A cikin tarawar hanyar sadarwar gida muna da nau'i-nau'i shida na Arista DCS-7050CX3-32S masu sauya sheka da guda biyu na Brocade VDX 6940-36Q. Ba wai muna da matsananciyar damuwa ta hanyar sauya Brocade a cikin wannan hanyar sadarwa ba, suna aiki kuma suna aiwatar da ayyukansu, amma muna shirya cikakken aiki da wasu ayyuka, kuma ba mu da waɗannan iyawar akan waɗannan maɓallan. Na kuma so in canza daga musaya na 40GE zuwa yiwuwar amfani da 100GE don yin ajiyar kuɗi na shekaru 2-3 masu zuwa. Don haka mun yanke shawarar canza Brocade zuwa Arista.
Waɗannan maɓallai su ne LAN aggregation switches don kowace cibiyar bayanai. Maɓallin rarrabawa (matakin tarawa na biyu) ana haɗa kai tsaye da su, waɗanda tuni suka haɗa manyan hanyoyin sadarwa na gida na Top-of-Rack a cikin racks tare da sabobin.
Kowane uwar garken yana haɗe zuwa ɗaya ko biyu maɓallan shiga. Ana haɗa maɓallan samun dama zuwa nau'i-nau'i na rarraba rarraba (maɓallin rarrabawa guda biyu da haɗin jiki guda biyu daga hanyar samun dama zuwa maɓalli daban-daban ana amfani da su don sakewa).
Kowane uwar garken na iya amfani da nasa abokin ciniki, don haka abokin ciniki ya keɓe wani VLAN daban. VLAN guda ɗaya ana rajista akan wani uwar garken wannan abokin ciniki a cikin kowane rak. Cibiyar bayanan ta ƙunshi irin waɗannan layuka da yawa (PODs), kowane jeri na racks yana da nasa maɓallan rarrabawa. Sa'an nan waɗannan na'urori masu rarrabawa suna haɗa su zuwa maɓalli na tarawa.
Abokan ciniki za su iya yin odar uwar garken a kowane jere; ba zai yuwu a yi hasashen cewa za a keɓe ko shigar da uwar garken a cikin wani layi na musamman a cikin takamaiman rak ɗin, wanda shine dalilin da ya sa akwai kusan 2500 VLAN akan na'urorin haɗawa a kowace cibiyar bayanai.
Kayan aiki don DCI (Data-Center Interconnect) an haɗa su zuwa maɓallan tarawa. Ana iya yin niyya don haɗin L2 (biyu na maɓalli waɗanda ke samar da rami na VXLAN zuwa wata cibiyar bayanai) ko don haɗin L3 (masu amfani da hanyoyin MPLS biyu).
Kamar yadda na riga na rubuta, don haɗa hanyoyin daidaitawa ta atomatik daidaitawar ayyuka akan kayan aiki a cikin cibiyar bayanai guda ɗaya, ya zama dole don maye gurbin madaidaicin haɗakarwa ta tsakiya. Mun shigar da sabbin maɓalli kusa da waɗanda suke, mun haɗa su cikin MLAG guda biyu kuma muka fara shirye-shiryen aiki. Nan da nan an haɗa su zuwa maɓallan haɗaɗɗiyar da ke akwai, ta yadda za su sami yanki na L2 gama gari a duk VLANs abokin ciniki.
Cikakkun bayanai
Don ƙayyadaddun bayanai, bari mu sanya sunan tsoffin maɓallan tarawa A1 и A2, sabo - N1 и N2. Bari mu yi tunanin haka a Farashin 1 и Farashin 4 ana gudanar da sabobin abokin ciniki ɗaya С1, An nuna VLAN abokin ciniki cikin shuɗi. Wannan abokin ciniki yana amfani da sabis na haɗin haɗin L2 tare da wata cibiyar bayanai, don haka ana ciyar da VLAN ɗin sa zuwa maɓallan VXLAN guda biyu.
Abokin Ciniki С2 runduna sabobin a Farashin 2 и Farashin 3, Abokin ciniki VLAN ana nuna shi cikin duhu kore. Wannan abokin ciniki kuma yana amfani da sabis na haɗin kai tare da wata cibiyar bayanai, amma L3, don haka ana ciyar da VLAN ɗin sa zuwa biyu na masu amfani da hanyar sadarwa na L3VPN.
