Sauran labarai a cikin jerin:
- Tarihin relay
- Tarihin kwamfutocin lantarki
- Tarihin transistor
- Tarihin Intanet
A tsakiyar 1960s, tsarin musayar lokaci na farko ya yi kwafin tarihin farko na musanya tarho na farko. 'Yan kasuwa sun ƙirƙiri waɗannan maɓallan don ba da damar masu biyan kuɗi su yi amfani da sabis na taksi, likita, ko ƙungiyar kashe gobara. Koyaya, ba da daɗewa ba masu biyan kuɗi sun gano cewa maɓallai na gida sun dace da sadarwa da zamantakewa da juna. Hakazalika, tsarin raba lokaci, wanda aka fara ƙera don baiwa masu amfani damar "tara" ikon sarrafa kwamfuta da kansu, ba da daɗewa ba sun rikide zuwa maɓallan masu amfani tare da ginanniyar saƙon. A cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa, kwamfutoci za su shiga wani mataki a cikin tarihin wayar tarho - bullar haɗin kai na masu sauyawa, samar da hanyoyin sadarwa na yanki da nesa.
Protonet
Ƙoƙarin farko na haɗa kwamfutoci da yawa zuwa babban naúrar shine aikin Sadarwar Sadarwar Computer. , Tsarin tsaron iska na Amurka. Tun da kowane ɗayan cibiyoyin kulawa na 23 na SAGE ya ƙunshi wani yanki na musamman, ana buƙatar hanyar da za a watsa waƙoƙin radar daga wannan cibiya zuwa waccan a lokuta da jiragen sama na waje suka ketare iyaka tsakanin waɗannan yankuna. Masu haɓakawa na SAGE sun yi wa wannan matsala laƙabi da "giciye-gaya," kuma sun warware ta ta hanyar ƙirƙirar layukan bayanai bisa layukan tarho na AT&T da aka yi hayar da aka shimfiɗa a tsakanin dukkan cibiyoyin kula da maƙwabta. Ronald Enticknap, wanda ke cikin wani karamin tawagar Royal Forces da aka aika zuwa SAGE, ya jagoranci ci gaba da aiwatar da wannan tsarin. Abin takaici, ban sami cikakken bayanin tsarin “inter-talk” ba, amma a fili kwamfutar da ke cikin kowane cibiyoyin sarrafawa ta ƙayyade lokacin da waƙar radar ta koma wani sashe, kuma ta aika da rikodin ta kan layin tarho zuwa ga kwamfuta na sashen inda za a iya karɓar ma'aikacin mai kula da tashar a can.
Tsarin SAGE da ake buƙata don fassara bayanan dijital zuwa siginar analog akan layin tarho (sannan kuma baya a tashar karɓa), wanda ya ba AT&T damar haɓaka modem "Bell 101" (ko dataset, kamar yadda aka fara kiransa) mai iyawa. na watsa mafi ƙarancin 110 bits a sakan daya. Daga baya aka kira wannan na'urar , don ikonsa na daidaita siginar wayar analog ta amfani da saitin bayanan dijital masu fita, da rage raguwa daga igiyoyin da ke shigowa.
Bayanan Bayani na Bell101
A yin haka, SAGE ya kafa muhimmin tushe na fasaha don cibiyoyin sadarwar kwamfuta daga baya. Duk da haka, cibiyar sadarwar kwamfuta ta farko wadda gadon ta ya kasance mai tsawo kuma mai tasiri ita ce hanyar sadarwa mai suna har yanzu da aka sani: ARPANET. Ba kamar SAGE ba, ya haɗu da tarin kwamfutoci masu tarin yawa, masu raba lokaci da sarrafa batch, kowannensu yana da nasa tsarin nasa. An ƙirƙiri hanyar sadarwar a matsayin duniya cikin sikeli da aiki, kuma yakamata ta gamsar da kowane buƙatun mai amfani. Ofishin kula da dabarun sarrafa bayanai (IPTO) ne ya dauki nauyin aikin , wanda shi ne sashen bincike na kwamfuta a ARPA. Amma ainihin ra'ayin irin wannan hanyar sadarwa an ƙirƙira shi ne da darektan farko na wannan sashen, Joseph Carl Robnett Licklider.
