Tarihin Intanet, Zamanin rarrabuwa, Sashe na 4: Anarchists

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Daga kimanin 1975 zuwa 1995, kwamfutoci sun zama mafi saurin isa ga hanyoyin sadarwar kwamfuta. Da farko a Amurka, sannan a wasu kasashe masu arziki, kwamfutoci sun zama ruwan dare gama gari ga gidaje masu arziki, kuma sun bayyana a kusan dukkanin cibiyoyi. Koyaya, idan masu amfani da waɗannan kwamfutoci suna son haɗa injinan su - don musayar imel, zazzage shirye-shirye, nemo al'ummomin da za su tattauna abubuwan da suka fi so - ba su da zaɓuɓɓuka da yawa. Masu amfani da gida na iya haɗawa da ayyuka kamar CompuServe. Koyaya, har sai sabis ɗin ya gabatar da ƙayyadaddun kuɗaɗen kowane wata a ƙarshen 1980s, an biya kuɗin haɗin gwiwa a cikin awa ɗaya, kuma jadawalin kuɗin fito ba su da araha ga kowa. Wasu ɗaliban jami'a da malamai na iya haɗawa zuwa cibiyoyin sadarwar fakiti, amma yawancin sun kasa. A 1981, kwamfutoci 280 ne kawai suka sami damar shiga ARPANET. CSNET da BITNET daga ƙarshe za su haɗa da ɗaruruwan kwamfutoci, amma sun fara aiki ne a farkon shekarun 1980. Kuma a wancan lokacin a Amurka akwai makarantu sama da 3000 da dalibai suka samu ilimi mai zurfi, kuma kusan dukkansu suna da kwamfutoci da dama, tun daga manyan manyan injina zuwa kananan wuraren aiki.

Al'ummomi, DIYers, da masana kimiyya ba tare da samun damar Intanet ba sun juya zuwa hanyoyin fasaha iri ɗaya don haɗa juna. Sun yi kutse a tsohuwar tsarin wayar tarho, cibiyar sadarwar Bell, suna mai da shi wani abu kamar telegraph, aika saƙonnin dijital maimakon muryoyi, kuma bisa ga su - saƙonni daga kwamfuta zuwa kwamfuta a duk faɗin ƙasar da ma duniya baki ɗaya.

Duk labaran da ke cikin jerin:

• Tarihin relay
  • Hanyar " watsa bayanai cikin sauri ", ko Haihuwar relay
  • Marubuci mai tsayi
  • Galvanism
  • 'Yan kasuwa
  • Kuma a nan, a ƙarshe, shine gudun ba da sanda
  • Mai magana da telegraph
  • Haɗa kawai
  • Zamanin Mantuwar Kwamfutocin Relay
  • Zamanin lantarki
• Tarihin kwamfutocin lantarki
  • Gabatarwa
  • Ruwan launi
  • ENIAC
  • juyin juya halin lantarki
• Tarihin transistor
  • Girman hanyar ku a cikin duhu
  • Daga gulmar yaƙi
  • Sabuntawa da yawa
• Tarihin Intanet
  • Cibiyar sadarwa ta kashin baya
  • Lalacewa, part 1
  • Lalacewa, part 2
  • Buɗe hulɗa
  • Fadada mu'amala
  • ARPANET - haihuwa
  • ARPANET - kunshin
  • ARPANET - subnet
  • Kwamfuta a matsayin na'urar sadarwa
  • Ayyukan Intanet
• Zamanin Rarrabawa
  • kaya factor
  • Shuka shukar ƙasa
  • Kari

Waɗannan su ne wasu daga cikin cibiyoyin sadarwa na kwamfuta na farko [peer-to-peer, p2p]. Ba kamar CompuServe da sauran tsare-tsare na tsakiya ba, waɗanda ke haɗa kwamfutoci kuma suna tsotse bayanai daga gare su kamar maraƙi suna tsotsar madara, an rarraba bayanai ta hanyar cibiyoyin sadarwa da ba su da tushe kamar ripples akan ruwa. Yana iya farawa ko'ina ya ƙare ko'ina. Amma duk da haka zazzafar muhawara ta tashi a cikin su kan siyasa da mulki. Lokacin da Intanet ta zo hankalin al'umma a cikin 1990s, da yawa sun yi imanin cewa zai daidaita haɗin gwiwar zamantakewa da tattalin arziki. Ta hanyar ƙyale kowa ya haɗa da kowa, za a yanke masu tsaka-tsaki da ma'aikatan da suka mamaye rayuwarmu. Za a yi wani sabon zamani na dimokuradiyya kai tsaye da kuma bude kasuwanni, inda kowa da kowa yake da murya iri daya da samun dama. Irin waɗannan annabawa ƙila sun ƙi yin irin waɗannan alkawuran da sun yi nazarin makomar Usenet da Fidonet a cikin 1980s. Tsarinsu na fasaha ya kasance lebur sosai, amma kowace hanyar sadarwa ta kwamfuta wani yanki ne kawai na al'ummar ɗan adam. Kuma al'ummomin ɗan adam, ko ta yaya kuke motsa su da fitar da su, har yanzu suna cike da dunƙulewa.