Muna buƙatar VLANs abokin ciniki don fahimtar a wane matakai na aikin maye gurbin abin da ke faruwa, inda katsewar sadarwa ke faruwa, da kuma menene tsawon lokacinsa zai kasance. Ba a amfani da ka'idar STP a cikin wannan makirci, tun da nisa na bishiyar a cikin wannan yanayin yana da girma, kuma haɗin gwiwar yarjejeniya yana girma da yawa tare da adadin na'urori da haɗin kai tsakanin su.
Duk na'urorin da aka haɗa ta hanyar mahaɗa biyu suna samar da tari, MLAG biyu ko masana'anta na VCS Ethernet. Don nau'ikan hanyoyin sadarwa na L3VPN guda biyu, ba a amfani da irin waɗannan fasahohin, tunda babu buƙatar sakewa na L2; ya isa cewa suna da haɗin haɗin L2 da juna ta hanyar haɗawa.
Zaɓuɓɓukan aiwatarwa
Lokacin nazarin zaɓuɓɓuka don ƙarin abubuwan da suka faru, mun gane cewa akwai hanyoyi da yawa don aiwatar da wannan aikin. Daga hutun duniya akan duk hanyar sadarwar gida, zuwa ƙarami a zahiri hutu na daƙiƙa 1-2 a sassan cibiyar sadarwa.
Network, tsaya! Sauyawa, maye gurbin su!
Hanya mafi sauƙi ita ce, ba shakka, don ayyana hutun sadarwar duniya akan duk PODs da duk sabis na DCI da canza duk hanyoyin haɗin kai daga masu sauyawa. А zuwa sauyawa N.
Baya ga katsewar, lokacin da ba za mu iya dogaro da abin dogaro ba (eh, mun san adadin hanyoyin haɗin yanar gizo, amma ba mu san sau nawa wani abu zai yi kuskure ba - daga igiyar faci ta karye ko mai haɗin haɗin da ba ta dace ba zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa mara kyau ko transceiver. ), Har yanzu ba za mu iya yin hasashen a gaba ba ko tsayin igiyoyin faci, DAC, AOC, da aka haɗa da tsoffin maɓalli A, zai isa isa gare su zuwa sabbin masu sauya N, kodayake suna tsaye kusa da su, amma har yanzu kaɗan zuwa gefe, da kuma ko masu rarraba iri ɗaya zasu yi aiki /DAC/AOC daga Brocade ya canza zuwa Arista switches.
Kuma duk wannan a karkashin yanayin matsananciyar matsa lamba daga abokan ciniki da goyon bayan fasaha ("Natasha, tashi! Natasha, duk abin da ba ya aiki a can! Natasha, mun riga mun rubuta zuwa goyon bayan fasaha, gaskiya! Natasha, nawa ne ba za su yi aiki ba? Natasha, yaushe zai yi aiki?!"). Ko da duk da an riga an sanar da hutu da sanarwa ga abokan ciniki, an tabbatar da kwararar buƙatun a irin wannan lokacin.
Tsaya, 1-2-3-4!
Menene idan ba mu sanar da hutun duniya ba, amma a maimakon haka jerin ƙananan katsewar sadarwa don ayyukan POD da DCI. A lokacin hutun farko, canzawa zuwa maɓalli N kawai Farashin 1, a cikin na biyu - a cikin kwanaki biyu - Farashin 2, sai kuma wasu kwanaki biyu Farashin 3, Gaba POD 4…[N], sa'an nan VXLAN yana sauyawa sannan kuma L3VPN routers.
Tare da wannan ƙungiyar na canza aikin, muna rage rikitarwa na aikin lokaci ɗaya kuma muna ƙara lokacinmu don magance matsalolin idan wani abu ya faru ba zato ba tsammani. POD 1 ya kasance yana haɗi zuwa wasu PODs da DCI bayan canzawa. Amma aikin da kansa yana ja na dogon lokaci, a lokacin wannan aikin a cikin cibiyar bayanai, ana buƙatar injiniya don yin aikin motsa jiki, da kuma lokacin aikin (kuma ana gudanar da irin wannan aikin, a matsayin mai mulkin, da dare, daga 2). zuwa 5 na safe), ana buƙatar kasancewar injiniyan hanyar sadarwa ta kan layi a daidai matakin cancanta. Amma sai mun sami gajeriyar katsewar sadarwa; a matsayin mai mulkin, ana iya aiwatar da aikin a cikin tazara na rabin sa'a tare da hutu har zuwa mintuna 2 (a aikace, sau da yawa 20-30 seconds tare da halayen da ake tsammanin kayan aiki).