Idea
Ta yaya muka sani Licklider, ko "Lasa" ga abokan aikinsa, masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam ne ta horo. Koyaya, yayin da yake aiki tare da tsarin radar a dakin gwaje-gwaje na Lincoln a ƙarshen 1950s, kwamfutoci masu mu'amala sun burge shi. Wannan sha'awar ta sa ya ba da kuɗin wasu gwaje-gwaje na farko a cikin kwamfutoci masu raba lokaci lokacin da ya zama darektan sabuwar IPTO da aka kafa a 1962.
Ya zuwa lokacin, ya riga ya yi mafarkin yuwuwar haɗa kwamfutoci keɓantattu zuwa babban tsari mai girma. A cikin 1960 aikinsa a kan "man-kwamfuta symbiosis" ya rubuta:
Yana da kyau a yi la'akari da "cibiyar tunani" wanda zai iya haɗa ayyukan ɗakunan karatu na zamani da kuma ci gaba da aka tsara a cikin ajiyar bayanai da kuma dawo da su, da kuma ayyukan symbiotic da aka kwatanta a baya a cikin wannan aikin. Ana iya daidaita wannan hoton cikin sauƙi zuwa cibiyar sadarwar irin waɗannan cibiyoyi, haɗin kai ta hanyar layin sadarwa na buɗaɗɗen, kuma mai isa ga masu amfani da shi ta hanyar layukan tarho da aka yi hayar.
Kamar dai yadda TX-2 ya kunna sha'awar Leake don yin lissafin hulɗa, SAGE na iya ƙarfafa shi ya yi tunanin yadda za a iya haɗa cibiyoyin kwamfuta daban-daban tare da samar da wani abu kamar hanyar sadarwar tarho don ayyuka masu wayo. A duk inda tunanin ya samo asali, Leake ya fara yada shi a ko'ina cikin jama'ar masu binciken da ya kirkiro a IPTO, kuma mafi shaharar wadannan sakonnin shi ne wata sanarwa mai kwanan watan Afrilu 23, 1963, wanda aka yi wa "Membobi da sassan cibiyar sadarwar kwamfuta ta intergalactic," wato, masu bincike daban-daban, waɗanda suka sami kuɗi daga IPTO don samun damar amfani da kwamfuta na lokaci da sauran ayyukan kwamfuta.
Rubutun ya bayyana ba shi da tsari da hargitsi, an tsara shi a sarari kuma ba a gyara shi ba. Saboda haka, don fahimtar ainihin abin da Like yake so ya ce game da hanyoyin sadarwar kwamfuta, dole ne mu yi tunani kadan. Duk da haka, wasu batutuwa nan da nan sun fice. Da farko, Leake ya bayyana cewa "ayyukan daban-daban" da IPTO ke bayarwa a zahiri suna cikin "yanki ɗaya." Daga nan sai ya yi magana game da bukatar tura kudi da ayyuka don kara yawan fa'idar kasuwancin da aka ba su, tun da a cikin hanyar sadarwa na masu bincike, "don samun ci gaba, kowane mai bincike mai aiki yana buƙatar tushen software da kayan aiki mafi mahimmanci da ƙwarewa fiye da yadda shi kansa zai iya ƙirƙira a ciki. lokaci mai ma'ana." Leake ya kammala da cewa cimma wannan ingantaccen aiki na duniya yana buƙatar wasu rangwame da sadaukarwa.