Usenet

A lokacin rani na 1979, rayuwar Tom Truscott ta kasance kamar mafarkin matashin mai sha'awar kwamfuta. Kwanan nan ya kammala karatunsa na digiri na kimiyyar kwamfuta daga Jami'ar Duke, yana sha'awar dara, kuma yana horarwa a hedkwatar Bell Labs a New Jersey. A can ne ya sami damar yin hulɗa tare da waɗanda suka kirkiro Unix, sabon sha'awar share duniyar kimiyyar kwamfuta.

Asalin Unix, kamar ita kanta Intanet, tana cikin inuwar manufofin sadarwar Amurka. Ken Thompson и Dennis Ritchie ne adam wata na Bell Labs a ƙarshen 1960s sun yanke shawarar ƙirƙirar sigar mafi sassauƙa da cirewa na babban tsarin Multics a MIT, wanda suka taimaka ƙirƙirar azaman masu shirye-shirye. Da sauri sabon OS ya zama abin burgewa a cikin dakunan gwaje-gwaje, yana samun karbuwa duka biyu don ƙayyadaddun buƙatun kayan masarufi (wanda ya ba shi damar yin aiki ko da akan injuna masu tsada) da kuma saurin sa. Koyaya, AT&T ba zai iya yin amfani da wannan nasarar ba. A karkashin wata yarjejeniya ta 1956 da Ma'aikatar Shari'a ta Amurka, AT&T an bukaci ya ba da lasisi ga duk fasahohin da ba na waya ba a farashi mai ma'ana kuma kada ya shiga kowace kasuwanci face samar da sadarwa.

Don haka AT&T ya fara ba da lasisi ga Unix ga jami'o'i don amfanin ilimi akan sharuddan da suka dace. Masu lasisi na farko don samun damar yin amfani da lambar tushe sun fara ƙirƙira da siyar da bambance-bambancen nasu na Unix, musamman Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD) Unix, waɗanda aka ƙirƙira a harabar tutar Jami'ar California. Sabuwar OS ta mamaye al'ummar ilimi cikin sauri. Ba kamar sauran mashahuran OSs kamar DEC TENEX/TOPS-20 ba, yana iya aiki akan kayan masarufi daga masana'anta iri-iri, kuma yawancin waɗannan kwamfutoci ba su da tsada sosai. Berkeley ya rarraba shirin akan ɗan ƙaramin farashi, ban da ƙarancin kuɗin lasisi daga AT&T. Abin takaici, ban iya samun takamaiman lambobi ba.

Ya zama kamar Truscott cewa shi ne tushen kowane abu. Ya shafe lokacin bazara a matsayin ɗan ɗalibi na Ken Thompson, yana farawa kowace rana tare da ƴan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa, sannan ya yi aiki da tsakar rana, yana raba abincin dare na pizza tare da gumakansa, sannan ya zauna a ƙarshen rubuta lambar Unix a C. Lokacin da ya gama horon, bai yi ba. Ba ya so ya daina hulɗa da duniyar nan, don haka da zarar ya koma Jami'ar Duke a cikin kaka, ya gano yadda za a haɗa kwamfutar PDP 11/70 daga sashin ilimin kwamfuta zuwa uwa a Murray Hill ta hanyar amfani da wani shiri da aka rubuta. ta tsohon abokin aikinsa, Mike Lesk. An kira shirin uucp - Unix zuwa Unix copy - kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin jerin shirye-shiryen "uu" da aka haɗa a cikin Unix OS version 7 da aka saki kwanan nan. Shirin ya ba da damar tsarin Unix guda ɗaya don sadarwa tare da wani ta hanyar modem. Musamman, uucp ya ba da izinin kwafin fayiloli tsakanin kwamfutoci biyu da aka haɗa ta hanyar modem, barin Truscott ya yi musayar imel tare da Thompson da Ritchie.