A cikin misali abokin ciniki С1 ko abokin ciniki С2 Dole ne ku yi gargaɗi game da aiki tare da katsewar sadarwa aƙalla sau uku - karo na farko don aiwatar da aiki akan POD ɗaya, wanda ɗayan sabar ɗin yake, a karo na biyu - a karo na biyu, da na uku - lokacin. canza kayan aiki don ayyukan DCI.
Canza tara tashoshi na sadarwa
Me yasa muke magana game da halayen kayan aiki da ake tsammanin, da kuma yadda za a iya sauya tashoshi masu tarawa yayin da ake rage katsewar sadarwa? Bari mu yi tunanin hoto mai zuwa:
A gefe ɗaya na hanyar haɗin yanar gizon akwai maɓallan rarraba POD - D1 и D2, suna samar da MLAG guda biyu tare da juna (tari, masana'antar VCS, nau'in vPC), a gefe guda akwai hanyoyin haɗin gwiwa guda biyu - Link 1 и Link 2 - an haɗa su a cikin MLAG biyu na tsoffin juzu'ai na tarawa А. A gefen canji D haɗin haɗin haɗin gwiwa tare da sunan Port-channel A, a gefen tarawa А - haɗin haɗin haɗin gwiwa tare da sunan Port-channel D.
Haɗaɗɗen musaya suna amfani da LACP a cikin aikin su, wato, masu sauyawa a bangarorin biyu akai-akai suna musayar fakitin LACPDU akan hanyoyin haɗin gwiwar biyu don tabbatar da cewa hanyoyin:
- ma'aikata;
- an haɗa su cikin na'urori guda biyu a gefen nesa.
Lokacin musayar fakiti, fakitin yana ɗaukar ƙimar tsarin-id, yana nuna na'urar inda aka haɗa waɗannan hanyoyin haɗin. Don nau'in MLAG (tari, masana'anta, da sauransu), ƙimar tsarin-id don na'urorin da ke samar da haɗin haɗin haɗin gwiwa iri ɗaya ne. Sauya D1 aika zuwa Link 1 ma'ana system-id D, kuma canza D2 aika zuwa Link 2 ma'ana system-id D.
Sauyawa A1 и A2 bincika fakitin LACPDU da aka karɓa sama da ɗaya Po D dubawa kuma bincika idan tsarin-id a cikinsu ya dace. Idan tsarin-id da aka karɓa ta hanyar hanyar haɗin yanar gizo ya bambanta ba zato ba tsammani daga darajar aiki na yanzu, to, an cire wannan hanyar haɗi daga haɗin haɗin haɗin kai har sai an gyara halin da ake ciki. Yanzu a kan mu canza gefe D ƙimar tsarin-id na yanzu daga abokin tarayya na LACP - A, kuma a gefen canji А - ƙimar tsarin-id na yanzu daga abokin tarayya na LACP - D.
Idan muna buƙatar canza haɗin haɗin haɗin gwiwa, za mu iya yin ta ta hanyoyi guda biyu:
Hanyar 1 - Sauƙi
Kashe duka hanyoyin haɗin gwiwa daga maɓalli A. A wannan yanayin, tashar da aka tara ba ta aiki.
Haɗa hanyoyin haɗin biyu ɗaya bayan ɗaya zuwa masu sauyawa N, sannan za a sake yin shawarwarin sigogin aiki na LACP kuma za a samar da mu'amala PoD a kan maɓalli N da watsa dabi'u akan hanyoyin haɗin gwiwa tsarin-id N.
Hanyar 2 - Rage katsewa
Cire haɗin haɗin 2 daga sauyawa A2. A lokaci guda, zirga-zirga tsakanin А и D za a ci gaba da watsawa ta hanyar ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyin haɗin yanar gizon, wanda zai ci gaba da kasancewa cikin ɓangaren haɗin haɗin yanar gizon.
