Sauran labarai a cikin jerin:
- Tarihin relay
- Tarihin kwamfutocin lantarki
- Tarihin transistor
- Tarihin Intanet
Wayar ta bayyana kwatsam. Idan Godiya ga karni na bincike kan yiwuwar isar da sakonni ta amfani da wutar lantarki, mutane sun yi tuntuɓe a kan tarho don neman ingantacciyar hanyar sadarwa. Saboda haka, yana da sauƙi a sanya wani abu mai sauƙi, ko da yake ba cikakke ba, kwanan wata don ƙirƙira wayar - shekara ɗari na kafuwar Amurka, 1876.
Kuma ba za a iya cewa wayar ba ta da magabata. Tun daga shekara ta 1830, masana kimiyya na bincike suna neman hanyoyin da za su canza sauti zuwa wutar lantarki, da kuma wutar lantarki zuwa sauti.
Sautin lantarki
A 1837 shekara , likita kuma mai gwadawa a fannin electromagnetism daga Massachusetts, ya yi tuntuɓe akan wani bakon al'amari. Ya sanya waya mai karkatacciya a tsakanin ƙarshen magnet ɗin dindindin, sannan ya sanya kowane ƙarshen waya a cikin akwati na mercury da aka haɗa da baturi. A duk lokacin da ya buɗe ko rufe da'irar, yana ɗaga ƙarshen waya daga cikin kwandon ko saukar da shi a can, magnet ɗin yana fitar da sautin da ake iya ji daga nesa na mita. Shafi ya kira shi kiɗan galvanic, kuma ya ba da shawarar cewa duka game da "cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta" da ke faruwa a cikin maganadisu. Shafi ya ƙaddamar da guguwar bincike zuwa fannoni biyu na wannan binciken: baƙon kayan ƙarfe na kayan ƙarfe don canza sura lokacin da aka yi maganadisu, da kuma mafi ƙaranci samar da sauti ta hanyar wutar lantarki.
Muna sha'awar karatun biyu musamman. Johann Philipp Reis ne ya gudanar da na farko. Reis ya koyar da ’yan makaranta ilmin lissafi da kimiyya a Cibiyar Garnier da ke kusa da Frankfurt, amma a lokacin da ya ke da ita ya tsunduma cikin binciken lantarki. A wannan lokacin, masu aikin lantarki da yawa sun riga sun ƙirƙiri sabbin nau'ikan kiɗan galvanic, amma Reis shine farkon wanda ya fara ƙware a cikin alchemy na fassarar hanyoyi biyu na sauti zuwa wutar lantarki da akasin haka.
Reis ya gane cewa diaphragm, mai kama da ƙwan kunne na ɗan adam, na iya rufewa da buɗe da'irar lantarki yayin girgiza. Nau'in farko na na'urar wayar da aka gina a shekarar 1860, ta kunshi kunnen da aka sassaka daga itace tare da wani membrane da aka yi daga mafitsarar alade a kai. An makala na'urar lantarki ta platinum zuwa kasan membrane, wanda, lokacin da yake girgiza, ya buɗe kuma ya rufe kewaye da baturin. Mai karɓa ya kasance murɗar waya da aka raunata a kusa da allurar sakawa da ke manne da violin. Jikin violin ya ƙara girgiza siffa mai jujjuya siffa kamar yadda aka saba da shi kuma ya lalace.
Late model Reis waya
Reis ya zo da abubuwa da yawa ingantawa ga farkon samfur, kuma tare da wasu masu gwaji sun gano cewa idan ka raira waƙa ko kaɗa wani abu a ciki, sautin da aka watsa ya kasance mai ganewa. Kalmomi sun fi wuyar bambancewa, kuma sau da yawa sukan zama gurbatattu kuma ba a iya fahimta. Yawancin saƙonnin nasarar muryar murya sun yi amfani da jimlolin gama gari kamar "barka da safiya" da "yaya kake" kuma sun kasance masu sauƙin ganewa. Babban matsalar ita ce mai watsa Reis kawai ya buɗe kuma ya rufe kewaye, amma bai daidaita ƙarfin sauti ba. Sakamakon haka, mitar mai tsayayyen girma kawai za'a iya watsawa, kuma wannan ba zai iya kwaikwayi duk dabarar muryar ɗan adam ba.
Reis ya yi imanin cewa ya kamata a gane aikinsa ta hanyar kimiyya, amma bai cimma wannan ba. Na'urarta ta kasance sanannen sha'awa a tsakanin masana kimiyya, kuma kwafi sun bayyana a mafi yawan cibiyoyin wannan fitattun: a Paris, London, Washington. Amma mujallar Farfesa Poggendorff Annalen der Physik [Annals of Physics], ɗaya daga cikin tsofaffin mujallu na kimiyya kuma mafi tasiri a lokacin. Yunkurin tseren na tallata wayar da kamfanonin waya ma ya ci tura. Ya yi fama da cutar tarin fuka, kuma rashin lafiyarsa ta hana shi ci gaba da bincike mai zurfi. A sakamakon haka, a cikin 1873, rashin lafiya ya dauki rayuwarsa da burinsa. Kuma wannan ba zai zama karo na ƙarshe da wannan cuta za ta kawo cikas ga ci gaban tarihin wayar ba.