Tom Truscott

Jim Ellis, wani ɗalibin da ya kammala makarantar Truscott, ya shigar da sabon sigar Unix 7 akan kwamfutar Jami'ar Duke. Duk da haka, sabuntawa ya kawo ba kawai ribobi ba, har ma da fursunoni. Shirin USENIX, wanda ƙungiyar masu amfani da Unix suka rarraba kuma aka tsara don aika labarai ga duk masu amfani da wani tsarin Unix, ya daina aiki a cikin sabon sigar. Truscott da Ellis sun yanke shawarar maye gurbinsa da sabon shirin mallakar mallaka wanda ya dace da Tsarin 7, ya ba shi ƙarin fasali mai ban sha'awa, kuma ya dawo da ingantaccen sigar ga al'ummar mai amfani don musanya ga daraja da girmamawa.

A lokaci guda, Truscott yana amfani da uucp don sadarwa tare da injin Unix a Jami'ar North Carolina, mai nisan kilomita 15 kudu maso yammacin Chapel Hill, kuma yana tattaunawa da wani dalibi a wurin, Steve Belovin.

Ba a san yadda Truscott da Belovin suka hadu ba, amma yana yiwuwa sun kasance kusa da dara. Dukansu sun fafata a gasar chess na shekara-shekara na Association for Computer Systems, kodayake ba a lokaci guda ba.

Belovin kuma ya yi nasa shirin don yada labarai, wanda, abin sha'awa, yana da ra'ayi na kungiyoyin labarai, ya kasu kashi cikin batutuwan da mutum zai iya biyan kuɗi - maimakon tashar guda ɗaya wanda aka zubar da duk labaran. Belovin, Truscott, da Ellis sun yanke shawarar hada karfi da karfe kuma su rubuta tsarin labarai na hanyar sadarwa tare da kungiyoyin labarai wadanda zasu yi amfani da uucp don rarraba labarai zuwa kwamfutoci daban-daban. Sun so su rarraba labaran da suka shafi Unix ga masu amfani da USENIX, don haka suka kira tsarin su Usenet.

Jami'ar Duke za ta yi aiki a matsayin gidan share fage na tsakiya, kuma za ta yi amfani da autodial da uucp don haɗawa da duk nodes akan hanyar sadarwar a lokaci-lokaci, ɗaukar sabbin labarai, da ciyar da labarai ga sauran membobin hanyar sadarwar. Belovin ya rubuta lambar asali, amma tana gudana akan rubutun harsashi don haka ya kasance a hankali. Sai Stephen Daniel, wani dalibi da ya kammala digiri a Jami’ar Duke, ya sake rubuta shirin a cikin sigar C. Daniel da aka fi sani da A News. Ellis ya haɓaka shirin a cikin Janairu 1980 a taron Usenix a Boulder, Colorado, kuma ya ba da duka kwafin tamanin da ya zo da shi. Ta hanyar taron Usenix na gaba, wanda aka gudanar a lokacin rani, masu shirya sa sun riga sun haɗa da Labarai a cikin kunshin software da aka rarraba ga duk mahalarta.

Masu kirkiro sun bayyana wannan tsarin a matsayin "ARPANET na talaka." Wataƙila ba za ku yi tunanin Duke a matsayin jami'a mai daraja ta biyu ba, amma a lokacin ba ta da wani tasiri a duniyar kimiyyar kwamfuta da za ta ba ta damar shiga wannan babbar hanyar sadarwar kwamfuta ta Amurka. Amma ba kwa buƙatar izini don shiga Usenet - duk abin da kuke buƙata shine tsarin Unix, modem, da ikon biyan lissafin wayar ku don ɗaukar labarai na yau da kullun. A farkon shekarun 1980, kusan dukkanin cibiyoyin da suka ba da ilimi mafi girma za su iya cika waɗannan buƙatun.

Kamfanoni masu zaman kansu kuma sun shiga Usenet, wanda ya taimaka wajen hanzarta yaduwar hanyar sadarwa. Kamfanin Kayayyakin Dijital (DEC) ya amince da yin aiki a matsayin mai shiga tsakani tsakanin Jami'ar Duke da Jami'ar California, Berkeley, tare da rage farashin kira mai nisa da kuma lissafin bayanai tsakanin bakin teku. Sakamakon haka, Berkeley da ke gabar Yamma ya zama cibiya ta biyu ta Usenet, tana haɗa hanyar sadarwar zuwa Jami'o'in California a San Francisco da San Diego, da sauran cibiyoyi, ciki har da Sytek, ɗaya daga cikin kamfanoni na farko a cikin kasuwancin LAN. Har ila yau Berkeley ya kasance gida ga kumburin ARPANET, wanda ya ba da damar haɗi tsakanin Usenet da ARPANET (bayan Mark Horton da Matt Glickman sun sake rubuta shirin musayar labarai, suna kiran shi B News). Ƙungiyoyin ARPANET sun fara cire abun ciki daga Usenet kuma akasin haka, duk da cewa dokokin ARPA sun hana haɗawa zuwa wasu cibiyoyin sadarwa. Cibiyar sadarwa ta girma cikin sauri, daga nodes goma sha biyar da ke sarrafa matsayi goma a rana a cikin 1980, zuwa nodes 600 da 120 a cikin 1983, sannan 5000 nodes da 1000 posts a 1987.