Haɗa Link 2 don canza N2. Akan sauya N An riga an saita haɗin haɗin haɗin gwiwa Po DN, kuma canza N2 zai fara watsawa zuwa LACPDU tsarin-id N. A wannan mataki za mu iya riga duba cewa canji N2 yana aiki daidai da transceiver da aka yi amfani da shi Link 2, cewa tashar haɗin gwiwa ta shiga cikin jihar Up, da kuma cewa babu kurakurai da ke faruwa akan tashar haɗin gwiwa lokacin aika LACPDUs.
Amma gaskiyar cewa canji D2 don haɗakar dubawa Po A daga gefe Link 2 yana karɓar ƙimar tsarin-id N daban da ƙimar tsarin aiki na yanzu-id A, baya bada izinin sauyawa D gabatar Link 2 wani ɓangare na haɗin haɗin haɗin gwiwa Po A. Sauya N ba zai iya shiga ba Link 2 aiki, tunda baya samun tabbacin aiki daga abokin haɗin LACP na canji D2. Sakamakon zirga-zirga shine Link 2 rashin samun ta.
Kuma yanzu mun kashe Link 1 daga sauya A1, don haka hana maɓalli А и D aiki jimlar dubawa. Don haka a gefen canji D Ƙimar tsarin aiki na yanzu-id don dubawa yana ɓacewa Po A.
Wannan yana ba da damar sauyawa D и N yarda da musayar tsarin-id AN a kan musaya Po A и Po DN, ta yadda za a fara watsa zirga-zirga tare da hanyar haɗin yanar gizon Link 2. Hutu a cikin wannan yanayin shine, a aikace, har zuwa 2 seconds.
Yanzu kuma zamu iya sauya Link 1 zuwa N1 cikin sauki, Maido da iya aiki da matakin redundancy dubawa Po A и Po DN. Tun lokacin da aka haɗa wannan hanyar haɗin yanar gizon, ƙimar tsarin-id na yanzu ba ta canzawa a kowane bangare, babu katsewa.
Ƙarin hanyoyin haɗin gwiwa
Amma ana iya yin canjin ba tare da kasancewar injiniya a lokacin sauyawa ba. Don yin wannan, za mu buƙaci sanya ƙarin hanyoyin haɗi tsakanin maɓallan rarrabawa a gaba D da sabbin na'urorin haɗakarwa N.
Muna shimfida sabbin hanyoyin haɗi tsakanin maɓallan tarawa N da sauyawa masu rarraba don duk PODs. Wannan yana buƙatar yin oda da shimfiɗa ƙarin igiyoyin faci, da shigar da ƙarin transceivers kamar a ciki N, da kuma cikin D. Za mu iya yin haka saboda a cikin mu sauya D Kowane POD yana da tashar jiragen ruwa kyauta (ko mun riga mun 'yantar da su). Sakamakon haka, kowane POD yana da alaƙa ta jiki ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa biyu zuwa tsoffin maɓallai A da kuma sabbin masu sauyawa N.
Akan sauya D an kafa hanyoyin haɗin kai guda biyu - Po A tare da mahada Link 1 и Link 2kuma Po N - tare da mahada Hanyar N1 и Hanyar N2. A wannan mataki, muna bincika daidaitattun hanyoyin haɗin yanar gizo da hanyoyin haɗin kai, matakan siginar siginar gani a ƙarshen hanyoyin haɗin (ta hanyar bayanan DDM daga maɓallan), za mu iya bincika ayyukan haɗin gwiwa a ƙarƙashin kaya ko saka idanu kan jihohin. sigina na gani da yanayin zafi na tsawon kwanaki biyu.
Har yanzu ana aika zirga-zirga ta hanyar sadarwa Po A, da kuma dubawa Po N halin kaka babu zirga-zirga. Saitunan da ke kan musaya sun kasance kamar haka:
Interface Port-channel A
Switchport mode trunk
Switchport allowed vlan C1, C2
Interface Port-channel N
Switchport mode trunk
Switchport allowed vlan noneD masu sauyawa, a matsayin ka'ida, goyan bayan sake fasalin zaman; ana amfani da samfura masu sauyawa waɗanda ke da wannan aikin. Don haka za mu iya canza saitunan musaya na Po A da Po N a mataki ɗaya:
Configure session
Interface Port-channel A
Switchport allowed vlan none
Interface Port-channel N
Switchport allowed vlan C1, C2
CommitSa'an nan kuma canjin sanyi zai faru da sauri sosai, kuma hutun, a aikace, ba zai wuce 5 seconds ba.