Daga nan sai ya fara tattauna hanyoyin sadarwar kwamfuta (ba social network) daki-daki ba. Ya rubuta game da buƙatar wani nau'in yaren sarrafa hanyar sadarwa (wanda daga baya za a kira protocol) da kuma sha'awar wata rana ya ga cibiyar sadarwar kwamfuta ta IPTO mai kunshe da "akalla manyan kwamfutoci hudu, watakila ƙananan kwamfutoci shida zuwa takwas, da kuma fadi. iri-iri na faifai da na'urorin ajiyar tef na maganadisu - ban da ma'anar tashoshi mai nisa da tashoshin teletype." A ƙarshe, ya bayyana a shafuka da yawa wani takamaiman misali na yadda hulɗa da irin wannan hanyar sadarwar kwamfuta za ta iya tasowa a nan gaba. Leake yana tunanin yanayin da yake nazarin wasu bayanan gwaji. "Matsalar," in ji shi, "shi ne cewa ba ni da tsarin tsara tsari mai kyau. Shin akwai shirin da ya dace a wani wuri a cikin tsarin? Yin amfani da koyaswar rinjaye na hanyar sadarwa, na fara jefa kuri'a na kwamfuta na gida sannan kuma sauran cibiyoyin. Bari mu ce ina aiki a SDC, kuma na sami shirin da ya dace akan faifai a Berkeley." Ya bukaci cibiyar sadarwa ta gudanar da wannan shirin, yana zaton cewa “tare da tsarin sarrafa hanyar sadarwa mai sarkakiya, ba zan yanke shawarar ko zan canja wurin bayanai don shirye-shiryen da za a sarrafa su a wani wuri ba, ko kuma zazzage shirye-shiryen da kaina kuma in gudanar da su don yin aiki a kaina. data."
A haɗe, waɗannan gutsuttsyoyin ra'ayoyin sun bayyana wani babban tsari da Licklider ya zayyana: na farko, don rarraba wasu fannoni da fannonin gwaninta tsakanin masu binciken da ke karɓar tallafin IPTO, sannan a gina hanyar sadarwa ta zahiri ta kwamfutocin IPTO a kusa da wannan al'umma ta zamantakewa. Wannan bayyanar ta zahiri ta IPTO ta "sakamakon gama gari" zai ba masu bincike damar raba ilimi da fa'ida daga na'urori na musamman da software a kowane wurin aiki. Ta wannan hanyar, IPTO za ta iya guje wa kwafi mai ɓarna yayin yin amfani da kowane dala na ba da tallafi ta hanyar ba kowane mai bincike a duk ayyukan IPTO damar samun cikakkiyar damar sarrafa kwamfuta.
Wannan ra'ayi na raba albarkatu tsakanin membobin ƙungiyar bincike ta hanyar sadarwar sadarwa ya shuka iri a IPTO wanda zai yi fure bayan 'yan shekaru zuwa ƙirƙirar ARPANET.
Duk da asalin soja, ARPANET da ya fito daga Pentagon ba shi da hujjar soja. Wani lokaci ana cewa an tsara wannan hanyar sadarwa a matsayin hanyar sadarwar soja da za ta iya tsira daga harin nukiliya. Kamar yadda za mu gani daga baya, akwai alaƙa kai tsaye tsakanin ARPANET da wani aikin da aka yi a baya tare da irin wannan manufa, kuma shugabannin ARPA lokaci-lokaci suna magana game da "tsari mai tauri" don tabbatar da wanzuwar hanyar sadarwar su ga Majalisa ko Sakataren Tsaro. Amma a zahiri, IPTO ta ƙirƙiri ARPANET kawai don buƙatun cikin gida, don tallafawa al'ummar masu bincike - waɗanda yawancinsu ba za su iya ba da hujjar ayyukansu ta hanyar yin aiki don dalilai na tsaro ba.
A halin yanzu, a lokacin da aka fitar da sanannen bayaninsa, Licklider ya riga ya fara tsara tayin cibiyar sadarwa ta intergalactic, wanda zai zama darekta. daga Jami'ar California, Los Angeles (UCLA).
Console don samfurin SAGE OA-1008, cikakke tare da bindiga mai haske (a ƙarshen waya, ƙarƙashin murfin filastik bayyananne), mai haske da ashtray.
Bayan Fage
Kleinrock shi ne ɗan ƙaura na Gabashin Turai masu aiki, kuma ya girma a Manhattan a cikin inuwa. [ya haɗu da arewacin tsibirin Manhattan a birnin New York da kuma Fort Lee a gundumar Bergen a New Jersey / kimanin.]. Yayin da yake makaranta, ya ɗauki ƙarin darussa a fannin injiniyan lantarki a Kwalejin City na New York da maraice. Lokacin da ya ji labarin damar yin karatu a MIT wanda ya biyo bayan semester na cikakken aiki a dakin gwaje-gwaje na Lincoln, ya yi tsalle a ciki.