Da farko, masu yin sa sun ga Usenet a matsayin hanya ga membobin ƙungiyar masu amfani da Unix don sadarwa da tattauna ci gaban wannan OS. Don yin wannan, sun ƙirƙiri ƙungiyoyi biyu, net.general da net.v7bugs (matsalolin sun tattauna matsaloli tare da sabuwar sigar). Duk da haka, sun bar tsarin kyauta wanda za'a iya fadadawa. Kowa zai iya ƙirƙirar sabon rukuni a cikin matsayi na "net", kuma masu amfani da sauri sun fara ƙara batutuwan da ba na fasaha ba, kamar net.jokes. Kamar yadda kowa zai iya aika wani abu, masu karɓa na iya yin watsi da ƙungiyoyin da suka zaɓa. Misali, tsarin zai iya haɗawa zuwa Usenet kuma ya nemi bayanai kawai don rukunin net.v7bugs, yin watsi da sauran abun ciki. Ba kamar ARPANET da aka tsara a hankali ba, Usenet ya shirya kansa kuma ya girma cikin rashin kwanciyar hankali ba tare da kulawa daga sama ba.

Koyaya, a cikin wannan yanayi na dimokraɗiyya na wucin gadi, tsari na matsayi ya fito da sauri. Wani saitin nodes tare da babban adadin haɗin gwiwa da manyan zirga-zirga sun fara la'akari da "kashin baya" na tsarin. Wannan tsari ya samo asali ne. Saboda kowane nau'in watsa bayanai daga wannan kumburi zuwa wani yana ƙara jinkirin sadarwa, kowane sabon kumburin da ke shiga hanyar sadarwar yana son sadarwa tare da kumburin da ya riga ya sami adadi mai yawa, don rage yawan adadin "hops" da ake buƙata don yada ta. saƙonni a fadin hanyar sadarwa. Daga cikin kuɗaɗen ƙugiya akwai ƙungiyoyin ilimi da na kamfanoni, kuma yawanci kowace kwamfuta na cikin gida wasu mutane ne masu taurin kai da son rai suka ɗauki aikin rashin godiya na gudanar da duk wani abu da ya ratsa ta cikin kwamfutar. Irin su Gary Murakami na Bell Laboratories a Indian Hills a Illinois, ko Jean Spafford na Cibiyar Fasaha ta Georgia.

Mafi mahimmancin nunin iko tsakanin masu kula da kumburi a wannan kashin baya ya zo ne a cikin 1987, lokacin da suka tura ta hanyar sake tsara sunan rukunin labarai, suna gabatar da sabbin sassa bakwai na matakin farko. Akwai sassan kamar comp don batutuwan kwamfuta, da rec don nishaɗi. An tsara batutuwan da suka shafi ƙasƙanci a ƙarƙashin "manyan bakwai" - alal misali, ƙungiyar comp.lang.c don tattauna yaren C, da rec.games.board don tattaunawa game da wasannin allo. Ƙungiyar 'yan tawaye, waɗanda suka ɗauki wannan canji a matsayin juyin mulkin da "Spine Clique" suka shirya, sun kirkiro reshe na reshe na matsayi, wanda babban littafinsa ya kasance alt, da nasu daidai gwargwado. Ya haɗa da batutuwan da aka yi la'akari da rashin mutunci ga Manyan Bakwai - alal misali, jima'i da kwayoyi masu laushi (alt.sex.pictures), da kuma kowane nau'i na al'ummomi masu ban mamaki waɗanda masu gudanarwa ba su so (misali, alt.gourmand; admins sun gwammace rukunin marasa lahani rec.food.recipes).

A wannan lokacin, software ɗin da ke goyan bayan Usenet ta faɗaɗa sama da rarraba rubutu a sarari don haɗa da goyan bayan fayilolin binary (wanda ake kira saboda suna ɗauke da lambobi na binary na sabani). Mafi yawan lokuta, fayilolin sun haɗa da wasannin kwamfuta da aka sata, hotuna da fina-finai na batsa, faifan bidiyo da aka yi booted daga wuraren kide-kide da sauran abubuwan da ba bisa ka'ida ba. Ƙungiyoyi a cikin matsayi na alt.binaries sun kasance daga cikin mafi yawan toshewa akan sabobin Usenet saboda haɗuwa da farashi mai yawa (hotuna da bidiyo sun dauki nauyin bandwidth da sararin ajiya fiye da rubutu) da matsayi na shari'a.

