Abubuwan da mai ƙirƙira ya ƙirƙiri hadadden na'urar lantarki daga karce, yana dogaro da nasa binciken kawai, ba su da yawa. A matsayinka na mai mulki, ana haifar da wasu na'urori a mahadar fasaha da ka'idoji da yawa waɗanda mutane daban-daban suka ƙirƙira a lokuta daban-daban. Misali, bari mu dauki banal flash drive. Wannan matsakaicin ma'auni ne mai ɗaukuwa dangane da ƙwaƙwalwar NAND mara ƙarfi kuma sanye take da ginanniyar tashar USB, wacce ake amfani da ita don haɗa tuƙi zuwa na'urar abokin ciniki. Don haka, don fahimtar yadda irin wannan na'ura zai iya, bisa manufa, ya bayyana a kasuwa, ya zama dole don gano tarihin ƙirƙira ba kawai kwakwalwan ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya da kansu ba, amma har ma da ma'amala mai dacewa, ba tare da abin da ke tafiyar da filasha ba. sun saba da kawai ba zai wanzu ba. Mu yi kokarin yin wannan.
Na'urorin ajiya na Semiconductor waɗanda ke tallafawa goge bayanan da aka yi rikodin sun bayyana kusan rabin ƙarni da suka gabata: Injiniyan Isra'ila Dov Froman ya ƙirƙira farkon EPROM a cikin 1971.
Dov Froman, mai haɓaka EPROM
ROMs, sabbin abubuwa don lokacinsu, an sami nasarar amfani da su sosai wajen samar da microcontrollers (alal misali, Intel 8048 ko Freescale 68HC11), amma sun zama marasa dacewa gabaɗaya don ƙirƙirar fayafai masu ɗaukar hoto. Babban matsala tare da EPROM shine hanya mai rikitarwa don share bayanai: don wannan, haɗaɗɗen da'irar dole ne a haskaka a cikin bakan ultraviolet. Hanyar da ta yi ita ce, UV photons sun ba da ƙarin electrons isasshen makamashi don watsar da cajin akan ƙofar da ke iyo.
Kwayoyin EPROM suna da tagogi na musamman don goge bayanai, an rufe su da faranti na quartz
Wannan ya ƙara manyan matsaloli guda biyu. Da fari dai, yana yiwuwa kawai a goge bayanai akan irin wannan guntu a cikin isasshen lokaci ta amfani da isasshiyar fitilar mercury mai ƙarfi, har ma a wannan yanayin aikin ya ɗauki mintuna da yawa. Don kwatantawa, fitilun fitilu na al'ada zai share bayanai a cikin shekaru da yawa, kuma idan irin wannan guntu an bar shi a cikin hasken rana kai tsaye, zai ɗauki makonni kafin a tsaftace shi gaba ɗaya. Na biyu, ko da ana iya inganta wannan tsari ko ta yaya, zaɓin zaɓi na takamaiman fayil ba zai yuwu ba: bayanan da ke kan EPROM ɗin za a goge gaba ɗaya.
An warware matsalolin da aka jera a cikin na gaba na kwakwalwan kwamfuta. A 1977, Eli Harari (a hanya, daga baya kafa SanDisk, wanda ya zama daya daga cikin mafi girma a duniya masana'antun na ajiya kafofin watsa labarai dangane da flash memory), ta amfani da filin watsi da fasahar, ya halitta na farko samfurin EEPROM - ROM a cikin abin da data erasing. kamar shirye-shirye, an gudanar da shi ta hanyar lantarki zalla.
Eli Harari, wanda ya kafa SanDisk, yana riƙe ɗaya daga cikin katunan SD na farko
Ka'idar aiki ta EEPROM ta kusan kama da na ƙwaƙwalwar NAND na zamani: an yi amfani da kofa mai iyo a matsayin mai ɗaukar kaya, kuma an canja electrons ta hanyoyin dielectric saboda tasirin rami. Ƙungiyar sel ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya kanta ta kasance tsararraki mai nau'i biyu, wanda ya riga ya ba da damar rubutawa da share bayanan adireshin-hikima. Bugu da kari, EEPROM yana da kyakkyawan gefen aminci: kowane tantanin halitta ana iya sake rubuta shi har sau miliyan 1.