Yayin da Race ke inganta wayarsa, yana gabatar da ƙarshen karatunsa na seminal na ilimin ilimin lissafi: "Rukunin Jiyya na Jiki a matsayin Tushen Jiki don Ka'idar Kiɗa" [Die Lehre von den Tonempfindungen als physiologische Grundlage für die Theorie der Musik], wanda aka buga a 1862. Helmholtz, wanda a lokacin farfesa ne a Jami'ar Heidelberg, ya kasance ƙwararren masanin kimiyya a karni na XNUMX, yana aiki a kan ilimin halittar jiki na hangen nesa, electrodynamics, thermodynamics, da dai sauransu.
Aikin Helmholtz ya shafi tarihin mu a taƙaice, amma zai zama abin tausayi a rasa shi. A cikin The Doctrine of Auditory Sensations, Helmholtz ya yi don kiɗan abin da Newton ya yi don haske - ya nuna yadda za a iya rarraba abin da ake ganin kamar guda ɗaya a cikin sassansa. Ya tabbatar da cewa bambance-bambance a cikin timbres, daga violin zuwa bassoon, suna zuwa ne kawai daga bambance-bambance a cikin ƙarfin ƙarfin sautin su ( sautunan sau biyu, sau uku, da sauransu dangane da bayanin rubutu). Amma ga labarinmu, abu mafi ban sha'awa game da aikinsa ya ta'allaka ne a cikin kayan aiki na ban mamaki da ya ƙera don nunawa:
Helmholtz synthesizer bambance-bambancen
Helmholtz ya ba da umarnin na'urar farko daga taron bitar na Cologne. A taƙaice, synthesizer ne mai iya samar da sautuna bisa tsarin sautuna masu sauƙi. Iyakar abin da ya fi ban mamaki shi ne ikon da ba za a iya misalta shi ba na sake fitar da sautin wasali wanda kowa ya saba ji kawai daga bakin mutum.
Mai haɗawa ya yi aiki daga bugun babban cokali mai ɗorewa, wanda ya girgiza akan bayanin tushe, rufewa da buɗe kewaye, nutsar da wayar platinum a cikin akwati na mercury. Matsakaicin daidaita cokali mai yatsa guda takwas, kowanne yana girgiza tare da nasa sautin muryarsa, sun huta a tsakanin ƙarshen na'urar lantarki da aka haɗa da da'ira. Kowace rufewar da'irar ta kunna electromagnets kuma ta ajiye cokali mai yatsa a cikin yanayin girgiza. Kusa da kowane cokali mai ɗorewa akwai resonator na silinda wanda zai iya haɓaka buzzing ɗinsa zuwa matakin ji. A cikin yanayin al'ada, an rufe murfi akan resonator kuma ya kashe sautin cokali mai yatsa. Idan ka matsar da murfi zuwa gefe, za ka iya jin wannan sautin, kuma ta haka “wasa” sautin ƙaho, piano, ko harafin wasali “o”.
Wannan na'urar za ta taka rawa wajen samar da sabuwar irin waya.
Harmonic telegraph
Ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da masu ƙirƙira rabi na biyu na karni na 1870 ke yi shine multitelegraph. Mafi yawan siginar telegraph za a iya cushe cikin waya ɗaya, mafi girman ingancin hanyar sadarwar telegraph. A farkon shekarun XNUMX, an san hanyoyi daban-daban na telegraphy duplex (aika da sigina biyu a gaba dayan kwatance a lokaci guda). Ba da da ewa ba, Thomas Edison ya inganta a kansu ta hanyar ƙirƙirar quadruplex, hada duplex da diplex (mai watsa sigina biyu a hanya ɗaya a lokaci guda), ta yadda za a iya amfani da waya sau hudu da kyau.
Amma ana iya ƙara adadin sigina? Shirya wani nau'in octoruplex, ko ma fiye da haka? Gaskiyar cewa za a iya jujjuya raƙuman sauti zuwa na'urar lantarki da baya kuma yana ba da yuwuwar mai ban sha'awa. Idan muka yi amfani da sautunan filaye daban-daban don ƙirƙirar sauti, jituwa, ko, magana ta waka, telegraph na kiɗa fa? Idan girgizar jiki na mitoci daban-daban za a iya jujjuya su zuwa girgizar wutar lantarki sannan a sake haɗa su zuwa mitoci na asali a ɗaya gefen, to zai yiwu a aika da sigina da yawa a lokaci guda ba tare da tsangwama ba. Sautin kanta zai zama hanya ce kawai zuwa ƙarshe, matsakaicin matsakaici wanda ke samar da igiyoyin ruwa ta yadda sigina da yawa zasu iya wanzuwa a waya ɗaya. Don sauƙi, zan koma ga wannan ra'ayi azaman telegraph mai jituwa, kodayake an yi amfani da bambancin kalmomin a lokacin.