An kafa dakin gwaje-gwaje don biyan bukatun SAGE, amma tun daga lokacin ya fadada zuwa wasu ayyukan bincike da yawa, sau da yawa kawai yana da alaƙa da tsaro na iska, idan duk yana da alaƙa da tsaro. Daga cikin su akwai Nazarin Barnstable, ra'ayin Sojan Sama don ƙirƙirar bel na ƙarfe na orbital (kamar ), wanda za a iya amfani da shi azaman tsarin sadarwa na duniya. Kleinrock ya ci nasara da iko daga MIT, don haka ya yanke shawarar maida hankali kan ka'idar sadarwar sadarwar. Binciken Barnstable ya ba Kleinrock damarsa ta farko don yin amfani da ka'idar bayanai da ka'idar jerin gwano zuwa hanyar sadarwar bayanai, kuma ya fadada wannan bincike zuwa cikakken karatun kan hanyoyin sadarwar saƙon, yana haɗa nazarin lissafin lissafi tare da bayanan gwaji da aka tattara daga simulations da ke gudana akan kwamfutocin TX-2 a cikin labs. Lincoln. Daga cikin abokan aikin Kleinrock a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje, wadanda suka raba kwamfutoci tare da shi, sun hada da. и , wanda za mu san nan gaba kadan.
A shekara ta 1963, Kleinrock ya karɓi tayin aiki a UCLA, kuma Licklider ya ga dama. Ga wani masani na cibiyar sadarwa na bayanai da ke aiki a kusa da cibiyoyin kwamfuta guda uku: babbar cibiyar kwamfuta, cibiyar kula da lafiya, da kuma Western Data Center (haɗin kai na cibiyoyi talatin waɗanda ke raba hanyar shiga kwamfuta ta IBM). Haka kuma, cibiyoyi shida daga Cibiyar Bayar da Bayanai ta Yamma suna da hanyar sadarwa mai nisa da kwamfutar ta hanyar modem, kuma kwamfutar da ke daukar nauyin tsarin ci gaban tsarin (SDC) ta IPTO tana da nisan kilomita kadan daga Santa Monica. IPTO ta ba UCLA damar haɗa waɗannan cibiyoyi guda huɗu a matsayin gwajin farko na ƙirƙirar hanyar sadarwar kwamfuta. Daga baya, bisa ga shirin, sadarwa tare da Berkeley na iya yin nazarin matsalolin da ke tattare da watsa bayanai a cikin nesa mai nisa.
Duk da yanayi mai ban sha'awa, aikin ya gaza kuma ba a taɓa gina hanyar sadarwa ba. Daraktocin cibiyoyin UCLA daban-daban ba su amince da juna ba, kuma ba su yarda da wannan aikin ba, dalilin da ya sa suka ki ba da ikon sarrafa kayan kwamfuta ga masu amfani da juna. IPTO kusan ba ta da wani tasiri akan wannan yanayin, tunda babu ɗayan cibiyoyin kwamfuta da ya karɓi kuɗi daga ARPA. Wannan batu na siyasa yana nuni da daya daga cikin manyan batutuwan da suka shafi tarihin Intanet. Idan yana da matukar wahala a gamsar da mahalarta daban-daban cewa tsara sadarwa a tsakanin su da hadin gwiwa yana shiga hannun dukkan bangarori, ta yaya Intanet ta bayyana? A cikin kasidu masu zuwa za mu koma kan waɗannan batutuwa fiye da sau ɗaya.