Amma a nan ma, komai ya juya ya yi nisa da rosy. Don samun damar goge bayanai ta hanyar lantarki, dole ne a sanya ƙarin transistor a cikin kowace tantanin ƙwaƙwalwa don sarrafa tsarin rubutu da gogewa. Yanzu akwai wayoyi 3 a kowane nau'in tsararru (wayar shafi 1 da wayoyi guda 2), wanda ya sanya sassan matrix ɗin ya fi rikitarwa kuma ya haifar da matsala mai tsanani. Wannan yana nufin ƙirƙirar ƙanana da na'urori masu ƙarfi bai kasance cikin tambaya ba.
Tun da shirye-shiryen da aka yi na semiconductor ROM ya riga ya wanzu, ƙarin binciken kimiyya ya ci gaba da sa ido don ƙirƙirar microcircuits waɗanda ke da ikon samar da ƙarin adana bayanai masu yawa. Kuma an ba su rawani mai nasara a cikin 1984, lokacin da Fujio Masuoka, wanda ke aiki a Kamfanin Toshiba, ya gabatar da wani samfuri na ƙwaƙwalwar walƙiya mara ƙarfi a taron na'urorin lantarki na duniya, wanda aka gudanar a cikin bangon Cibiyar Injin Injiniya da Lantarki (IEEE). .
Fujio Masuoka, "mahaifin" ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar ƙwaƙwalwa
Af, sunan da kansa ba Fujio ya ƙirƙira shi ba, amma ta ɗaya daga cikin abokan aikinsa Shoji Ariizumi, wanda tsarin goge bayanan ya tunatar da shi game da walƙiya mai walƙiya (daga Ingilishi "flash" - "flash"). . Ba kamar EEPROM ba, ƙwaƙwalwar walƙiya ta dogara ne akan MOSFETs tare da ƙarin ƙofa mai iyo da ke tsakanin p-layer da ƙofar sarrafawa, wanda ya ba da damar kawar da abubuwan da ba dole ba kuma ƙirƙirar ƙananan kwakwalwan kwamfuta.
Samfuran kasuwanci na farko na ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar walƙiya sune Intel chips waɗanda aka yi ta amfani da fasahar NOR (Not-Or), waɗanda aka ƙaddamar da samar da su a cikin 1988. Kamar yadda yake a cikin EEPROM, matrices ɗin su wani nau'i ne mai nau'i biyu, wanda kowace tantanin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya yana cikin mahadar layi da ginshiƙi (an haɗa masu gudanarwa daidai da ƙofofin transistor daban-daban, kuma an haɗa tushen tushen. zuwa ga kowa substrate). Duk da haka, a cikin 1989, Toshiba ya gabatar da nasa nau'in ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar filasha, wanda ake kira NAND. Tsarin yana da irin wannan tsari, amma a cikin kowane kuɗaɗensa, maimakon tantanin halitta ɗaya, yanzu an sami waɗanda aka haɗa da yawa a jere. Bugu da ƙari, an yi amfani da MOSFET guda biyu a kowane layi: transistor mai sarrafawa wanda ke tsakanin layin bit da ginshiƙan sel, da transistor ƙasa.
Maɗaukakin marufi mafi girma ya taimaka ƙara ƙarfin guntu, amma karantawa/rubutu algorithm kuma ya zama mafi rikitarwa, wanda ba zai iya shafar saurin canja wurin bayanai ba. Don haka, sabon gine-ginen bai taɓa samun damar maye gurbin NOR gabaɗaya ba, wanda ya sami aikace-aikacen ƙirƙirar ROMs ɗin da aka saka. A lokaci guda, NAND ya zama manufa don samar da na'urorin ajiyar bayanai masu šaukuwa - katunan SD kuma, ba shakka, filasha.
Af, bayyanar na karshen ya zama mai yiwuwa ne kawai a cikin 2000, lokacin da farashin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar walƙiya ya ragu sosai kuma sakin irin waɗannan na'urori na kasuwa na kasuwa zai iya biya. Kebul ɗin USB na farko a duniya shine ƙwalwar kamfanin M-Systems na Isra'ila: ƙaramin faifan diski DiskOnKey (wanda za'a iya fassara shi da "faifan-kan-keychain", tunda na'urar tana da zoben ƙarfe a jiki wanda ya ba da damar ɗauke da filasha tare da ɗimbin maɓalli) injiniyoyi Amir Banom, Dov Moran da Oran Ogdan ne suka haɓaka. A wancan lokacin, suna tambayar $8 don sayen wata karamar na'ura da za ta iya ɗaukar 3,5 MB na bayanai kuma za ta iya maye gurbin floppy diski mai girman inci 50 da yawa.