Wannan ba ita ce kaɗai hanyar ƙirƙirar sigina masu yawa ba. A Faransa [bayan wanda ake kira naúrar saurin alama - baud/kimanin. transl.] da 1874 ya zo da wata na'ura tare da mai rarrabawa mai jujjuyawa wanda ke karɓar sigina daga masu watsa telegraph da yawa. A zamanin yau za mu kira wannan Multix da aka raba ta lokaci maimakon ta mita. Amma wannan tsarin yana da koma baya - ba zai haifar da ƙirƙirar wayar ba.
A lokacin, Western Union ta mamaye taswirar telegraph na Amurka, wanda ya kafa a cikin 1850s a yunƙurin kawar da gasa mara kyau tsakanin ƴan manyan kamfanonin telegraph - bayanin da za a iya amfani da shi cikin sauƙi don tabbatar da irin wannan haɗakarwa kafin zuwan dokokin antitrust. Ɗaya daga cikin haruffa a cikin labarinmu ya kwatanta shi da "watakila kamfani mafi girma da ya wanzu." Samun dubban wayoyi na kilomita da kuma kashe makudan kudade wajen ginawa da kula da hanyoyin sadarwa, Western Union ta bi ci gaba a fannin fasahar telegraph tare da matukar sha'awa.
Wani dan wasa kuma yana jiran ci gaba a cikin kasuwancin telegraph. , lauyan Boston kuma ɗan kasuwa, yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu goyon bayan shigar da telegraph na Amurka a ƙarƙashin ikon gwamnatin tarayya. Hubbard ya yi imanin cewa telegram na iya zama mai arha kamar haruffa, kuma ya kuduri aniyar yi wa abin da ya gani a matsayin 'yan cin zarafi da cin zarafi na Western Union. Kudirin Hubbard bai ba da shawarar mayar da kamfanonin sadarwa na zamani gaba daya ba, kamar yadda kusan dukkanin kasashen Turai suka yi, amma zai kafa sabis na telegraph da gwamnati ke daukar nauyinsa karkashin kulawar Sashen Wasika. Amma da alama sakamakon zai kasance iri ɗaya ne, kuma da Western Union za ta bar wannan kasuwancin. A tsakiyar shekarun 1870, ci gaba a kan dokar ya tsaya cik, amma Hubbard yana da kwarin gwiwa cewa sarrafa sabon haƙƙin mallaka na telegraph zai iya ba shi dama wajen tura shawararsa ta Majalisa.
Gardiner Green Hubbard
Akwai abubuwa na musamman guda biyu a cikin Amurka: na farko, ma'aunin nahiyar na Western Union. Babu wata ƙungiyar tarho ta Turai da ke da dogayen layukan, sabili da haka, babu wani dalili na haɓaka fasahar telegraph na multix. Abu na biyu, akwai budaddiyar tambaya game da ikon gwamnati a kan telegraph. Ƙasar Turai ta ƙarshe ita ce Biritaniya, wacce ta ƙaddamar da telegraph a cikin 1870. Bayan haka, babu wani wuri da ya rage a ko'ina sai Amurka inda zawarcin samar da ci gaba a fannin fasaha da kuma durkusar da mulkin mallaka. Wataƙila saboda wannan, yawancin aikin da aka yi akan telegraph mai jituwa an yi shi ne a Amurka.
Akasari mutane uku ne suka fafata a gasar. Biyu daga cikinsu sun riga sun kasance masu ƙirƙira masu daraja. и . Na uku shi ne farfesa na magana kuma malamin kurame mai suna Bell.
Grey
Elisha Gray ya girma a gona a Ohio. Kamar yawancin mutanen zamaninsa, ya yi wasa da telegraph tun yana matashi, amma yana ɗan shekara 12, sa’ad da mahaifinsa ya rasu, ya soma neman sana’ar da za ta tallafa masa. Ya koyi wani ɗan lokaci a matsayin maƙera, sannan a matsayin masassaƙin jirgin ruwa, kuma yana ɗan shekara 22 ya koyi cewa zai iya samun ilimi a Kwalejin Oberlin yayin da yake aiki a matsayin kafinta. Bayan ya shafe shekaru biyar yana karatu, ya tsunduma cikin sana'a a matsayin mai kirkire-kirkire a fannin wayar tarho. Tambarin sa na farko shi ne relay mai daidaitawa da kansa, wanda ta hanyar amfani da na'urar lantarki ta biyu maimakon magudanar ruwa don dawo da makamin, ya kawar da buƙatar daidaita ma'anar relay ɗin dangane da ƙarfin da ke cikin kewaye.