Ƙoƙari na biyu na IPTO na gina hanyar sadarwa ya fi nasara, watakila saboda ya fi ƙanƙanta - gwajin gwaji ne mai sauƙi. Kuma a cikin 1965, masanin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam da ɗalibin Licklider mai suna Tom Marill ya bar dakin gwaje-gwaje na Lincoln don ƙoƙarin yin fa'ida kan haɓakar ƙira game da kwamfuta mai mu'amala ta hanyar fara kasuwancinsa na haɗin gwiwa. Duk da haka, rashin isassun abokan ciniki, ya fara neman wasu hanyoyin samun kudin shiga, kuma daga karshe ya ba da shawarar cewa IPTO ta dauke shi aiki don gudanar da bincike na hanyar sadarwa na kwamfuta. Sabon darakta na IPTO, Ivan Sutherland, ya yanke shawarar yin haɗin gwiwa tare da babban kamfani mai suna a matsayin ballast, kuma ya ba da kwangilar aikin ga Marilla ta wurin dakin gwaje-gwaje na Lincoln. A bangaren dakin gwaje-gwaje, an sanya wani tsohon abokan aikin Kleinrock, Lawrence (Larry) Roberts, ya jagoranci aikin.
Roberts, yayin da yake ɗalibin MIT, ya ƙware wajen aiki da kwamfuta TX-0 da Lincoln Laboratory ya gina. Ya zauna yana jin daɗi na sa'o'i a gaban allon wasan bidiyo mai haske, kuma a ƙarshe ya rubuta shirin da (mummunan) gane haruffan rubutun hannu ta amfani da hanyoyin sadarwa na jijiyoyi. Kamar Kleinrock, ya ƙare aiki don dakin gwaje-gwaje a matsayin ɗalibin digiri na biyu, yana magance matsalolin da suka shafi zane-zane na kwamfuta da hangen nesa na kwamfuta, irin su ganewar gefe da 2D image tsara, a kan mafi girma kuma mafi karfi TX-XNUMX.
Domin mafi yawan 1964, Roberts ya mayar da hankali sosai akan aikinsa tare da hotuna. Sannan ya hadu da Lik. A watan Nuwamba, ya halarci wani taro kan makomar kwamfuta, wanda rundunar sojojin sama ta dauki nauyinsa, wanda aka gudanar a wani wurin shakatawa na ruwan zafi da ke Homestead, West Virginia. A can ya yi magana har zuwa cikin dare tare da sauran mahalarta taron, kuma a karon farko ya ji Lick ya gabatar da ra'ayinsa na hanyar sadarwa ta intergalactic. Wani abu ya zuga a kan Roberts - ya yi fice wajen sarrafa zane-zanen kwamfuta, amma, a zahiri, an iyakance shi ga kwamfuta ta musamman ta TX-2. Ko da zai iya raba manhajar sa, babu wanda zai iya amfani da ita domin babu wanda ke da makamanciyar masarrafar sarrafa ta. Hanya daya tilo da zai iya fadada tasirin aikinsa ita ce yin magana game da shi a cikin takaddun kimiyya, da fatan cewa wani zai iya sake buga shi a wani wuri. Ya yanke shawarar cewa Leake yayi daidai - hanyar sadarwar ita ce ainihin mataki na gaba wanda ake buƙatar ɗauka don haɓaka bincike a cikin kwamfuta.
Kuma Roberts ya ƙare aiki tare da Marill, yana ƙoƙarin haɗa TX-2 daga dakin gwaje-gwaje na Lincoln akan layin tarho na ƙasa zuwa kwamfutar SDC a Santa Monica, California. A cikin wani zane na gwaji da aka ce an kwafi daga memo na "intergalactic network" na Leake, sun yi shirin dakatawar TX-2 a tsakiyar lissafi, yi amfani da dialer ta atomatik don kiran SDC Q-32, gudanar da shirin ninkawa na matrix akan waccan kwamfutar. , sannan ya ci gaba da lissafin asali ta amfani da amsarsa.
Baya ga dalilan amfani da fasaha masu tsada da ci gaba wajen watsa sakamakon aikin lissafi mai sauki a fadin nahiyar, yana da kyau a lura da tsananin saurin tafiyar da wannan tsari saboda amfani da hanyar sadarwa ta wayar tarho. Don yin kira, ya zama dole a kafa haɗin haɗin kai tsakanin mai kira da wanda aka kira, wanda yawanci ya wuce ta hanyar musayar tarho daban-daban. A cikin 1965, kusan dukkansu sun kasance masu aikin lantarki (a cikin wannan shekarar ne AT&T ta ƙaddamar da masana'antar sarrafa wutar lantarki ta farko a Sakasuna, New Jersey). Magnets sun motsa sandunan ƙarfe daga wuri guda zuwa wani don tabbatar da tuntuɓar kowane kumburi. Dukkanin tsarin ya ɗauki ƴan daƙiƙa kaɗan, lokacin da TX-2 kawai ya zauna ya jira. Bugu da kari, layukan, da suka dace da tattaunawa, sun kasance da hayaniyar da ba za ta iya watsa ragi guda ɗaya ba, kuma sun ba da mafi ƙanƙanta (biyu na ragi ɗari a sakan daya). Haƙiƙa ingantaccen hanyar sadarwa ta mu'amala ta intergalactic ta buƙaci wata hanya dabam.