Wannan hanyar tana ba mu damar kammala duk aikin shirye-shiryen a gaba, aiwatar da duk abubuwan da suka dace, daidaita aikin tare da mahalarta cikin aiwatarwa, annabta dalla-dalla da ayyukan don samar da aikin, ba tare da jiragen sama na kerawa ba lokacin da “duk abin ya ɓace. ,” kuma suna da shirin komawa ga tsarin da ya gabata. Aiki bisa ga wannan shirin injiniyan cibiyar sadarwa ne ke aiwatar da shi ba tare da kasancewar injiniyan cibiyar bayanai a wurin ba wanda ke aiwatar da sauyawa a jiki.
Abin da kuma yake da mahimmanci tare da wannan hanyar sauyawa shine cewa an riga an sa ido kan duk sabbin hanyoyin haɗin gwiwa a gaba. Kurakurai, haɗa haɗin haɗin gwiwa a cikin naúrar, ƙaddamar da hanyoyin haɗin gwiwa - duk bayanan da ake buƙata sun riga sun kasance a cikin tsarin kulawa, kuma an riga an zana wannan akan taswira.
D-Day
POD
Mun zaɓi mafi ƙarancin hanyar sauyawa ga abokan ciniki kuma mafi ƙanƙanta ga yanayin "wani abu ya ɓace" tare da ƙarin hanyoyin haɗin gwiwa. Don haka mun canza duk PODs zuwa sabbin jujjuyawar tarawa a cikin dare biyu.
Amma abin da ya rage shi ne canza kayan aikin da ke ba da sabis na DCI.
L2
Game da kayan aiki da ke samar da haɗin L2, ba mu iya yin irin wannan aikin tare da ƙarin hanyoyin haɗin gwiwa ba. Akwai aƙalla dalilai guda biyu na wannan:
- Rashin tashar jiragen ruwa kyauta na saurin da ake buƙata akan maɓallan VXLAN.
- Rashin daidaitawar zama yana canza ayyuka akan maɓallan VXLAN.
Ba mu canza hanyoyin haɗin gwiwa ba "ɗaya bayan ɗaya" tare da hutu kawai yayin da muka yarda da sabon tsarin-id biyu, tunda ba mu da 100% amincewa da cewa hanyar za ta tafi daidai, kuma gwajin da aka yi a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje ya nuna cewa a cikin idan "wani abu ya yi kuskure," har yanzu muna samun katsewar haɗin gwiwa, kuma abin da ya fi muni ba kawai ga abokan ciniki waɗanda ke da haɗin L2 tare da sauran cibiyoyin bayanai ba, amma gabaɗaya ga duk abokan ciniki na wannan cibiyar bayanai.
Mun gudanar da aikin farfaganda a gaba a kan sauyawa daga tashoshin L2, don haka yawan abokan ciniki da aikin ya shafa a kan masu sauya VXLAN sun riga sun kasance sau da yawa kasa da shekara guda da suka wuce. A sakamakon haka, mun yanke shawarar katse sadarwa ta hanyar sabis na haɗin L2, muddin muna kula da aikin yau da kullun na ayyukan cibiyar sadarwar gida a cikin cibiyar bayanai guda ɗaya. Bugu da ƙari, SLA don wannan sabis ɗin yana ba da damar yin aikin da aka tsara tare da hutu.
L3
Me yasa muka ba da shawarar cewa kowa ya canza zuwa L3VPN lokacin shirya ayyukan DCI? Daya daga cikin dalilan shi ne yadda za a iya aiwatar da aiki a kan daya daga cikin na’urorin da ke samar da wannan sabis, ta hanyar rage yawan aiki zuwa N+0, ba tare da katse hanyar sadarwa ba.