Elisha Grey, ca. 1878
A shekara ta 1870, ya riga ya kasance abokin tarayya a wani kamfani da ke samar da kayan lantarki, kuma ya yi aiki a can a matsayin babban injiniya. A cikin 1872, shi da abokin tarayya sun matsar da kamfanin zuwa Chicago kuma suka sake masa suna Western Electric Manufacturing Company. Ba da daɗewa ba Western Electric ya zama babban mai ba da kayan aikin telegraph zuwa Western Union. A sakamakon haka, zai bar abin lura a tarihin wayar tarho.
A farkon 1874, Gray ya ji wani bakon sauti yana fitowa daga gidan wanka. Ya yi kama da kukan rheotome mai girgiza, kawai ya fi karfi. Reotome (a zahiri "stream breaker") sanannen na'urar lantarki ce wacce ke amfani da harshe na ƙarfe don buɗewa da rufe kewaye da sauri. Da ya leko cikin bandakin, Gray ya ga dansa rike da coil na induction da ke da alaka da rheotome a hannu daya, sannan dayan hannun yana shafa murfin zinc na bathtub din, wanda ya yi kasa-kasa. Grey, yana sha'awar yiwuwar hakan, ya tashi daga aikinsa na yau da kullun a Western Electric don komawa ga ƙirƙira. A lokacin rani, ya ƙirƙiro cikakken telifon kiɗa na octave, wanda da shi zai iya buga sautuna akan diaphragm da aka yi daga kwandon ƙarfe ta danna maɓallan madannai.
Mai watsawa
Mai karɓa
Telegraph na kiɗan wani sabon abu ne wanda ba shi da wata fa'ida ta kasuwanci. Amma Gray ya gane cewa ikon watsa sautuna daban-daban akan waya daya ya ba shi zabi biyu. Tare da mai watsa nau'in ƙira daban-daban, mai iya ɗaukar sauti daga iska, ana iya ƙirƙirar telegraph na murya. Tare da wani mai karɓa mai iya raba siginar da aka haɗa zuwa cikin abubuwan da aka haɗa, yana yiwuwa a yi jigilar telegraph mai jituwa - wato, multix telegraphy bisa sauti. Ya yanke shawarar mai da hankali kan zaɓi na biyu, tunda masana'antar telegraph tana da buƙatu masu ma'ana. An tabbatar da shi a cikin zabin da ya yi bayan ya koyi wayar Race, wanda ya zama kamar wasa mai sauƙi na falsafa.
Grey ya yi mai karɓar telegraph mai jituwa daga saitin na'urorin lantarki da aka haɗe zuwa ɗigon ƙarfe. An daidaita kowane tsiri zuwa takamaiman mitar, kuma ana yin sauti lokacin da aka danna maɓallin da ya dace akan mai watsawa. Mai watsawa yayi aiki akan ka'ida ɗaya da na telegraph na kiɗa.
Grey ya inganta na'urarsa a cikin shekaru biyu masu zuwa kuma ya kai ta wurin nunin. A hukumance an kira taron "". Wannan dai shi ne bikin baje kolin duniya na farko da aka gudanar a Amurka, kuma ya zo daidai da bikin cikar kasar na shekaru dari, don haka aka gabatar da abin da ake kira. "Baje kolin Karni" Ya faru a Philadelphia a lokacin rani na 1876. A can, Grey ya nuna haɗin "octruplex" (wato, watsa saƙonni takwas a lokaci ɗaya) akan wani layi na musamman da aka shirya daga New York. Alkalan bikin sun yaba da wannan nasarar da aka samu, amma nan da nan wani abin al'ajabi ya wuce gona da iri.
Edison
, shugaban Western Union, da sauri ya sami labarin ci gaban Gray, wanda ya sa shi firgita. A mafi kyau, idan Gray ya yi nasara, lamarin zai haifar da lasisin haƙƙin mallaka mai tsada sosai. A mafi muni, ikon mallakar Grey zai zama ginshiƙi don ƙirƙirar kamfani mai hamayya wanda zai ƙalubalanci ikon Western Union.
Don haka a cikin Yuli 1875, Orton ya fitar da wani Ace a hannun rigarsa: Thomas Edison. Edison ya girma tare da telegraphy, ya shafe shekaru da yawa a matsayin mai kula da tarho, sannan ya zama mai ƙirƙira. Babban nasararsa a wancan lokacin ita ce sadarwar quadruplex, wacce aka kirkira da kudin Western Union a shekarar da ta gabata. Yanzu Orton ya yi fatan zai inganta abin da ya kirkiro kuma ya zarce abin da Grey ya yi. Ya ba Edison bayanin wayar Race; Edison ya kuma yi nazarin aikin Helmholtz, wanda kwanan nan aka fassara shi zuwa Turanci.
Edison ya kasance a kololuwar sifarsa, kuma sabbin dabaru suka fito daga gare shi kamar tartsatsin wuta daga makiya. A cikin shekara ta gaba ya nuna hanyoyi daban-daban guda biyu don yin sauti na telegraph - na farko ya kasance kama da na Grey's telegraph, kuma ya yi amfani da maɗaukaki na gyaran gyare-gyare ko rawar jiki don ƙirƙira ko jin mita da ake so. Edison ya kasa samun irin wannan na'urar don yin aiki a matakin karbuwa.