DiskOnKey - filasha ta farko a duniya daga kamfanin M-Systems na Isra'ila
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: a Amurka, DiskOnKey yana da mawallafin hukuma, wanda shine IBM. Filashin filasha na “Localized” ba su da bambanci da na asali, in ban da tambarin da ke gaba, shi ya sa mutane da yawa suka yi kuskuren danganta ƙirƙirar na'urar USB ta farko ga wani kamfani na Amurka.
DiskOnKey, IBM Edition
Bayan samfurin asali, a zahiri bayan watanni biyu, an fitar da ƙarin gyare-gyare masu ƙarfi na DiskOnKey tare da 16 da 32 MB, wanda tuni suka nemi $100 da $150, bi da bi. Duk da tsadar tsadar gaske, haɗaɗɗen ƙaƙƙarfan girman, iya aiki da saurin karantawa/rubutu (wanda ya zama kusan sau 10 sama da daidaitattun faifan diski) ya jawo hankalin masu siye da yawa. Kuma tun daga wannan lokacin, faifan filasha suka fara tafiya na cin nasara a fadin duniya.
Jarumi ɗaya a fagen: yaƙin USB
Duk da haka, filasha ba zai zama filasha ba idan ba a bayyana takamaiman Serial Bus na Universal ba shekaru biyar da suka gabata - wannan shine abin da aka saba da shi na USB ke nufi. Kuma tarihin asalin wannan ma'auni za a iya kiransa kusan mafi ban sha'awa fiye da ƙirƙira na ƙwaƙwalwar flash kanta.
A matsayinka na mai mulki, sabbin hanyoyin sadarwa da ma'auni a cikin IT sune sakamakon kusancin haɗin gwiwa tsakanin manyan kamfanoni, galibi har ma suna fafatawa da juna, amma dole ne su haɗa ƙarfi don ƙirƙirar haɗin kai wanda zai sauƙaƙe haɓaka sabbin samfuran. Wannan ya faru, alal misali, tare da katunan ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar SD: an ƙirƙiri sigar farko na Katin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya na Digital Secure a cikin 1999 tare da sa hannu na SanDisk, Toshiba da Panasonic, kuma sabon ma'aunin ya zama mai nasara har aka ba shi masana'antar. take bayan shekara guda. A yau, Ƙungiyar Katin SD tana da kamfanoni sama da 1000, waɗanda injiniyoyinsu ke haɓaka sabbin da haɓaka ƙayyadaddun bayanai waɗanda ke bayyana sigogi daban-daban na katunan filasha.
Kuma a kallon farko, tarihin USB ya yi kama da abin da ya faru tare da ma'auni na Digital Secure. Don sanya kwamfutoci na sirri su zama abokantaka masu amfani, masana'antun kayan masarufi suna buƙatar, a tsakanin sauran abubuwa, haɗin kai na duniya don aiki tare da abubuwan da ke goyan bayan toshe zafi kuma baya buƙatar ƙarin tsari. Bugu da ƙari, ƙirƙirar ƙa'idar haɗin kai zai ba da damar kawar da "zoo" na tashar jiragen ruwa (COM, LPT, PS/2, MIDI-port, RS-232, da dai sauransu), wanda a nan gaba zai taimaka. don sauƙaƙe da rage farashin haɓaka sabbin kayan aiki, da kuma gabatar da tallafi ga wasu na'urori.
Dangane da abubuwan da ake bukata, kamfanoni da yawa masu haɓaka kayan aikin kwamfuta, kayan aiki da software, waɗanda mafi girma daga cikinsu sune Intel, Microsoft, Philips da US Robotics, sun haɗu a cikin ƙoƙarin gano maƙasudin gama gari wanda zai dace da duk ƴan wasan da ake da su. wanda daga karshe ya zama USB . The popularization na sabon misali da aka fi mayar da gudummawar da Microsoft, wanda ya kara da goyon baya ga dubawa da baya a cikin Windows 95 (daidai faci da aka hada a cikin Sabis Sabis 2), sa'an nan kuma gabatar da zama dole direba a cikin saki version of Windows 98. A A cikin 1998, an saki iMac G3 - kwamfutar tafi-da-gidanka ta farko daga Apple, wanda ke amfani da tashoshin USB na musamman don haɗa na'urorin shigarwa da sauran kayan aiki (tare da ban da makirufo da belun kunne). Ta hanyoyi da yawa, wannan juzu'i na digiri 180 (bayan haka, a wancan lokacin Apple yana dogara ga FireWire) ya faru ne saboda komawar Steve Jobs kan mukamin shugaban kamfanin, wanda ya faru shekara guda kafin.