Amma duk da wannan cece-kuce, a karshen shekarun 1980 Usenet ya zama wurin da masu amfani da kwamfuta za su iya samun al'ummomin duniya masu ra'ayi iri daya. A cikin 1991 kadai, Tim Berners-Lee ya sanar da ƙirƙirar Yanar Gizon Yanar Gizo na Duniya a cikin rukunin alt.hypertext; Linus Torvalds ya nemi amsa game da sabon ƙaramin aikin Linux a cikin rukunin comp.os.minix; Peter Adkison, godiya ga wani labari game da kamfaninsa na wasan kwaikwayo wanda ya buga wa rec.games.design group, ya sadu da Richard Garfield. Haɗin gwiwarsu ya haifar da ƙirƙirar sanannen wasan katin Magic: Gathering.

FidoNet

Duk da haka, ko da ARPANET na talaka a hankali ya bazu ko'ina cikin duniya, masu sha'awar microcomputer, waɗanda ke da ƙarancin albarkatu fiye da kwalejin da ba a gama ba, an yanke su da yawa daga sadarwar lantarki. Unix OS, wanda zaɓi ne mai arha da fara'a ta ma'auni na ilimi, ba ya samuwa ga masu kwamfutoci masu microprocessors 8-bit waɗanda ke tafiyar da CP/M OS, wanda ba zai iya yin komai ba sai samar da aiki tare da faifai. Duk da haka, ba da daɗewa ba suka fara nasu gwaji mai sauƙi don ƙirƙirar cibiyar sadarwa mai rahusa mai rahusa, kuma duk ya fara ne da ƙirƙirar allon sanarwa.

Mai yiyuwa ne saboda saukin ra’ayin da dimbin masu sha’awar kwamfuta da suka wanzu a lokacin. lantarki bulletin allo (BBS) ana iya ƙirƙira sau da yawa. Amma bisa ga al'ada, ana gane fifiko ta hanyar aikin Worda Christensen и Randy Suessa daga Chicago, wanda suka kaddamar a lokacin tsawan dusar ƙanƙara na 1978. Christensen da Suess sun kasance geeks na kwamfuta, dukansu shekaru 30-wani abu, kuma dukansu sun tafi kulob din kwamfuta na gida. Sun daɗe suna shirin ƙirƙirar uwar garken nasu a kulob ɗin kwamfuta, inda membobin ƙungiyar za su iya loda labaran labarai ta amfani da software na canja wurin fayil na modem wanda Christensen ya rubuta don CP/M, gida daidai da uucp. Amma guguwar dusar ƙanƙara da ta sa su cikin gida na kwanaki da yawa ya ba su kwarin gwiwar da suke bukata don fara aiki a kai. Christensen ya fi aiki akan software, kuma Suess yayi aiki akan kayan masarufi. Musamman Sewess ya kirkiro wani tsari wanda kai tsaye ya sake kunna kwamfutar zuwa yanayin da ke tafiyar da shirin BBS a duk lokacin da ta gano kira mai shigowa. Wannan hack ɗin ya zama dole don tabbatar da cewa tsarin yana cikin yanayin da ya dace don karɓar wannan kiran - irin wannan shine yanayin rashin tsaro na kayan aikin gida da software a wancan zamani. Sun kira abin da suka kirkira CBBS, tsarin allo na kwamfuta, amma daga baya yawancin masu sarrafa tsarin (ko sysops) sun jefar da C a takaice kuma suna kiran sabis ɗin su kawai BBS. Da farko, ana kuma kiran BBSs RCP/M, wato CP/M mai nisa (CP/M mai nisa). Sun bayyana cikakkun bayanai game da abin da suka haifa a cikin shahararriyar mujallar kwamfuta ta Byte, kuma ba da jimawa ba taron masu kwaikwayi suka bi su.