Hanya ta biyu, wacce ya kira “Acoustic transmitter”, ta sha bamban. Maimakon ya yi amfani da raƙuman girgiza don watsa mitoci daban-daban, ya yi amfani da su don watsa bugun jini a lokuta daban-daban. Ya raba amfani da waya tsakanin masu watsawa da lokaci maimakon ta mita. Wannan yana buƙatar cikakken aiki tare na girgizawa a cikin kowane nau'i-nau'i na mai karɓa don kada siginar su zo tare. A watan Agusta 1876, yana da quadruplex yana aiki akan wannan ka'ida, kodayake a nesa fiye da mil 100 siginar ya zama mara amfani. Yana kuma da dabarun inganta wayar Race, wanda ya ajiye na dan lokaci.
Sannan Edison ya ji labarin wani abin mamaki da wani mutum mai suna Bell ya kirkira a Baje kolin Centennial a Philadelphia.
Bell
an haife shi a Edinburgh, Scotland, kuma ya girma a Landan a ƙarƙashin jagorancin kakansa. Kamar Gray da Edison, ya nuna sha'awar telegraph tun yana yaro, amma sai ya bi sawun mahaifinsa da kakansa, yana zabar maganganun ɗan adam a matsayin babban sha'awarsa. Kakansa, Alexander, ya yi suna a kan dandalin, sannan ya fara koyar da jawabai. Mahaifinsa, Alexander Melville, shi ma malami ne, har ma ya haɓaka kuma ya buga tsarin sauti, wanda ya kira "maganganun magana." Ƙananan Alexander (Alec, kamar yadda ake kira shi a cikin iyali), ya zaɓa a matsayin jawabinsa na koyarwa ga kurame.
A ƙarshen 1860s yana karanta ilimin jikin mutum da ilimin halittar jiki a Kwalejin Jami'ar London. Student Marie Eccleston yayi karatu tare da shi, wanda ya shirya ya aura. Amma sai ya watsar da koyo da soyayya. ’Yan’uwansa biyu sun mutu da tarin fuka, kuma mahaifin Alec ya bukaci shi da sauran iyalinsa su yi hijira zuwa Sabuwar Duniya don kare lafiyar ɗansa tilo. Bell ya yarda, ko da yake ya yi tsayayya kuma ya ji haushi, kuma ya tashi a cikin 1870.
Bayan ɗan gajeren hack a Ontario, Alexander, ta yin amfani da haɗin gwiwar mahaifinsa, ya sami aiki a matsayin malami a makarantar kurame a Boston. Nan aka fara saka zaren makomarsa.
Da farko yana da wata daliba mai suna Mabel Hubbard, wacce ta rasa jin ta tana da shekara biyar sakamakon zazzabin jajayen. Bell ya ci gaba da koyarwa a asirce ko da ya zama farfesa a fannin ilimin kimiyar murya da magana da jama'a a Jami'ar Boston, kuma Mabel yana cikin ɗalibansa na farko. A lokacin horon, ta kasance a cikin shekaru 16, shekarunta goma da Bell, kuma a cikin 'yan watanni ya yi soyayya da wannan yarinya. Zamu dawo kan labarinta anjima.
A cikin 1872 Bell ya sabunta sha'awar sa a kan telegraph. Bayan 'yan shekaru baya, yayin da yake Landan, Bell ya koyi game da gwaje-gwajen Helmholtz. Amma Bell ya yi kuskuren fahimtar nasarar Helmholtz, yana mai imani cewa ba kawai ya yi halitta ba, har ma yana watsa sauti mai rikitarwa ta hanyar amfani da wutar lantarki. Don haka Bell ya zama mai sha'awar jituwa ta telegraph - haɗe-haɗen amfani da waya tare da sigina da yawa ana watsawa a mitoci da yawa. Wataƙila an yi wahayi zuwa ga labarin cewa Western Union ta sami ra'ayin telegraph duplex daga ɗan'uwan ɗan'uwan Boston Joseph Stearns, Bell ya sake yin la'akari da ra'ayoyinsa kuma, kamar Edison da Grey, ya fara ƙoƙarin aiwatar da su.
