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A cikin bazara na 1981, bayan ƙananan gwaji da yawa, hukumar sadarwar Faransa (Direction générale des Télécommunications, DGT) ta fara wani babban gwaji don gabatar da fasahar. a Brittany, a wani wuri da ake kira Ille et Vilaine, mai suna bayan koguna biyu da ke gudana a kusa. Wannan shi ne share fage ga cikakken ƙaddamar da tsarin gaba ɗaya , wanda aka shirya don shekara mai zuwa. DGT ya kira sabon tsarin Télétel, amma da sauri kowa ya fara kiransa Minitel - ya kasance , wanda aka samo daga sunan , wanda dubban ɗaruruwan suka rarraba kyauta ga masu amfani da tarho na Faransa.
Daga cikin dukkanin tsarin sabis na bayanan mabukaci a cikin wannan "zamanin rarrabuwar kawuna," Minitel ya cancanci kulawa ta musamman - don haka babi nasa a cikin wannan labarin - don dalilai guda uku.
Duk labaran da ke cikin jerin:
- Tarihin relay
- Tarihin kwamfutocin lantarki
- Tarihin transistor
- Tarihin Intanet
- Zamanin Rarrabawa
Na farko shi ne dalilin halittarsa. Sauran ayyukan gidan waya, telegraph da tarho sun gina tsarin bisa fasahar bidiyotex - amma babu wata ƙasa da ta yi ƙoƙari sosai wajen ganin wannan tsarin ya yi nasara, ko kuma da dabarar yin amfani da wannan nasarar da aka yi tunani sosai. Minitel yana da alaƙa ta kut-da-kut da fatan samun bunkasuwar tattalin arziki da dabaru a Faransa, kuma an yi niyya ba kawai don ƙirƙirar sabbin hanyoyin shiga harkokin sadarwa ko sabbin hanyoyin zirga-zirga ba, har ma don haɓaka ɓangaren fasahar Faransa gabaɗaya.
Na biyu shine matakin rarraba shi. DGT ta ba wa masu biyan kuɗin tarho tashoshi gabaɗaya kyauta, kuma sun tattara duk kuɗin bisa la'akari da lokacin da suka yi amfani da sabis ɗin, ba tare da buƙatar biyan kuɗi gabaɗaya ba. Wannan yana nufin cewa, kodayake yawancinsu ba sa amfani da tsarin sau da yawa, mutane da yawa har yanzu suna samun damar yin amfani da Minitel fiye da mafi girman sabis na kan layi na Amurka na 1980s, duk da ƙarancin yawan jama'a. Tsarin ya yi kama da ya bambanta da asalin British Prestel, wanda bai wuce masu biyan kuɗi 100 ba.
Na uku shine tsarin gine-ginen sashin uwar garken. Duk sauran masu ba da sabis na dijital sun kasance monolithic, suna ɗaukar duk ayyuka akan kayan aikin nasu. Tare da juna ƙila sun kafa kasuwa mai gasa, amma kowane tsarin su na cikin gida tattalin arzikin umarni ne. Minitel, duk da cewa jihar tana da ikon mallakar wannan samfurin, abin mamaki ya zama tsarin kawai na shekarun 1980 wanda ya samar da kasuwa mai kyauta don sabis na bayanai. DGT yayi aiki azaman dillalin bayanai maimakon mai bayarwa, kuma ya samar da samfuri ɗaya mai yuwuwa don fitowa daga zamanin rarrabuwa.
Wasan kamawa
Gwaji tare da Minitel sun fara a Brittany ba kwatsam ba. A cikin shekaru da dama da suka biyo bayan yakin duniya na biyu, da gangan gwamnatin Faransa ta karkatar da tattalin arzikin yankin, wanda ya fi dogara ga aikin noma da kamun kifi, zuwa na'urorin lantarki da sadarwa. Wannan kuma ya shafi manyan dakunan bincike na sadarwa guda biyu da ke can: Cibiyar Sadarwar Sadarwar Sadarwa (CCETT) a babban birnin yankin René, da Cibiyar National d'Études des Télécommunications (CNET) a Lannion, kan bakin tekun arewa.