Gwajin Marill-Roberts bai nuna amfani ko amfani na hanyar sadarwa mai nisa ba, kawai yana nuna aikin ka'idarsa. Amma wannan ya zama isa.
yanke shawara
A tsakiyar 1966, Robert Taylor ya zama sabon darektan IPTO na uku, bayan Ivan Sutherland. Ya kasance dalibi na Licklider, kuma masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam, kuma ya zo IPTO ta hanyar gudanar da binciken kimiyyar kwamfuta a baya a NASA. A bayyane yake, kusan nan da nan da isowa, Taylor ya yanke shawarar cewa lokaci ya yi da za a gane mafarkin hanyar sadarwa ta intergalactic; Shi ne ya kaddamar da aikin wanda ya haifar da ARPANET.
Har yanzu kuɗin ARPA na ci gaba da tafiya, don haka Taylor ba shi da wata matsala ta samun ƙarin kuɗi daga shugabansa, Charles Herzfeld. Koyaya, wannan maganin yana da babban haɗarin gazawa. Bayan cewa a cikin 1965 akwai layukan da ke da alaƙa da ɓangarori daban-daban na ƙasar, a baya babu wanda ya yi ƙoƙarin yin wani abu makamancin haka na ARPANET. Mutum na iya tunawa da wasu gwaje-gwajen farko na ƙirƙirar hanyoyin sadarwar kwamfuta. Misali, Princeton da Carnegie Mallon sun fara aikin hanyar sadarwa na kwamfutoci a ƙarshen 1960 tare da IBM. Babban bambancin da ke tsakanin wannan aikin shi ne kamanceceniyansa - ya yi amfani da kwamfutoci masu kama da juna a cikin kayan masarufi da software.
A gefe guda, ARPANET dole ne ya magance bambancin. A tsakiyar shekarun 1960, IPTO tana ba da tallafi fiye da kungiyoyi goma, kowannensu yana da kwamfuta, duk suna aiki da kayan masarufi da software daban-daban. Ikon raba software yana da wuya ko da a tsakanin samfura daban-daban daga masana'anta iri ɗaya - sun yanke shawarar yin hakan ne kawai tare da sabon layin IBM System/360.
Bambance-bambancen tsarin ya kasance haɗari, yana ƙara manyan ƙwaƙƙwaran fasaha zuwa haɓaka cibiyar sadarwa da yuwuwar raba albarkatu irin ta Licklider. Misali, a Jami'ar Illinois a wancan lokacin, ana gina babban na'ura mai kwakwalwa da kudin ARPA. . Da alama ba zai yiwu ba ga Taylor cewa masu amfani da gida na Urbana-Campain za su iya yin amfani da albarkatun wannan babbar injin. Ko da ƙananan tsarin-Lincoln Lab's TX-2 da UCLA's Sigma-7- yawanci ba za su iya raba software ba saboda rashin daidaituwa na asali. Ikon shawo kan waɗannan iyakoki ta hanyar shiga software na kumburin kai tsaye daga wani yana da kyau.
A cikin takarda da ke kwatanta wannan gwajin cibiyar sadarwa, Marill da Roberts sun ba da shawarar cewa irin wannan musayar albarkatun zai haifar da wani abu kamar Ricardian. don lissafta nodes:
Shirye-shiryen hanyar sadarwa na iya haifar da wani ƙwarewa na haɗin gwiwar nodes. Idan wani kumburin X, alal misali, saboda software na musamman ko kayan masarufi, yana da kyau musamman a juyar da matrix, zaku iya tsammanin masu amfani da sauran nodes akan hanyar sadarwar za su yi amfani da wannan damar ta hanyar juyar da matrices ɗin su akan node X, maimakon yin haka da kan su.kwamfutocin gida.