Asalin iMac G3 shine "kwamfutar USB" ta farko.
A zahiri, haihuwar bas ɗin serial na duniya ya fi zafi sosai, kuma bayyanar USB da kanta ba ta dace da manyan kamfanoni ba ko ma na sashen bincike guda ɗaya wanda ke aiki a matsayin wani ɓangare na wani kamfani, amma na wani takamaiman mutum. - Injiniyan Intel dan asalin Indiya mai suna Ajay Bhatt.
Ajay Bhatt, babban masanin akida kuma mahaliccin kebul na USB
A baya a cikin 1992, Ajay ya fara tunanin cewa "kwamfuta ta sirri" ba ta rayu har zuwa sunanta ba. Ko da aiki mai sauƙi a kallo na farko kamar haɗa na'urar bugawa da buga takarda yana buƙatar wasu cancanta daga mai amfani (ko da yake, zai zama alama, me yasa ma'aikacin ofis wanda ake buƙatar ƙirƙirar rahoto ko sanarwa zai fahimci fasahar zamani?) Ko tilastawa. shi zuwa ga kwararru na musamman . Kuma idan an bar komai kamar yadda yake, PC ɗin ba zai taɓa zama samfura mai yawa ba, wanda ke nufin cewa wuce adadin masu amfani da miliyan 10 a duniya bai cancanci ko da mafarki ba.
A wannan lokacin, duka Intel da Microsoft sun fahimci buƙatar wani nau'in daidaitawa. Musamman, bincike a wannan yanki ya haifar da fitowar bas ɗin PCI da ra'ayi na Plug & Play, wanda ke nufin cewa yunƙurin Bhatt, wanda ya yanke shawarar mayar da hankali kan ƙoƙarinsa musamman a cikin neman mafita na duniya don haɗa abubuwan haɗin gwiwa, yakamata a karɓa. tabbatacce. Amma ba haka lamarin yake ba: Babban babban Ajay, bayan ya saurari injiniyan, ya ce wannan aiki yana da wuyar gaske wanda bai dace a bata lokaci ba.
Daga nan sai Ajay ya fara neman tallafi a cikin rukunoni masu kama da juna kuma ya same shi a cikin mutumin daya daga cikin fitattun masu binciken Intel (Fellow Fellow) Fred Pollack, wanda aka sani a wancan lokacin saboda aikinsa a matsayin injiniyan jagora na Intel iAPX 432 kuma jagoran gine-gine. na Intel i960, wanda ya ba da hasken kore ga aikin. Duk da haka, wannan shine kawai farkon: aiwatar da irin wannan babban ra'ayi zai zama mai yiwuwa ba tare da halartar sauran 'yan kasuwa na kasuwa ba. Tun daga wannan lokacin, ainihin "matsala" ta fara, saboda Ajay ba kawai ya shawo kan membobin ƙungiyar Intel na alƙawarin wannan ra'ayin ba, amma kuma ya nemi goyon bayan sauran masana'antun kayan aiki.
An ɗauki kusan shekara guda da rabi don tattaunawa da yawa, yarda da zaman zuzzurfan tunani. A wannan lokacin, Ajay ya kasance tare da Bala Kadambi, wanda ya jagoranci tawagar da ke da alhakin bunkasa PCI da Plug & Play kuma daga bisani ya zama darektan Intel na fasahar fasahar I/O, da Jim Pappas, kwararre kan tsarin I/O. A lokacin rani na 1994, a ƙarshe mun sami nasarar kafa ƙungiyar aiki kuma mun fara kusanci da wasu kamfanoni.
A cikin shekara mai zuwa, Ajay da tawagarsa sun gana da wakilan kamfanoni sama da 50, da suka hada da kanana, kwararun masana'antu da manyan kamfanoni irin su Compaq, DEC, IBM da NEC. Aiki yana ci gaba da tafiya a zahiri 24/7: tun da sassafe 'yan ukun sun tafi tarurruka da yawa, kuma da dare sun hadu a wani gidan cin abinci na kusa don tattauna shirin aiki na gobe.