CCETT dakin gwaje-gwaje a Rennes
Wadannan dakunan gwaje-gwaje, da aka kafa a kokarin kawo yankin da ke da koma baya cikin wannan zamani, a karshen shekarun 1960 zuwa farkon shekarun 1970, sun samu kansu cikin wani wasa na kama-karya da takwarorinsu na wasu kasashe. Ya zuwa karshen shekarun 1960, sadarwar tarho ta Faransa ta kasance a cikin wani yanayi na wulakanci ga kasar da, karkashin jagorancin de Gaulle, ke son ganin kanta a matsayin mai karfin duniya. Har yanzu ya dogara sosai kan na'urorin wayar tarho da aka gina a farkon shekarun ƙarni na 1967th, kuma ya zuwa 75 kashi 100% ne kawai aka sarrafa su. Sauran ya dogara ne da masu aiki da ke canza kira da hannu - wani abu da duka Amurka da kasashen Yammacin Turai suka rabu da su. Wayoyi 13 ne kacal a cikin mutum 21 a Faransa, idan aka kwatanta da 50 a makwabciyarta Biritaniya, sannan kusan XNUMX a kasashen da suka fi samun ci gaban tsarin sadarwa, kamar su Sweden da Amurka.
Saboda haka, a cikin 1970s, Faransa ta fara saka hannun jari sosai a cikin shirin , wato, "kama". Rattrapage da sauri ya fara samun ƙarfi bayan zaɓen 1974, lokacin , kuma ya nada Gerard Thery a matsayin sabon shugaban DGT. Dukansu sun kammala karatun injiniya mafi kyawun Faransa, l'École Polytechnique [Paris Polytechnique], kuma dukansu sun yi imani da ikon inganta al'umma ta hanyar fasaha. Théry ya shirya game da inganta sassauci da kuma mai da hankali ga tsarin mulki a DGT, kuma Giscard ya nemi majalisar dokoki kan kudi biliyan 100 don sabunta hanyar sadarwar tarho. An yi amfani da wannan kudi wajen sanya miliyoyin sabbin wayoyi tare da maye gurbin tsofaffin kayan aiki da na'urorin sauya kwamfuta. Don haka, Faransa ta kawar da martabarta a matsayin kasa mai baya a cikin wayar tarho.
A halin yanzu, a wasu ƙasashe da suka fara haɓaka sadarwa ta sabbin hanyoyi, sabbin fasahohi sun bayyana - wayoyin bidiyo, fax da cakuɗen ayyukan kwamfuta tare da hanyoyin sadarwar bayanai. DGT ya so ya hau hawan wannan igiyar, kuma bai sake yin kama ba. A farkon shekarun 1970, Biritaniya ta ba da sanarwar ƙirƙirar tsarin teletex guda biyu daban-daban, waɗanda ke ba da canjin bayanai zuwa na'urorin talabijin ta hanyar watsa shirye-shirye. CCETT, haɗin gwiwa tsakanin DGT da ofishin watsa labarai na Faransa de radiodiffusion-télévision française (ORTF), sun ƙaddamar da ayyuka guda biyu don mayar da martani. Aikin DIDON (Diffusion de données sur un réseau de talabijin - watsa shirye-shiryen watsa shirye-shiryen watsa shirye-shirye a kan hanyar sadarwa ta talabijin) an tsara shi bisa ga tsarin Birtaniya. ANTIOPE (Samun numérique et télévisualisation d'images organisées en pages d'ecriture - saye na dijital da nunin hotuna da aka haɗa cikin shafukan rubutu) ya kasance ƙoƙari mai himma don gano yuwuwar isar da allo tare da rubutu ba tare da tashar sadarwa ba.