Wata rana, yayin da ya ziyarci Mabel, ya taɓa zaren na biyu na makomarsa - yana tsaye kusa da piano, ya nuna wa iyalinta dabarar da ya koya a lokacin kuruciyarsa. Idan kun yi waƙa mai tsaftataccen rubutu akan piano, igiyar da ta dace za ta yi ringi kuma ta mayar muku da ita. Ya gaya wa mahaifin Mabel cewa siginar telegraph na iya samun irin wannan tasiri, kuma ya bayyana yadda za a yi amfani da shi a cikin multix telegraphy. Kuma Bell ba zai iya samun mai sauraron da ya fi dacewa da labarinsa ba: ya yi farin ciki da farin ciki kuma nan da nan ya fahimci ainihin ra'ayin: "akwai iska daya ga kowa da kowa, kuma kawai waya daya ake bukata," wato, yaduwar igiyar ruwa a halin yanzu. waya za ta iya kwafin yaduwa a cikin raƙuman iska ta hanyar hadadden sauti. Mai sauraron Bell shine Gardiner Hubbard.
wayar
Kuma a yanzu labarin yana daɗa ruɗani, don haka ina jin tsoron gwada haƙurin masu karatu. Zan yi ƙoƙarin bin manyan abubuwan da ke faruwa ba tare da yin la'akari da cikakkun bayanai ba.
Bell, wanda Hubbard da mahaifin wani ɗalibinsa suka goyi bayan, ya yi aiki tuƙuru a kan telegraph mai jituwa ba tare da bayyana ci gabansa ba. Ya canza aiki mai ban haushi tare da lokacin hutawa lokacin da lafiyarsa ta gaza shi, yayin da yake ƙoƙarin cika aikinsa na jami'a, inganta tsarin mahaifinsa na "maganganun magana" da kuma aiki a matsayin malami. Ya dauki sabon mataimaki , wani gogaggen kanikanci daga wurin aikin injiniya na Boston na Charles Williams - masu sha'awar wutar lantarki sun taru a wurin. Hubbard ya bukaci Bell, kuma bai ji kunya ko da yin amfani da hannun 'yarsa a matsayin abin ƙarfafawa ba, ya ƙi aurenta har sai Bell ya inganta telegraph.
A lokacin rani na 1874, yayin da yake hutu a kusa da gidan iyali a Ontario, Bell yana da epiphany. Tunani da yawa da suka wanzu a cikin tunaninsa sun haɗu zuwa ɗaya - wayar. Tunaninsa ya rinjayi ko kadan - na'urar rikodin sauti ta farko a duniya wacce ta zana raƙuman sauti akan gilashin hayaƙi. Wannan ya tabbatar wa Bell cewa za a iya rage sautin kowane irin rikitarwa zuwa motsi na wuri a sararin samaniya, kamar motsi na yanzu ta hanyar waya. Ba za mu tsaya kan cikakkun bayanai na fasaha ba, saboda ba su da alaƙa da ainihin wayoyi da aka ƙirƙira kuma amfanin amfanin su yana da shakka. Amma sun dauki tunanin Bell a wata sabuwar hanya.
Tsarin ra'ayi na ainihin wayar Bell tare da "harmonics" (ba a gina shi ba)
Bell ya ajiye wannan ra'ayin na ɗan lokaci don ya bi, kamar yadda abokansa suke tsammaninsa, manufar ƙirƙirar telegraph mai jituwa.
Amma nan da nan ya gaji da tsarin gyaran kayan aikin na yau da kullun, kuma zuciyarsa, ta gaji da cikas da yawa na aiki da ke tsaye a hanyar samfurin aiki zuwa tsarin aiki, yana ƙara jan hankalin wayar. Muryar ɗan adam ita ce sha'awarsa ta farko. A lokacin rani na 1875, ya gano cewa raƙuman rawaya ba kawai zai iya rufewa da sauri da buɗe da'ira ta hanyar maɓalli na telegraph ba, amma kuma suna haifar da ci gaba mai ƙarfi kamar halin yanzu yayin da suke motsawa cikin filin maganadisu. Ya gaya wa Watson ra'ayinsa na wayar tarho, kuma tare suka gina samfurin wayar farko akan wannan ka'ida - diaphragm mai girgiza a cikin filin na'urar lantarki yana jin daɗin motsi-kamar halin yanzu a cikin da'irar maganadisu. Wannan na'urar tana da ikon watsa wasu muryoyin muryoyin da aka murɗe. Hubbard bai burge na'urar ba kuma ya umurci Bell ya koma ga matsaloli na gaske.
Bell's vestigial gallows wayar tarho daga lokacin rani na 1875
Amma har yanzu Bell ya shawo kan Hubbard da sauran abokan haɗin gwiwar cewa ya kamata a ba da izinin ra'ayin, tunda ana iya amfani da shi a cikin telegraphy multiplex. Kuma idan kun nemi takardar shaidar mallaka, babu wanda zai hana ku ambata a cikinta yiwuwar amfani da na'urar don sadarwar murya. Sannan a cikin Janairu, Bell ya ƙara sabon tsari don samar da motsi na yanzu zuwa daftarin haƙƙin mallaka: juriya mai canzawa. Yana so ya haɗa diaphragm mai jijjiga, wanda ya karɓi sauti, tare da lambar platinum, saukar da shi kuma ya tashi daga akwati tare da acid, wanda akwai wani, lamba ta tsaye. Lokacin da lamba mai motsi ya nutse zurfi, wani yanki mai girma ya shiga cikin hulɗa da acid, wanda ya rage juriya ga halin yanzu da ke gudana tsakanin lambobin sadarwa - kuma akasin haka.