Wataƙila ga wasu wannan salon aikin na iya zama kamar ɓata lokaci. Duk da haka, duk wannan ya haifar da 'ya'yan itace: a sakamakon haka, an kafa ƙungiyoyi masu yawa da yawa, waɗanda suka haɗa da injiniyoyi daga IBM da Compaq, waɗanda suka ƙware a cikin ƙirƙirar abubuwan kwamfyuta, mutanen da ke da hannu a cikin haɓakar kwakwalwan kwamfuta daga Intel da NEC kanta, masu shirye-shirye waɗanda suka yi aiki a kansu. ƙirƙirar aikace-aikace, direbobi da tsarin aiki (ciki har da na Microsoft), da sauran ƙwararru masu yawa. Aiki ne na lokaci guda akan fagage da yawa wanda a ƙarshe ya taimaka ƙirƙira daidaitaccen sassauƙa da ƙa'idodin duniya.
Ajay Bhatt da Bala Kadambi a wajen bikin karramawar masu kirkiro na Turai
Ko da yake tawagar Ajay ta yi nasarar warware matsalolin da suka shafi yanayin siyasa da kyar (ta hanyar samun cudanya tsakanin kamfanoni daban-daban, ciki har da wadanda suka kasance masu fafatawa kai tsaye) da fasaha (ta hanyar tattaro masana da dama a fannoni daban-daban a karkashin rufin daya), har yanzu akwai wani bangare guda da cewa. ana bukatar kulawa sosai - bangaren tattalin arziki na lamarin. Kuma a nan dole ne mu yi sulhu mai mahimmanci. Misali, son rage farashin wayar ne ya kai ga cewa USB Type-A da muka saba amfani da shi har yau, ya zama mai gefe daya. Bayan haka, don ƙirƙirar kebul na duniya na gaske, zai zama dole ba kawai don canza ƙirar mai haɗawa ba, yana mai da shi daidai, amma har ma ya ninka adadin nau'ikan abubuwan sarrafawa, wanda zai haifar da ninka farashin waya. Amma yanzu muna da meme maras lokaci game da adadi na USB.
Sauran mahalarta aikin kuma sun dage akan rage farashin. Dangane da haka, Jim Pappas yana son tunawa da kiran da Betsy Tanner ta yi daga Microsoft, wanda wata rana ya sanar da cewa, abin takaici, kamfanin yana da niyyar yin watsi da amfani da kebul na USB wajen kera berayen kwamfuta. Abun shine cewa abubuwan da aka samar na 5 Mbit / s (wannan shine adadin canja wurin bayanai da aka shirya da farko) ya yi yawa, kuma injiniyoyi sun ji tsoron cewa ba za su iya saduwa da ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun katsalandan na lantarki ba, wanda ke nufin cewa irin wannan “turbo linzamin kwamfuta" zai iya tsoma baki tare da aiki na yau da kullun duka PC da kanta da sauran na'urori na gefe.
Dangane da wata hujja mai ma'ana game da garkuwa, Betsy ta amsa da cewa ƙarin rufin zai sa kebul ɗin ya yi tsada: cents 4 a saman kowace ƙafa, ko kuma cent 24 don daidaitaccen waya mai tsayin mita 1,8 (6 ft), wanda ya sa gaba ɗaya ra'ayin ya zama mara ma'ana. Bugu da ƙari, kebul ɗin linzamin kwamfuta ya kamata ya kasance mai sassauƙa sosai don kada ya hana motsin hannu. Don magance wannan matsalar, an yanke shawarar ƙara rabuwa cikin manyan saurin (12Mbit/s) da ƙananan sauri (1,5 Mbit/s). Matsakaicin 12 Mbit/s ya ba da damar amfani da masu rarrabawa da cibiyoyi don haɗa na'urori da yawa a lokaci guda akan tashar jiragen ruwa ɗaya, kuma 1,5 Mbit/s ya kasance mafi kyau don haɗa beraye, maɓallan madannai da sauran na'urori masu kama da PC.
Jim da kansa ya ɗauki wannan labarin a matsayin abin tuntuɓe wanda a ƙarshe ya tabbatar da nasarar aikin gaba ɗaya. Bayan haka, ba tare da tallafin Microsoft ba, haɓaka sabon ma'auni akan kasuwa zai zama mafi wahala. Bugu da ƙari, sulhun da aka samu ya taimaka wajen sa USB ya fi arha, don haka ya fi kyau a idon masu kera kayan aiki.
Abin da ke cikin sunana, ko Crazy rebranding
Kuma tun da yake a yau muna tattaunawa game da kebul na USB, bari mu kuma fayyace halin da ake ciki tare da sigogi da halayen saurin wannan ma'auni. Duk abin da ke nan ba shi da sauki kamar yadda zai iya zama kamar kallo, saboda tun 2013, USB na yin rikicewa ga kungiyar ba wai kawai talakawa suma ba, har ma da kwararru daga duniyar.