Bernard Marty a 2007
Bernard Marty ne ya jagoranci tawagar ANTIOPE a Rennes. Ya kasance wani wanda ya kammala Polytechnic (aji na 1963), kuma ya zo CCETT daga ORDF, inda ya kware a kan animation na kwamfuta da talabijin na dijital. A cikin 1977, ƙungiyar ta haɗa fasahar nunin ANTIOPE tare da ra'ayoyin da aka karɓa daga aikin CNET's TIC-TAC (terminal intégré comportant téléviseur et appel au clavier). Wannan na ƙarshe shine tsarin isar da sabis na dijital mai hulɗa ta wayar tarho. Ana kiran wannan haɗakar TITAN (Terminal interactif de télétexte à appel par numérotation - m teletex terminal tare da bugun kiran waya), kuma ta kasance daidai da tsarin Viewdata na Biritaniya, wanda daga baya ya samo asali zuwa Prestel. Kamar ANTIOPE, ya yi amfani da talabijin don nuna shafukan bayanan dijital, amma ya ba masu amfani damar yin hulɗa tare da kwamfutar maimakon kawai karɓar bayanai. Bugu da kari, duka umarni na kwamfuta da allon bayanai an watsa su ta wayoyin tarho maimakon ta iska. Ba kamar Viewdata ba, TITAN yana goyan bayan madannin haruffa masu girman girman girma, maimakon madannai na waya kawai. Don nuna iyawar tsarin a bikin baje kolin kasuwanci na Berlin, ƙungiyar ta yi amfani da hanyar sadarwa ta Transpac na canza fakitin Faransa a matsayin mai shiga tsakani tsakanin tashoshi da kwamfutar CCETT da ke cikin Rennes.
Lab ɗin Teri ya haɗa nunin fasaha mai ban sha'awa, amma a wannan lokacin bai riga ya sanya shi a wajen dakin gwaje-gwaje ba, kuma babu wasu takamaiman hanyoyi da talakawa za su yi amfani da shi.
Telematik
Kaka 1977 darektan DGT Gerard Théry, ya gamsu da ci gaban zamani na sadarwar tarho, ya canza zuwa gasa tare da tsarin bidiyo na Burtaniya. Don samar da martani mai mahimmanci, ya fara nazarin kwarewar CCETT da CNET, kuma ya sami shirye-shiryen amfani da TITAN da TIC-TAC a can. Ya kawo wadannan danyen kayan gwaji zuwa ofishinsa na ci gaban DAII domin a mai da su kayayyaki tare da fayyace hanyar kasuwa da dabarun kasuwanci.
DAII ya ba da shawarar haɓaka ayyukan guda biyu: gwaji tare da videotex don gwada ayyuka daban-daban a wani birni kusa da Versailles, da saka hannun jari a cikin kundin adireshin tarho na lantarki don maye gurbin littafin tarho. Ayyukan dole ne su yi amfani da Transpac a matsayin kayan aikin cibiyar sadarwa da fasahar TITAN a gefen abokin ciniki - tare da hotunan launi, zane-zane da cikakken maɓalli don shigarwa.
Samfurin gwaji na farko na akwatin saiti na Télétel, wanda daga baya aka watsar da shi don goyon bayan haɗin kai.
Dabarun aiwatar da bidiyotex da DAII ya ɓullo da su ya bambanta da na Biritaniya a cikin abubuwa uku masu mahimmanci. Na farko, yayin da Prestel ya dauki nauyin duk abubuwan da ke cikin kanta, DGT ya yi shirin yin aiki kawai a matsayin sauyawa ta hanyar da masu amfani za su iya isa ga kowane nau'i na masu ba da sabis na sirri daban-daban da ke tafiyar da kowane kwamfutoci masu iya haɗawa da Transpac da kuma isar da duk wani bayanan da suka dace da ANTIOPE. Na biyu, sun yanke shawarar yin watsi da TV a matsayin mai saka idanu kuma sun dogara da tashoshi na musamman na haɗin gwiwa. Shugabannin DGT sun yi tunanin cewa mutane suna sayen talabijin don kallon talabijin, kuma ba za su so su dauki allon tare da sababbin ayyuka kamar littafin wayar lantarki ba. Bugu da ƙari, ƙaura daga talbijin yana nufin cewa DGT ba dole ba ne ya yi shawarwarin ƙaddamar da tsarin tare da masu fafatawa Télédiffusion de France (TDF), magajin ORDF (a Biritaniya, tattaunawar da masana'antun TV ya kasance daya daga cikin manyan matsalolin Prestel). A ƙarshe, Faransa ta yi ƙarfin hali ta yanke kullin Gordian, matsalar "kaza ko kwai" (inda hanyar sadarwa ba tare da masu amfani da ita ba ta jawo hankalin masu ba da sabis, kuma akasin haka), ta hanyar shirin ba da duk waɗannan haɗin gwiwar tashoshi na bidiyotex kyauta.