Bari mu dubi tsarin isar da sabis. A cikin wannan sabis ɗin, ɓangaren L2 yana zuwa daga sabar abokin ciniki kawai zuwa masu amfani da hanyoyin L3VPN Selectel. An ƙare hanyar sadarwar abokin ciniki akan masu amfani da hanyar sadarwa.
Kowane uwar garken abokin ciniki, misali. S2 и S3 a cikin zanen da ke sama, suna da adiresoshin IP masu zaman kansu - 10.0.0.2/24 akan uwar garken S2 и 10.0.0.3/24 akan uwar garken S3. Adireshi 10.0.0.252/24 и 10.0.0.253/24 wanda Selectel ya ba wa masu amfani da hanyoyin sadarwa Saukewa: L3VPN-1 и Saukewa: L3VPN-2, bi da bi. Adireshin IP 10.0.0.254/24 adireshin VIP ne na VRRP a kan Selectel Routers.
Kuna iya ƙarin koyo game da sabis na L3VPN a cikin mu blog.
Kafin sauyawa, komai ya yi kama kamar yadda yake cikin zane:
Na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa biyu Saukewa: L3VPN-1 и Saukewa: L3VPN-2 an haɗa su zuwa tsohuwar maɓalli А. Babban adireshin VIP na VRRP 10.0.0.254 shine na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa Saukewa: L3VPN-1. Yana da fifiko mafi girma ga wannan adireshin fiye da na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa Saukewa: L3VPN-2.
unit 1006 {
description C2;
vlan-id 1006;
family inet {
address 10.0.0.252/24 {
vrrp-group 1 {
priority 200;
virtual-address 10.100.0.254;
preempt {
hold-time 120;
}
accept-data;
}
}
}
}Sabar S2 tana amfani da ƙofar 10.0.0.254 don sadarwa tare da sabar a wasu wurare. Don haka, cire haɗin na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa na L3VPN-2 daga cibiyar sadarwa (tabbas, idan an fara cire haɗin daga yankin MPLS) baya shafar haɗin sabar abokin ciniki. A wannan lokacin, an rage matakin sakewa na kewayawa kawai.
Bayan wannan za mu iya sake haɗa na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa lafiya Saukewa: L3VPN-2 zuwa biyu na maɓalli N. Sanya hanyoyin haɗin gwiwa, canza transceivers. Hanyoyi masu ma'ana na na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa, wanda aikin sabis na abokin ciniki ya dogara da su, ba su da rauni har sai an tabbatar da cewa komai yana aiki yadda ya kamata.
Bayan duba hanyoyin haɗin yanar gizo, transceivers, matakan sigina, da matakan kuskure akan musaya, ana sanya na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa, amma an riga an haɗa shi zuwa sabon maɓalli.
Bayan haka, muna rage fifikon VRRP na mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa na L3VPN-1, kuma an tura adireshin VIP 10.0.0.254 zuwa na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa na L3VPN-2. Hakanan ana yin waɗannan ayyuka ba tare da katsewar sadarwa ba.
Canja wurin VIP adireshin 10.0.0.254 zuwa na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa Saukewa: L3VPN-2 ba ka damar kashe na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa Saukewa: L3VPN-1 ba tare da katsewar sadarwa ga abokin ciniki ba kuma haɗa shi zuwa sabon nau'i-nau'i na haɗawa N.
Ko mayar da VRRP VIP zuwa L3VPN-1 na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa wata tambaya ce, kuma ko da an dawo da shi, ana yin shi ba tare da katse haɗin ba.
Jimlar
Bayan duk waɗannan matakan, a zahiri mun maye gurbin maɓallan tarawa a ɗaya daga cikin cibiyoyin bayanan mu, yayin da rage rushewar abokan cinikinmu.
Duk abin da ya rage yana wargazawa. Rushe tsoffin maɓallai, ɓarkewar tsoffin hanyoyin haɗin kai tsakanin masu sauyawa A da D, rarrabuwar masu ɗaukar hoto daga waɗannan hanyoyin haɗin gwiwa, gyara na saka idanu, gyara zane-zanen hanyar sadarwa a cikin takaddun bayanai da saka idanu.
Za mu iya amfani da maɓalli, transceivers, faci igiyoyi, AOC, DAC hagu bayan sauyawa a cikin wasu ayyuka ko don wasu irin wannan canji.
"Natasha, mun canza komai!"
source: www.habr.com