A baya can, duk abin ya kasance mai sauƙi kuma mai ma'ana: muna da jinkirin USB 2.0 tare da matsakaicin kayan aiki na 480 Mbit / s (60 MB / s) kuma sau 10 cikin sauri USB 3.0, wanda matsakaicin saurin canja wurin bayanai ya kai 5 Gbit / s (640 MB/ s). Saboda dacewa da baya, ana iya haɗa na'urar USB 3.0 zuwa tashar USB 2.0 (ko akasin haka), amma saurin karantawa da rubuta fayilolin za a iyakance zuwa 60 MB / s, tunda na'urar mai hankali zata yi aiki azaman kwalabe.
A ranar 31 ga Yuli, 2013, USB-IF ya gabatar da adadin ruɗani a cikin wannan tsarin siriri: a wannan rana ne aka sanar da ɗaukar sabon ƙayyadaddun bayanai, USB 3.1. Kuma a'a, ma'anar ba kwata-kwata ba ne a cikin ƙididdigar juzu'i na juzu'i, wanda aka ci karo da shi a baya (ko da yake a cikin adalci yana da kyau a lura cewa USB 1.1 an canza sigar 1.0, kuma ba sabon abu bane), amma a cikin gaskiyar cewa Dandalin Masu aiwatar da USB saboda wasu dalilai na yanke shawarar sake suna tsohon ma'aunin. Kalli hannuwanku:
- USB 3.0 ya juya zuwa USB 3.1 Gen 1. Wannan sabon suna ne mai tsafta: ba a sami ci gaba ba, kuma matsakaicin saurin ya kasance iri ɗaya - 5 Gbps kuma ba kaɗan ba.
- USB 3.1 Gen 2 ya zama sabon ma'auni na gaske: canzawa zuwa 128b / 132b encoding (a baya 8b / 10b) a cikin cikakken yanayin duplex ya ba mu damar ninka bandwidth na dubawa kuma cimma 10 Gbps mai ban sha'awa, ko 1280 MB / s.
Amma wannan bai isa ga mutanen da ke USB-IF ba, don haka sun yanke shawarar ƙara wasu madaidaicin sunayen: USB 3.1 Gen 1 ya zama SuperSpeed , kuma USB 3.1 Gen 2 ya zama SuperSpeed +. Kuma wannan mataki yana da cikakkiyar barata: ga mai siye, mai nisa daga duniyar fasahar kwamfuta, yana da sauƙin tunawa da suna mai kama da jerin haruffa da lambobi. Kuma a nan duk abin da yake da hankali: muna da ƙirar "super-speed", wanda, kamar yadda sunan ya nuna, yana da sauri sosai, kuma akwai "super-speed +", wanda ya fi sauri. Amma dalilin da ya sa ya zama dole don aiwatar da irin wannan takamaiman “sake suna” na fihirisar tsararraki ba shi da cikakken tabbas.
Duk da haka, babu iyaka ga ajizanci: Satumba 22, 2017, tare da buga misali na USB 3.2, yanayin ya zama mafi muni. Bari mu fara da mai kyau: mai juyawa na USB Type-C mai haɗawa, ƙayyadaddun abubuwan da aka haɓaka don ƙarni na baya na ke dubawa, sun ba da damar ninka madaidaicin bandwidth na bas ta amfani da kwafin fil azaman tashar canja wurin bayanai daban. Wannan shine yadda USB 3.2 Gen 2 × 2 ya bayyana (me yasa ba za'a iya kiran shi USB 3.2 Gen 3 ya sake zama sirri ba), yana aiki da sauri har zuwa 20 Gbit / s (2560 MB / s), wanda, musamman, yana da. samu aikace-aikace a cikin samar da na waje m-state drives (wannan shi ne tashar jiragen ruwa sanye take da high-gudun WD_BLACK P50, nufin yan wasa).
Kuma komai zai yi kyau, amma, ban da gabatar da sabon ma'auni, sake suna na baya baya dadewa: USB 3.1 Gen 1 ya juya zuwa USB 3.2 Gen 1, da USB 3.1 Gen 2 zuwa USB 3.2 Gen. 2. Ko da sunayen tallace-tallace sun canza, kuma USB-IF ya koma daga ra'ayin da aka yarda da shi a baya na "ilhanci kuma babu lambobi": maimakon zayyana USB 3.2 Gen 2x2 a matsayin, misali, SuperSpeed ++ ko UltraSpeed , sun yanke shawarar ƙara kai tsaye. nuni na matsakaicin saurin canja wurin bayanai:
- USB 3.2 Gen 1 ya zama SuperSpeed USB 5Gbps,
- USB 3.2 Gen 2 - SuperSpeed USB 10Gbps,
- USB 3.2 Gen 2 × 2 - SuperSpeed USB 20Gbps.