Amma duk da waɗannan manyan tsare-tsare, videotex ya kasance a bango don Teri. Don tabbatar da matsayin DGT a sahun gaba a fasahar sadarwa, ya mai da hankali kan yin fax sabis na mabukaci na ƙasa baki ɗaya. Ya yi imanin cewa fax ɗin na iya ɗaukar wani yanki mai mahimmanci na kasuwa don sadarwa a rubuce daga ofishin gidan waya, wanda DGT ta ɗauki ma'aikatansu a matsayin masu ra'ayin mazan jiya. Koyaya, fifikon Teri ya canza a cikin 'yan watanni, lokacin da aka kammala rahoton gwamnati "The Computerization of Society" a 1978. A watan Mayu, an rarraba rahoton ga shagunan sayar da littattafai kuma an sayar da kwafi 13 a cikin watan farko, da kwafi 500 gabaɗaya a cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa, wanda yayi daidai da wanda ya fi siyar da rahoton gwamnati. Ta yaya irin wannan batu mai kama da fasaha ya dauki hankulan 'yan kasa?
Gwamnatin Giscard ta baiwa Simon Nore da Alain Minc, jami'ai daga Babban Sufeton Kudi na Faransa, da su rubuta wannan rahoto don nazarin barazana da damar ci gaban tattalin arziki da kuma muhimmancin al'adu na na'ura mai kwakwalwa. A shekarun 1970, mafi yawan masana fasaha-savvy sun fara fahimtar cewa ikon computing zai iya kuma ya kamata a kawo wa talakawa irin ayyukan komputa da aka kashe. Amma a lokaci guda, Amurka ta kasance jagora a kowane nau'in fasahar dijital shekaru da yawa, kuma matsayin kamfanonin Amurka a kasuwa yana da alama ba zai girgiza ba. A gefe guda, shugabannin Faransa sun yi imanin cewa, dimokuradiyyar na'urorin kwamfuta zai kawo babbar dama ga al'ummar Faransa; a daya bangaren kuma, ba sa son Faransa ta zama wata makarkashiyar babbar ikon kasashen waje.
Rahoton Nora da Mink ya ba da haɗin kai wanda ya warware wannan matsala kuma ya ba da shawarar wani aikin da zai iya kai Faransa zuwa zamanin bayanan bayan zamani a cikin tsalle ɗaya. Nan da nan kasar za ta tashi daga matsayi na gaba zuwa matsayi na gaba, samar da kayan aikin farko na kasa don ayyukan dijital - cibiyoyin kwamfuta, bayanan bayanai, daidaitattun hanyoyin sadarwa - wanda zai zama tushen budewa da kasuwar dimokuradiyya don ayyukan dijital. Wannan, bi da bi, zai ƙara haɓaka ƙwarewar Faransa da masana'antu a fannin sarrafa kwamfuta, software da fasahar sadarwar.
Nora da Mink sun kira wannan haɗin gwiwar kwamfuta da sadarwa télématique, tare da haɗa kalmomin "labaran sadarwa" da kuma bayanin ("kimiyyar kwamfuta"). "Har kwanan nan," sun rubuta.
kwamfutoci sun kasance gatan manya da masu arziki. Daga yanzu, aikin na'ura mai kwakwalwa ya fara fitowa a gaba, wanda zai ciyar da al'umma, kamar yadda wutar lantarki ta taba yi. Koyaya, ba kamar wutar lantarki ba, la télématique ba zai watsa halin yanzu ba, amma bayanai.
Rahoton Nora-Mink da sakamakon da aka samu a cikin gwamnatin Giscard sun jefa ƙoƙarin kasuwancin TITAN a cikin sabon haske. A baya can, dabarun ci gaban bidiyo na DGT ya kasance wani martani ga masu fafatawa a Burtaniya, kuma an yi nufin tabbatar da cewa ba a kama Faransa ba da gangan kuma an tilasta musu yin aiki cikin daidaitattun fasahar bidiyo na Burtaniya. Amma da a can ya tsaya, ƙoƙarin Faransa na haɓaka videotex zai bushe kamar yadda Prestel, ya kasance babban sabis ga masu sha'awar sabbin fasahohi da ɗimbin kamfanoni waɗanda zai yi amfani da su.