Zane na Bell na ra'ayin mai watsa juriya mai canzawar ruwa
Hubbard, yana sane da cewa Grey yayi zafi akan sheqan Bell, ya aika da aikace-aikacen haƙƙin mallaka na yanzu zuwa ofishin haƙƙin mallaka a safiyar ranar 14 ga Fabrairu, ba tare da jiran tabbaci na ƙarshe daga Bell ba. Kuma da yammacin wannan rana, lauyan Gray ya zo da haƙƙin mallaka. Hakanan yana ƙunshe da tsari don samar da motsin igiyar ruwa ta amfani da juriya mai canjin ruwa. Har ila yau, ya ambaci yuwuwar yin amfani da ƙirƙira don watsa telegraph da murya. Amma ya yi jinkiri na sa'o'i da yawa domin ya tsoma baki tare da haƙƙin mallaka na Bell. Idan da tsarin isowa ya bambanta, da an sami dogon lokaci mai fifiko kafin a ba da takardar shaidar mallaka. Sakamakon haka, a ranar 7 ga Maris, an ba Bell lambar haƙƙin mallaka mai lamba 174, “Ingantattun Ingantattun Labarai,” wanda ya aza ginshiƙan ginshiƙin mamaye tsarin Bell na gaba.
Amma wannan labari mai ban mamaki ba shi da ban tsoro. Domin ranar 14 ga Fabrairu, 1876, Bell ko Grey ba su gina samfurin wayar tarho ba. Babu wanda ya ma gwada wannan, sai ga ɗan taƙaitaccen ƙoƙarin Bell a watan Yulin da ya gabata, wanda babu juriya mai canzawa. Don haka, bai kamata a kalli haƙƙin mallaka a matsayin cibiyoyi a tarihin fasaha ba. Wannan muhimmin lokaci a cikin ci gaban wayar tarho a matsayin kasuwancin kasuwanci ba shi da alaƙa da wayar a matsayin na'ura.
Sai dai bayan mika takardar shaidar ne Bell da Watson suka samu damar komawa wayar tarho, duk da bukatar da Hubbard ke yi na ci gaba da aiki a kan telegraph na multiplex. Bell da Watson sun shafe watanni da yawa suna ƙoƙari su sa ra'ayin juriya mai canzawa ya yi aiki, kuma an yi amfani da wayar da aka gina akan wannan ka'ida don watsa sanannen kalmar: "Mr. Watson, zo nan, ina so in gan ka."
Amma masu ƙirƙira koyaushe suna samun matsala tare da amincin waɗannan masu watsawa. Don haka Bell da Watson sun fara aiki a kan sabbin masu watsawa ta amfani da ka'idar magneto da suka yi gwaji a lokacin rani na 1875 - ta yin amfani da motsi na diaphragm a cikin filin maganadisu don tayar da halin yanzu kai tsaye. Abubuwan amfani sun kasance masu sauƙi da aminci. Lalacewar ita ce ƙarancin ƙarfin siginar wayar ya faru ne sakamakon girgizar iska da muryar mai magana ta haifar. Wannan ya iyakance ingantaccen nisan aiki na mai watsa magneto. Kuma a cikin na'ura mai juriya mai canzawa, muryar ta canza halin yanzu da baturi ya ƙirƙira, wanda za'a iya yin ƙarfi gwargwadon yadda ake so.
Sabbin magnetos sun yi aiki da kyau fiye da na rani na ƙarshe, kuma Gardiner ya yanke shawarar cewa za a iya samun wani abu ga ra'ayin wayar bayan duk. Daga cikin sauran ayyukan, ya yi aiki a kan Kwamitin Baje kolin Ilimi da Kimiyya na Massachusetts don baje kolin Ƙarni na gabatowa. Ya yi amfani da tasirinsa don samun Bell a wani wuri a cikin nunin nuni da gasa inda alkalai ke yin hukunci da abubuwan ƙirƙira na lantarki.
Bell/Watson magneto mai watsawa. Ƙarfe mai girgiza diaphragm D yana motsawa a cikin filin maganadisu na maganadisu H kuma yana faranta da halin yanzu a cikin kewaye.
Mai karɓa
Alƙalan sun zo Bell nan da nan bayan nazarin telegraph na jituwa na Grey. Ya bar su a wurin mai karɓa ya tafi ɗaya daga cikin masu watsawa wanda ke nesa da mita ɗari tare da gallery. Abokan hulɗar Bell sun yi mamakin jin ya na rera waƙa da kalmomi suna fitowa daga cikin ƙaramin akwati. Ɗaya daga cikin alkalan shi ne ɗan'uwan Bell's Scot (wanda daga baya aka ba wa lakabin Lord Kelvin). A cikin farin ciki da farin ciki, ya ruga da gudu ya haye zauren gidan Bell don ya gaya masa cewa ya ji maganarsa, kuma daga baya ya bayyana wayar "abin mamaki da ya gani a Amurka." Sarkin Brazil ma yana wurin, wanda ya fara danna akwatin a kunnensa, sannan ya tashi daga kujerarsa yana ihu: “Na ji, na ji!”