Kuma yadda za a magance da zoo na USB matsayin? Don sauƙaƙe rayuwar ku, mun tattara taƙaitaccen bayanin tebur-memo, tare da taimakon wanda ba zai yi wahala a kwatanta nau'ikan musaya daban-daban ba.
Daidaitaccen sigar
Sunan talla
Gudun, Gbit/s
Kebul na USB 3.0
Kebul na USB 3.1
Kebul na USB 3.2
USB 3.1 version
USB 3.2 version
Kebul na USB 3.0
Kebul 3.1 Gen 1
Kebul 3.2 Gen 1
SuperSpeed
SuperSpeed USB 5Gbps
5
-
Kebul 3.1 Gen 2
Kebul 3.2 Gen 2
SuperSpeed +
SuperSpeed USB 10Gbps
10
-
-
Kebul 3.2 Gen 2 × 2
-
SuperSpeed USB 20Gbps
20
Daban-daban na kebul na USB ta amfani da misalin samfuran SanDisk
Amma mu koma kai tsaye kan batun tattaunawar ta yau. Filashin filasha sun zama wani muhimmin sashi na rayuwarmu, bayan sun sami gyare-gyare da yawa, wani lokaci ma ban mamaki. Za'a iya samun cikakken hoto na iyawar na'urorin USB na zamani daga fayil ɗin SanDisk.
Duk samfuran SanDisk flash na yanzu suna tallafawa daidaitaccen canja wurin bayanai na USB 3.0 (aka USB 3.1 Gen 1, aka USB 3.2 Gen 1, aka SuperSpeed - kusan kamar a cikin fim ɗin "Moscow Baya Gaskata da Hawaye"). Daga cikin su za ka iya samun duka quite classic flash tafiyarwa da ƙarin na musamman na'urorin. Misali, idan kuna son samun ƙaramin tuƙi na duniya, yana da ma'ana ku kula da layin SanDisk Ultra.
SanDisk Ultra
Kasancewar gyare-gyare shida na iyakoki daban-daban (daga 16 zuwa 512 GB) yana taimaka muku zaɓi mafi kyawun zaɓi dangane da buƙatun ku kuma kar ku biya ƙarin gigabytes. Saurin canja wurin bayanai har zuwa 130 MB/s yana ba ku damar zazzage manyan fayiloli da sauri, kuma madaidaicin yanayin zamewa yana kare mai haɗawa daga lalacewa.
Ga masu sha'awar ƙirar ƙira, muna ba da shawarar SanDisk Ultra Flair da layin SanDisk Luxe na faifan USB.
SanDisk Ultra Flair
A fasaha, waɗannan filasha suna kama da juna: duka jerin suna da saurin canja wurin bayanai har zuwa 150 MB / s, kuma kowannensu ya haɗa da ƙirar 6 tare da damar daga 16 zuwa 512 GB. Bambance-bambancen sun ta'allaka ne kawai a cikin ƙira: Ultra Flair ya karɓi ƙarin tsarin tsarin da aka yi da filastik mai ɗorewa, yayin da sigar Luxe gabaɗaya an yi ta da aluminum gami.
SanDisk Luxe
Baya ga ƙira mai ban sha'awa da babban saurin canja wurin bayanai, abubuwan da aka jera suna da wani fasali mai ban sha'awa: masu haɗin kebul ɗin su ci gaba ne kai tsaye na shari'ar monolithic. Wannan hanya tana tabbatar da mafi girman matakin tsaro ga faifan filasha: ba shi yiwuwa a karya irin wannan haɗin kai da gangan.
Baya ga manyan tutoci, tarin SanDisk kuma ya haɗa da mafita "toshe da manta". Muna, ba shakka, muna magana ne game da SanDisk Ultra Fit ultra-compact, wanda girmansa kawai 29,8 × 14,3 × 5,0 mm.
SanDisk UltraFit
Wannan jaririn da kyar yake fitowa sama da saman mai haɗin kebul, wanda ya sa ya zama mafita mai kyau don faɗaɗa ajiyar na'urar abokin ciniki, zama ultrabook, tsarin sauti na mota, Smart TV, na'urar wasan bidiyo ko kwamfutar allo guda ɗaya.