Amma bayan rahoton, ba za a iya la'akari da wani abu na videotex ba in ban da wani muhimmin sashi na télématique, tushen gina sabuwar makoma ga daukacin al'ummar Faransa, kuma godiya ga rahoton, aikin ya sami kulawa da kudi fiye da yadda zai iya. sun yi fata. Aikin kaddamar da Minitel a duk fadin kasar ya sami tallafin gwamnati wanda watakila ba haka yake ba - kamar yadda ya faru da aikin "fax" na Teri a duk fadin kasar, wanda a karshe ya haifar da ƙarin ƙari ga Minitel a cikin hanyar bugawa.
A wani bangare na tallafin, gwamnati ta yanke shawarar raba miliyoyin tashoshi kyauta. DGT ya bayar da hujjar cewa farashin tashoshi za a biya shi wani bangare ta hanyar dakatar da littattafan wayar takarda da zirga-zirgar hanyar sadarwa da sabis na Minitel zai karfafa. Ko da gaske sun yi tunanin haka ko a'a, waɗannan gardama sun iya aƙalla ba da izini ga wani babban shiri na ƙarfafawa wanda ya fara da Alcatel (wanda ya karɓi biliyoyin francs don yin tashoshi) kuma ya bazu zuwa cibiyar sadarwar Transpac, masu ba da sabis na Minitel, kwamfutocin da suka saya. ta waɗannan masu samarwa, da ayyukan software waɗanda suka wajaba don gudanar da duk kasuwancin kan layi.
Mai shiga tsakani
A fannin kasuwanci, Minitel bai kawo wani abu na musamman ba. A karon farko, ta kai ga isar da kai na shekara-shekara a shekarar 1989, kuma ko da an biya dukkan kudaden da ake kashewa, sai dai a karshen shekarun 1990, lokacin da tasha ta fadi cikin matsala. Haka kuma bai cimma burin Nora da Mink ba na ƙaddamar da sake farfado da masana'antu da al'ummar Faransa saboda godiyar fasahar sadarwa. Alcatel da sauran masana'antun sun sami riba daga yin kayan aikin sadarwa, kuma cibiyar sadarwa ta Transpac ta Faransa ta sami riba daga karuwar zirga-zirga, kodayake, da rashin alheri, sun dogara da fasahar canza fakiti mara kyau tare da ka'idar X.25. A lokaci guda kuma, dubban masu ba da sabis na Minitel galibi sun sayi kayan aikinsu da software daga Amurkawa. Fasaha na gina nasu sabis na kan layi sun guje wa sabis ɗin duka Giant Bull na Faransa da kuma babban kamfanin masana'antu mai ban tsoro IBM, da kwalaye masu girman kai tare da Unix a ciki daga masana'antun kamar Texas Instruments da Hewlett-Packard.
Idan masana'antar Minitel ta gaza haɓaka, yaya game da rawar da take takawa wajen ba wa al'ummar Faransa mulkin demokraɗiyya ta hanyar sabbin hidimomin bayanai da suka isa ko'ina daga manyan gundumomin birnin Paris zuwa ƙauyukan Picardy? Anan aikin ya sami nasara mafi girma, kodayake gauraye, nasara. Tsarin Minitel ya girma cikin sauri, daga tashoshi 120 a lokacin fara aiwatar da manyan ayyuka a 000 zuwa tashoshi miliyan 1983 a 3 da miliyan 1987 a 5,6. Sai dai, in ban da minti na farko a matsayin littafin wayar lantarki, amfani da tashoshi na dogon lokaci ya zama dole a biya su a cikin minti daya, don haka ko shakka babu amfani da su bai kai daidai da na'urorin su kansu ba. Shahararrun ayyuka, wato taɗi ta kan layi, na iya ƙone sa'o'i da yawa kowace yamma cikin sauƙi a ƙimar kuɗi na francs 1990 a kowace awa (kimanin $60, fiye da sau biyu mafi ƙarancin albashin sa'a na Amurka a lokacin).