Sabuwar na'ura - Hayes Modem - ta wadatar da yanayin BBS. Dennis Hayes ya kasance wani mai sha'awar kwamfuta wanda ke da sha'awar ƙara modem a sabuwar injinsa. Amma misalan kasuwanci da suke samuwa sun faɗi cikin nau'i biyu kawai: na'urorin da aka yi nufin masu siyan kasuwanci, sabili da haka tsada ga masu sha'awar gida, da kuma modems tare da sadarwar murya. Don sadarwa da wani ta amfani da modem acoustic, da farko dole ne ka tuntuɓi wani a waya ko amsa kira, sannan ka kashe modem ɗin don ya iya sadarwa da modem a daya gefen. Ba zai yiwu a sarrafa kira mai fita ko mai shigowa ta wannan hanyar ba. Don haka a cikin 1977, Hayes ya tsara, kera, kuma ya fara siyar da nasa modem 300-bit-per-second wanda zai iya toshe cikin kwamfutarsa. A cikin BBS ɗin su, Christensen da Sewess sun yi amfani da ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan samfuran farkon Hayes modem. Duk da haka, samfurin farko na Hayes shine Smartmodem na 1981, wanda ya zo a cikin wani akwati daban, yana da microprocessor na kansa, kuma an haɗa shi da kwamfuta ta hanyar tashar jiragen ruwa. An sayar da shi akan $299, wanda ya kasance mai araha ga masu sha'awar sha'awa waɗanda yawanci kashe daloli da yawa akan kwamfutocin gidansu.

Hayes Smartmodem don 300 batu

Daya daga cikinsu shi ne Tom Jennings, kuma shi ne ya fara aikin wanda ya zama wani abu kamar Usenet na BBS. Ya yi aiki a matsayin mai tsara shirye-shirye na Phoenix Software a San Francisco, kuma a cikin 1983 ya yanke shawarar rubuta nasa shirin don BBS, ba don CP/M ba, amma don sabon OS don microcomputer - Microsoft DOS. Ya sanya mata suna Fido [sunan da ake kira kare], bayan kwamfutar da yake amfani da ita a wurin aiki, wanda aka sanya wa suna saboda tana kunshe da mugunyar mishmash na bangarori daban-daban. John Madill, wani dan kasuwa ne a ComputerLand da ke Baltimore, ya ji labarin Fido, sai ya kira Jennings a duk fadin kasar don neman taimakonsa wajen gyara shirinsa ta yadda zai rika aiki da kwamfutarsa ​​ta DEC Rainbow 100. Ma’auratan sun fara aiki da manhajar tare, kuma sai wani mai sha'awar Rainbow, Ben Baker daga St. Louis ya haɗu da shi. Su ukun sun kashe makudan kudade wajen kiran waya masu dogon zango yayin da suke shiga cikin motocin juna da daddare suna hira.

A lokacin duk waɗannan tattaunawa akan BBS daban-daban, wani tunani ya fara bayyana a kan Jennings - zai iya ƙirƙirar hanyar sadarwa ta BBS da ke musayar saƙonni da dare, lokacin da farashin sadarwa mai nisa ya yi ƙasa. Wannan ra'ayin ba sabon abu ba ne - yawancin masu sha'awar sha'awa sun kasance suna tunanin irin wannan saƙon tsakanin BBSs tun daga takardar Byte na Christensen da Sewess. Koyaya, gabaɗaya sun ɗauka cewa don wannan shirin ya yi aiki, da farko dole ne mutum ya sami babban adadin BBS kuma ya gina ƙayyadaddun ka'idoji don tabbatar da cewa duk kiran ya kasance cikin gida, wato, mara tsada, ko da lokacin ɗaukar saƙon daga bakin teku zuwa bakin teku. Duk da haka, Jennings yayi lissafin sauri kuma ya gane cewa tare da karuwar saurin modem (modem mai son ya riga ya yi aiki a gudun 1200 bps) da kuma rage yawan farashi mai nisa, irin waɗannan dabaru ba a buƙatar su. Ko da tare da karuwa mai yawa a cikin zirga-zirgar saƙo, yana yiwuwa a canja wurin rubutu tsakanin tsarin don 'yan kuɗi kaɗan kawai a dare.

Tom Jennings, har yanzu daga shirin 2002

Sannan ya kara wani program din Fido. Daga daya zuwa biyu na safe, an rufe Fido kuma aka kaddamar da FidoNet. Tana duba jerin saƙon da ke fita a cikin fayil ɗin jerin masu watsa shiri. Kowane saƙon da ke fita yana da lambar mai karɓa, kuma kowane abu na jeri ya gano mai masaukin baki—Fido BBS—wanda ke da lambar tarho kusa da shi. Idan an sami saƙonni masu fita, FidoNet ta ɗauki bi-bi-bi-bi tana buga wayoyin BBS masu dacewa daga jerin nodes kuma ta tura su zuwa shirin FidoNet, wanda ke jiran kira daga wannan gefen. Ba zato ba tsammani Madill, Jennings, da Baker sun sami damar yin aiki tare cikin sauƙi da sauƙi, duk da tsadar jinkirin halayen. Ba su sami saƙon da rana ba, ana aika saƙon da dare.