Taylor yana da wani dalili na aiwatar da hanyar sadarwa ta raba albarkatu. Siyan kowane sabon kumburin IPTO sabuwar kwamfutar da ke da dukkan ƙarfin da masu binciken kan wannan kullin za su iya buƙata yana da tsada, kuma yayin da aka ƙara ƙarin nodes a cikin fayil ɗin IPTO, kasafin kuɗi ya shimfiɗa cikin haɗari. Ta hanyar haɗa duk tsarin da IPTO ke ba da kuɗi zuwa hanyar sadarwa ɗaya, zai yiwu a samar da sabbin masu ba da tallafi tare da mafi ƙarancin kwamfutoci, ko ma babu siya kwata-kwata. Za su iya amfani da ikon sarrafa kwamfuta da suke buƙata akan nodes masu nisa tare da albarkatu masu yawa, kuma duk hanyar sadarwar za ta yi aiki azaman tafki na jama'a na software da hardware.
Bayan kaddamar da aikin tare da samun kudin shiga, babbar gudummawar da Taylor ya bayar ga ARPANET ita ce zabar wanda zai bunkasa tsarin kai tsaye da kuma ganin an aiwatar da shi. Roberts shine zabi na zahiri. Ƙwarewar aikin injiniyansa ba ta da shakka, ya riga ya kasance memba mai daraja a cikin al'ummar bincike na IPTO, kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin ƴan mutane da ke da ainihin ƙwarewar ƙira da gina hanyoyin sadarwa na kwamfuta da ke aiki a cikin nesa mai nisa. Don haka a cikin kaka na 1966, Taylor ya kira Roberts ya tambaye shi ya zo daga Massachusetts don yin aiki a ARPA a Washington.
Amma sai ya zama da wahala a lallashe shi. Yawancin daraktocin kimiyya na IPTO sun nuna shakku kan jagorancin Robert Taylor, suna la'akari da shi mara nauyi. Haka ne, Licklider shima kwararre ne kan ilimin halayyar dan adam, ba shi da ilimin injiniyanci, amma a kalla yana da digiri na uku, da wasu cancantar a matsayin daya daga cikin iyayen da suka kafa kwamfutoci masu mu'amala da su. Taylor mutum ne da ba a sani ba yana da digiri na biyu. Ta yaya zai gudanar da hadadden aikin fasaha a cikin al'ummar IPTO? Roberts kuma yana cikin masu shakka.
Amma haɗin karas da sanda ya yi aikinsa (mafi yawan kafofin sun nuna fifikon sanduna tare da rashi na karas). A gefe guda, Taylor ya dan matsa wa shugaban Roberts a dakin gwaje-gwaje na Lincoln, yana tunatar da shi cewa yawancin kudaden da dakin gwaje-gwajen ke bayarwa yanzu sun fito ne daga ARPA, don haka yana bukatar ya gamsar da Roberts game da cancantar wannan shawara. A gefe guda kuma, Taylor ya ba Roberts sabon lakabi na "babban masanin kimiyya", wanda zai ba da rahoto kai tsaye kan Taylor ga mataimakin darektan ARPA, kuma zai zama magajin Taylor a matsayin darekta. A karkashin waɗannan sharuɗɗan, Roberts ya yarda ya ɗauki aikin ARPANET. Lokaci ya yi da za a juya ra'ayin raba albarkatun zuwa gaskiya.
Me kuma za a karanta
- Janet Abbate, Ƙirƙirar Intanet (1999)
- Katie Hafner da Matthew Lyon, Inda Wizards suka tsaya Late (1996)
- Arthur Norberg da Julie O'Neill, Canza Fasahar Kwamfuta: Gudanar da Bayani don Pentagon, 1962-1986 (1996)
- M. Mitchell Waldrop, Injin Mafarki: JCR Licklider da Juyin Juya Halin da Ya Yi Kwamfuta Na Musamman (2001)
source: www.habr.com