Koyaya, zuwa 1990, kusan kashi 30% na 'yan ƙasa sun sami damar shiga tashar Minitel daga gida ko aiki. Faransa ta kasance, ba tare da wata shakka ba, ita ce ƙasar da ta fi kan layi (don magana) a duniya. A waccan shekarar, manyan masu ba da sabis na kan layi guda biyu a cikin fasahar fasahar bayanai na Amurka sun haɗu sun sami masu biyan kuɗi sama da miliyan ɗaya kawai a cikin ƙasa mai mutane miliyan 250. Kundin ayyukan da za a iya kaiwa ya karu da sauri kamar adadin tashoshi - daga 142 a 1983 zuwa 7000 a 1987 da 15 a 000. Abin ban mamaki shi ne don lissafta duk ayyukan da ake da su a tashoshin, an buƙaci dukan littafin tarho - wanda ya kamata su maye gurbinsa. A ƙarshen 1990s, wannan littafi, Listel, ya riga ya sami shafuka 1980.
Wani mutum yana amfani da tashar Minitel
Baya ga abin da DGT ke bayarwa kai tsaye, sabis ɗin da aka bayar ya kasance mai faɗi sosai, tun daga kasuwanci zuwa zamantakewa, kuma an raba su zuwa kusan nau'ikan nau'ikan da muke amfani da su don ganin kan layi a yau: sayayya, sabis na banki, sabis na balaguro, ɗakunan hira. , dandalin saƙo, wasanni. Don haɗawa da sabis ɗin, mai amfani da Minitel ya buga lambar shiga, galibi 3615, yana haɗa layin wayarsa zuwa kwamfuta ta musamman a wurin musayar gida, point d'accès vidéotexte, ko PAVI. Da zarar an haɗa shi da PAVI, mai amfani zai iya shigar da lambar da ta dace da sabis ɗin da ake so. Kamfanoni sun sanya lambobin shiga su akan banners talla a cikin nau'i na haruffa na mnemonic, kamar yadda za su yi da adiresoshin gidan yanar gizo a cikin shekaru masu zuwa: 3615 TMK, 3615 SM, 3615 ULLA.
Lambar 3615 ta haɗa masu amfani da tsarin kiosk na PAVI, wanda aka gabatar a cikin 1984. Ya ba Minitel damar yin aiki kamar gidan jarida, yana ba da samfura daban-daban don siyarwa daga masu kaya daban-daban a wurin siyarwa mai dacewa. Daga cikin 60 francs da aka caje a kowace awa na amfani da sabis na kiosk, 40 sun tafi sabis, da 20 zuwa DGT don amfani da PAVI da cibiyar sadarwa ta Transpac. Kuma duk wannan ya kasance cikakke ga masu amfani - duk cajin yana bayyana ta atomatik akan lissafin wayar su na gaba, kuma ba sa buƙatar samar da bayanan biyan kuɗin su ga masu samar da su don shiga dangantakar kuɗi da su.
Lokacin da samun damar shiga Intanet ya fara yaɗuwa a cikin 1990s, masanan sabis na kan layi sun fara samun. waɗannan ayyuka daga zamanin rarrabuwa - duk waɗannan CompuServe, AOL - "lambuna masu bango." Misalin ya zama kamar yana nuna bambanci tsakanin su da buɗaɗɗen, yanayin daji na sabuwar intanit. Daga wannan ra'ayi, idan CompuServe ya kasance wurin shakatawa a hankali, to Intanet ita ce Nature kanta. Tabbas, a zahiri Intanet ba ta da dabi'a fiye da CompuServe ko Minitel. Ana iya gina ayyukan kan layi ta hanyoyi daban-daban, duk sun dogara ne akan zaɓin mutane. Duk da haka, idan muka yi amfani da wannan misali na adawa tsakanin na halitta da kuma noma, sa'an nan Minitel fadi wani wuri a tsakiyar. Ana iya kwatanta shi da wurin shakatawa na kasa. Ana kiyaye iyakokinta, ana kula da su, kuma ana biyan kuɗin shiga don ketare su. Koyaya, a cikin su zaku iya motsawa cikin 'yanci kuma ku ziyarci duk wuraren da kuke sha'awar.
