daraja da martabar kasancewarsa wanda ya kirkiro Colossus, ya fuskanci rashin gamsuwa da takaici yayin da ake ci gaba da toshe yunƙurinsa na maye gurbin relays da na'urorin lantarki a cikin tsarin tarho na Burtaniya. Idan zai iya nuna nasararsa ta misalin "Colossus", zai sami tasirin da ya dace don tabbatar da mafarkinsa. Amma a lokacin da nasarorin da ya samu ya zama sananne, Flowers sun dade da yin ritaya kuma ba su iya rinjayar wani abu ba.
Yawancin masu sha'awar kwamfuta na lantarki da ke warwatse a duniya sun sha fama da irin wannan matsalolin da suka shafi sirrin da ke kewaye da Colossus da kuma rashin shaidar da za ta iya yiwuwa na wannan hanyar. Kwamfuta na lantarki na iya zama sarki na ɗan lokaci mai zuwa. Amma akwai wani aikin da zai ba da hanyar yin lissafin lantarki don ɗaukar matakin farko. Ko da yake shi ma sakamakon ci gaban soji ne a asirce, amma ba a boye bayan yakin ba, amma akasin haka, an bayyana shi ga duniya tare da mafi girma, da sunan ENIAC.
Abin da za a karanta:
• Jack Copeland, ed. Colossus: Asirin Bletchley Park's Codebreaking Computers (2006)
• Thomas H. Flowers, "The Design of Colossus," Annals of the History of Computing, Yuli 1983
Andrew Hodges, Alan Turing: The Enigma (1983)
source: www.habr.com