Mafi ban sha'awa a cikin tarin SanDisk sune Dual Drive da iXpand kebul na USB. Duk iyalai, duk da bambance-bambancen ƙira, suna da haɗin kai ta hanyar ra'ayi ɗaya: waɗannan filasha suna da tashoshin jiragen ruwa guda biyu na nau'ikan iri daban-daban, wanda ke ba da damar amfani da su don canja wurin bayanai tsakanin PC ko kwamfutar tafi-da-gidanka da na'urorin wayar hannu ba tare da ƙarin igiyoyi da adaftar ba.
An tsara dangin tuƙi na Dual Drive don amfani tare da wayoyi da allunan da ke tafiyar da tsarin aiki na Android da tallafawa fasahar OTG. Wannan ya haɗa da layukan filasha guda uku.
Karamin SanDisk Dual Drive m3.0, ban da USB Type-A, an sanye shi da mai haɗin microUSB, wanda ke tabbatar da dacewa da na'urori daga shekarun baya, da kuma wayoyin hannu masu shigowa.
SanDisk Dual Drive m3.0
SanDisk Ultra Dual Type-C, kamar yadda zaku iya tsammani daga sunan, yana da ƙarin haɗin haɗin fuska biyu na zamani. Filashin filasha da kansa ya zama mafi girma kuma ya fi girma, amma wannan ƙirar gidaje yana ba da kariya mafi kyau, kuma ya zama da wuya a rasa na'urar.
SanDisk Ultra Dual Type-C
Idan kuna neman wani abu ɗan ƙarami, muna ba da shawarar duba SanDisk Ultra Dual Drive Go. Waɗannan na'urori suna aiwatar da ƙa'ida ɗaya kamar SanDisk Luxe da aka ambata a baya: Cikakken nau'in USB Type-A wani ɓangare ne na jikin filasha, wanda ke hana shi karye ko da tare da kulawar rashin kulawa. Mai haɗin USB Type-C, bi da bi, yana da kariya da kyau ta hanyar jujjuyawar hula, wanda kuma yana da gashin ido don maɓalli. Wannan tsari ya ba da damar yin faifan filasha da gaske mai salo, ƙarami kuma abin dogaro.
SanDisk Ultra Dual Drive Go
Jerin iXpand gaba daya yayi kama da Dual Drive, sai dai cewa wurin USB Type-C yana ɗaukar mai haɗin walƙiya ta Apple. Na'urar da ba a saba gani ba a cikin jerin za a iya kiranta da SanDisk iXpand: wannan filasha tana da ƙirar asali ta hanyar madauki.
SanDisk iXpand
Yana da ban sha'awa, kuma zaka iya zaren madauri ta hanyar gashin ido da aka samu kuma saka na'urar ajiya, misali, a wuyanka. Kuma yin amfani da irin wannan faifan filasha tare da iPhone ya fi dacewa fiye da na gargajiya: idan an haɗa shi, yawancin jiki yana ƙarewa a bayan wayar hannu, yana hutawa da murfin bayansa, wanda ke taimakawa rage yiwuwar lalacewa ga mai haɗin.
Idan wannan ƙirar bai dace da ku ba saboda dalili ɗaya ko wani, yana da ma'ana don duba zuwa SanDisk iXpand Mini. A zahiri, wannan iXpand iri ɗaya ne: kewayon ƙirar kuma ya haɗa da fayafai huɗu na 32, 64, 128 ko 256 GB, kuma matsakaicin saurin canja wurin bayanai ya kai 90 MB / s, wanda ya isa ko da kallon bidiyo na 4K kai tsaye daga filasha. tuƙi. Bambanci kawai shine a cikin ƙira: madauki ya ɓace, amma murfin kariya don mai haɗa walƙiya ya bayyana.
SanDisk iXpand Mini
Wakilin na uku na dangin maɗaukaki, SanDisk iXpand Go, ɗan'uwan tagwaye ne na Dual Drive Go: girman su kusan iri ɗaya ne, ƙari, duka faifai sun karɓi hular jujjuyawa, kodayake ta ɗan bambanta a ƙira. Wannan layin ya ƙunshi samfura 3: 64, 128 da 256 GB.
SanDisk iXpand Go
Jerin samfuran da aka ƙera a ƙarƙashin alamar SanDisk ko kaɗan ba a iyakance ga kebul na USB da aka jera ba. Kuna iya sanin wasu na'urori na sanannen iri a .
source: www.habr.com