Matsayin DGT a tsakiyar kasuwa, tsakanin mai amfani da sabis, tare da keɓancewa akan mashigar shigarwa da duk hanyar sadarwa tsakanin mahalarta sabis guda biyu, yana da fa'ida akan duka masu samar da sabis na ɗaya-in-daya kamar CompuServe da ƙari fiye da buɗe gine-gine. daga baya Intanet. Ba kamar na farko ba, da zarar an wuce ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan tsarin, tsarin ya buɗe kasuwar sabis ga mai amfani, ba kamar wani abu da ya wanzu a lokacin ba. Ba kamar na ƙarshe ba, babu matsalolin samun kuɗi. Mai amfani ya biya ta atomatik don lokacin da aka yi amfani da shi, don haka babu buƙatar fasahar talla mai kumbura da kutsawa wanda ke tallafawa Intanet ta zamani. Minitel kuma ya ba da amintaccen haɗin kai-zuwa-ƙarshe. Kowane bit yana motsawa kawai a cikin kayan aikin DGT, muddin kun amince da DGT da mai ba da sabis, ana kiyaye sadarwar ku daga hari.
Duk da haka, idan aka kwatanta da Intanet wanda ya maye gurbin tsarin, yana da rashin amfani da yawa. Duk da buɗewar dangi, ba shi yiwuwa a kunna uwar garken kawai, haɗa shi zuwa cibiyar sadarwar kuma fara aiki. Kafin amincewar gwamnati an buƙaci don samar da damar uwar garke ta hanyar PAVI. Mafi muni, tsarin fasaha na Minitel ya kasance mai sauƙin sassauƙa kuma an ɗaure shi da ka'idar videotex, wacce ta yi tsayi sosai a tsakiyar 1980s amma bayan shekaru goma ya zama abin takaici kuma yana da iyaka.
Matsayin taurin Minitel ya dogara da ainihin abin da muke ɗaukar Minitel ɗin. Tashar kanta (wanda, a zahiri, ana kiranta Minitel) tana iya haɗawa da kowace kwamfutoci ta hanyar sadarwar tarho na yau da kullun. Duk da haka, yana da wuya masu amfani da yawa za su yi amfani da wannan hanyar - kuma ba shi da bambanci da yin amfani da kwamfutar gida tare da modem wanda kuke haɗawa da ayyuka kamar The Source ko CompuServe. Ba a haɗa shi da tsarin isar da sabis (wanda ake kira Télétel bisa hukuma), kuma duk fa'idodin sun wanzu godiya ga kiosk da cibiyar sadarwa ta Transpac.
Tashar tana goyan bayan shafukan rubutu, layi 24 na haruffa 40 a kowane layi (tare da zane-zane na farko) - shi ke nan. Babu ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da aka nuna na gidan yanar gizo na 1990s-rubutun gungurawa, GIFs, JPEGs, sauti mai yawo- da aka samu ga Minitel.
Minitel ya ba da yuwuwar hanyar fita daga zamanin rarrabuwar kawuna, amma babu wanda ke wajen Faransa ya ɗauki wannan hanyar. A 1988, France Télécom ta sayi DGT kuma ta yi ƙoƙari akai-akai don fitar da fasahar Minitel - zuwa Belgium, Ireland har ma da Amurka (ta hanyar tsarin San Francisco mai suna 101 Online). Koyaya, ba tare da yunƙurin gwamnati na ba da tallafin tashoshi ba, babu ɗayan waɗannan yunƙurin da ya kusanci nasarar asali. Kuma tun lokacin da France Télécom da galibin sauran tashoshin waya, telegraph da cibiyoyin sadarwar tarho a duniya ana tsammanin za su yanke ɓangarorin don yin aiki cikin nasara a cikin gasa ta ƙasa da ƙasa, zamanin da irin waɗannan abubuwan ƙarfafawa suke da hujja ta siyasa ya ƙare.
Kuma ko da yake an kammala tsarin Minitel gaba ɗaya a cikin 2012, amfani da shi yana raguwa tun tsakiyar shekarun 1990. A cikin raguwarta, har yanzu ya kasance sananne ga ayyukan banki da sabis na kuɗi saboda tsaro na hanyar sadarwa da samun tashoshi da na'urori na musamman waɗanda ke iya karantawa da watsa bayanai daga katunan banki. In ba haka ba, masu sha'awar kan layi na Faransa a hankali sun canza zuwa Intanet. Amma kafin mu koma kan tarihin Intanet, muna bukatar mu kara tsayawa kan rangadinmu ta zamanin rarrabuwar kawuna.
Me kuma za a karanta:
- Julien Mailland da Kevin Driscoll, Minitel: Barka da zuwa Intanet (2017)
- Marie Marchand, The Minitel Saga (1988)
Gaba: >>
source: www.habr.com