Kafin wannan, masu sha'awar sha'awa ba sa yin hulɗa da wasu masu sha'awar sha'awa waɗanda ke zaune a wasu yankuna, kamar yadda galibi suke kiran BBS na gida kyauta. Amma idan an haɗa wannan BBS zuwa FidoNet, to masu amfani ba zato ba tsammani sun sami damar musayar imel tare da sauran mutane a duk faɗin ƙasar. Nan da nan makircin ya zama sananne sosai, kuma adadin masu amfani da FidoNet ya fara girma cikin sauri, kuma a cikin shekara guda ya kai 200. Dangane da wannan, Jennings yana kara tabarbarewa da ci gaba da ci gaba da kula da kansa. Don haka a farkon FidoCon a St. Louis, Jennings da Baker sun sadu da Ken Kaplan, wani fanin Rainbow na DEC wanda zai dauki babban matsayi na jagoranci a FidoNet. Sun fito da wani sabon tsari wanda ya raba Arewacin Amurka zuwa gidajen yanar gizo, kowanne ya ƙunshi nodes na gida. A cikin kowane rukunin gidajen yanar gizo, kumburin gudanarwa ɗaya ya ɗauki alhakin sarrafa jerin kuɗaɗen gida, karɓar zirga-zirgar zirga-zirga masu shigowa don rukunin yanar gizon sa, da tura saƙon zuwa kudurorin gida da suka dace. Sama da Layer na subnets akwai yankuna da suka mamaye duk nahiyar. A lokaci guda, tsarin har yanzu yana kiyaye jerin nodes guda ɗaya na duniya waɗanda ke ɗauke da lambobin tarho na duk kwamfutocin da ke da alaƙa da FidoNet a duniya, don haka a zahiri kowane kumburi zai iya kiran wani kai tsaye don isar da saƙo.

Sabon gine-ginen ya ba da damar tsarin ya ci gaba da girma, kuma a cikin 1986 ya girma zuwa 1000 nodes, kuma ta 1989 zuwa 5000. Kowane ɗayan waɗannan nodes (wanda shine BBS) yana da matsakaicin 100 masu amfani. Shahararrun aikace-aikacen guda biyu sune musayar imel mai sauƙi wanda Jennings ya gina a cikin FidoNet, da Echomail, wanda Jeff Rush ya kirkira, BBS sysop daga Dallas. Echomail shine aikin da yayi daidai da ƙungiyoyin labarai na Usenet, kuma ya ƙyale dubban masu amfani da FidoNet su gudanar da tattaunawar jama'a akan batutuwa daban-daban. Ehi, kamar yadda ake kiran ƙungiyoyi ɗaya, suna da suna guda ɗaya, sabanin tsarin matsayi na Usenet, daga AD&D zuwa MILHISTORY da ZYMURGY (yin giya a gida).

Ra'ayoyin falsafar Jennings sun jingina ga rashin zaman lafiya, kuma yana so ya ƙirƙiri wani dandamali na tsaka-tsaki wanda ke karkashin tsarin fasaha kawai:

Na gaya wa masu amfani cewa za su iya yin duk abin da suke so. Na kasance haka tsawon shekaru takwas yanzu kuma ban sami matsala tare da tallafin BBS ba. Mutanen da ke da dabi'un fascist waɗanda suke so su kiyaye duk abin da ke ƙarƙashin iko suna da matsala. Ina tsammanin cewa idan kun bayyana a fili cewa masu kira suna aiwatar da dokoki - na ƙi ma in faɗi haka - idan masu kira sun ƙayyade abin da ke ciki, to za su iya yin yaki da 'yan iska.

Duk da haka, kamar yadda yake tare da Usenet, tsarin tsarin FidoNet ya ba da damar wasu sysops su sami iko fiye da wasu, kuma jita-jita sun fara yada wani babban cabal mai karfi (wannan lokaci a St. Louis) wanda ke so ya mallaki cibiyar sadarwa daga mutane. Mutane da yawa sun ji tsoron cewa Kaplan ko wasu da ke kewaye da shi za su yi ƙoƙarin yin kasuwanci da tsarin kuma su fara cajin kuɗi don amfani da FidoNet. Zato ya kasance mai ƙarfi musamman game da Ƙungiyar FidoNet ta Duniya (IFNA), ƙungiya mai zaman kanta wanda Kaplan ya kafa don biyan wani ɓangare na farashin kula da tsarin (musamman kira mai nisa). A cikin 1989, waɗannan zato sun kasance kamar sun tabbata lokacin da ƙungiyar shugabannin IFNA suka matsa ta hanyar kuri'ar raba gardama don mayar da kowane FidoNet sysop mamba na IFNA, da kuma mayar da kungiyar ta zama hukumar gudanarwa ta hanyar sadarwa kuma tana da alhakin duk ka'idoji da ka'idoji. . Tunanin ya kasa kuma IFNA ya ɓace. Tabbas, rashin tsarin sarrafawa na alama ba ya nufin cewa babu wani iko na gaske a cikin hanyar sadarwa; masu gudanar da jerin sunayen nodes na yanki sun gabatar da nasu dokoki na sabani.

Inuwar Intanet

Daga karshen shekarun 1980 zuwa gaba, FidoNet da Usenet a hankali sun fara lullube inuwar Intanet. Zuwa rabin na biyu na shekaru goma masu zuwa gaba daya sun cinye ta.

Usenet ya zama mai haɗin kai da gidajen yanar gizo ta hanyar ƙirƙirar NNTP—Network News Transfer Protocol—a farkon 1986. Wasu ɗaliban Jami'ar California ne suka ɗauki ciki (ɗaya daga reshen San Diego, ɗayan daga Berkeley). NNTP ya ƙyale rundunonin TCP/IP akan Intanet don ƙirƙirar sabar labarai masu dacewa da Usenet. A cikin ƴan shekaru, yawancin zirga-zirgar Usenet sun riga sun shiga cikin waɗannan nodes, maimakon ta uucp akan tsohuwar hanyar sadarwar tarho. Cibiyar sadarwa ta uucp mai zaman kanta ta bushe a hankali, kuma Usenet ya zama wani aikace-aikacen da ke gudana a saman TCP/IP. Sassauci mai ban sha'awa na gine-ginen yanar gizo masu yawa ya sa ya zama mai sauƙi a gare shi don ɗaukar hanyoyin sadarwa waɗanda aka keɓance don aikace-aikacen guda ɗaya.

Ko da yake a farkon shekarun 1990 akwai ƙofofi da yawa tsakanin FidoNet da Intanet waɗanda ke ba da damar hanyoyin sadarwa don musayar saƙonni, FidoNet ba aikace-aikacen guda ɗaya ba ne, don haka zirga-zirgar sa ba ta ƙaura zuwa Intanet kamar yadda Usenet ya yi. Madadin haka, lokacin da mutanen da ke wajen ilimin kimiyya suka fara bincika hanyar Intanet a ƙarshen rabin shekarun 1990, BBSes a hankali ko dai Intanet ta shanye su ko kuma sun zama ba safai ba. BBSes na kasuwanci a hankali sun faɗi cikin rukuni na farko. Waɗannan ƙananan kwafi na CompuServes sun ba da damar BBS don kuɗin kowane wata ga dubban masu amfani, kuma suna da modem masu yawa don ɗaukar kira mai shigowa da yawa a lokaci guda. Da zuwan kasuwancin Intanet na kasuwanci, waɗannan kasuwancin sun haɗa BBS ɗin su zuwa mafi kusa da Intanet kuma sun fara ba da damar yin amfani da shi ga abokan cinikinsu a matsayin wani ɓangare na biyan kuɗi. Yayin da ƙarin shafuka da ayyuka suka bayyana akan faɗuwar Yanar Gizon ta Duniya, masu amfani kaɗan ne suka shiga sabis na takamaiman BBSes, don haka waɗannan BBSes na kasuwanci a hankali sun zama masu ba da sabis na Intanet kawai, ISPs. Yawancin BBSes masu son zama garuruwan fatalwa kamar yadda masu amfani ke neman yin ƙaura ta kan layi zuwa masu samar da gida da kuma alaƙa na manyan ƙungiyoyi kamar Amurka Online.

Wannan duk yana da kyau kuma yana da kyau, amma ta yaya Intanet ta zama mai rinjaye? Ta yaya wani tsarin ilimi da ba a san shi ba wanda ya yadu ta manyan jami'o'i tsawon shekaru, yayin da tsarin kamar Minitel, CompuServe, da Usenet ya jawo miliyoyin masu amfani, ba zato ba tsammani ya fashe a gaba kuma ya bazu kamar ciyawa, yana cinye duk abin da ya zo gabansa? Ta yaya Intanet ta zama ƙarfin da ya ƙare zamanin rarrabuwa?

Me kuma don karantawa da kallo

• Ronda Hauben da Michael Hauben, Netizens: A kan Tarihi da Tasirin Usenet da Intanet, (1994 kan layi, buga 1997)
• Howard Rheingold, The Virtual Community (1993)
• Peter H. Salus, Casting the Net (1995)
• Jason Scott, BBS: The Documentary (2005)

source: www.habr.com