Tallace-tallacen da Bell ya haifar a baje kolin ya sa Edison ya bi ra'ayinsa na watsa tarho a baya. Nan da nan ya kai hari ga babban koma baya na na'urar Bell - mai watsa magneto mai rauni. Daga gwaje-gwajen da ya yi da quadruplex, ya san cewa juriya na kwakwalwan kwal ya canza tare da canje-canje a matsa lamba. Bayan gwaje-gwaje da yawa tare da jeri daban-daban, ya ƙirƙiri mai juriya mai canzawa mai aiki akan wannan ka'ida. Maimakon lamba yana motsawa a cikin ruwa, matsa lamba na muryar mai magana ya matsa maɓallin "maɓallin" carbon, yana canza juriya, sabili da haka ƙarfin halin yanzu a cikin kewaye. Wannan ya kasance mafi aminci da sauƙin aiwatarwa fiye da masu watsa ruwa waɗanda Bell da Grey suka ɗauka, kuma ya kasance muhimmiyar gudummawa ga nasarar tarho na dogon lokaci.
Amma har yanzu Bell shine farkon wanda ya fara yin wayar tarho, duk da fa'idar da ke da fa'ida a cikin gogewa da fasaha da abokan hamayyarsa ke da shi. Shi ne na farko ba don yana da basirar da wasu ba su kai ba - sun kuma yi tunanin wayar, amma sun dauki shi ba shi da mahimmanci idan aka kwatanta da ingantaccen telegraph. Bell shine na farko saboda yana son muryar ɗan adam fiye da telegraph, ta yadda ya bijire wa burin abokan aikinsa har sai ya tabbatar da aikin wayarsa.
Menene game da telegraph mai jituwa, wanda Grey, Edison da Bell suka yi ƙoƙari da tunani sosai? Ya zuwa yanzu babu abin da ya cimma ruwa. Tsayawa na'urar jijjiga a duka ƙarshen waya a daidaitaccen jeri ya tabbatar da wahala sosai, kuma babu wanda ya san yadda ake ƙara siginar da aka haɗa don yin aiki a nesa mai nisa. A tsakiyar karni na 20 ne kawai, bayan fasahar wutar lantarki da ta fara da rediyo ta ba da izinin daidaita mitar mitoci da ƙaramar ƙaramar ƙara, ra'ayin tattara sigina da yawa don watsawa akan waya guda ya zama gaskiya.
Barka da Sallah
Duk da nasarar da wayar ta samu a wurin baje kolin, Hubbard ba ya sha'awar gina tsarin tarho. A cikin hunturu mai zuwa, ya ba da shawara ga William Orton, shugaban Western Union, don siyan duk haƙƙin wayar da ke ƙarƙashin ikon mallakar Bell akan $ 100. Orton ya ƙi, haɗuwa da rashin son Hubbard da makircinsa na telegraph, amincewa da kai, da kuma tasiri. Ayyukan Edison akan wayar tarho da kuma imani cewa wayar, idan aka kwatanta da telegraph, yana nufin kadan. Sauran yunƙurin sayar da ra'ayin wayar ya ci tura, musamman saboda fargabar tsadar tsadar shari'a kan haƙƙin mallaka idan an yi ciniki. Saboda haka, a cikin Yuli 000, Bell da abokansa sun kafa Kamfanin Wayar Hannu don tsara nasu sabis na tarho. A wannan watan, Bell ya auri Mabel Gardiner a gidan danginta, inda ya yi nasara har ta sami albarkar mahaifinta.
Alec tare da matarsa Mabel da ’ya’yansa biyu da suka tsira – ’ya’yansa maza biyu sun mutu tun suna yara (wani 1885)
A shekara mai zuwa, Orton ya canza ra'ayinsa game da wayar tarho kuma ya ƙirƙira nasa kamfani, Kamfanin Watsa Labarun Amurka, yana fatan cewa haƙƙin mallaka na Edison, Grey da sauransu za su kare kamfanin daga hare-haren doka na Bell. Ta zama barazanar mutuwa ga bukatun Bell. Western Union yana da manyan fa'idodi guda biyu. Na farko, manyan albarkatun kuɗi. Kamfanin Bell ya bukaci kudi saboda ya yi hayar kayan aiki ga abokan cinikinsa, wanda ya dauki watanni da yawa kafin ya biya kansa. Na biyu, samun dama ga ingantaccen watsawa Edison. Duk wanda ya kwatanta mai watsa shi da na'urar Bell ba zai iya taimakawa ba sai dai ya lura da ingantaccen haske da ƙarar muryar tsohon. Kamfanin Bell ba shi da wani zaɓi sai dai ya kai ƙarar mai fafatawa da shi don keta haƙƙin mallaka.
Idan Western Union tana da fayyace haƙƙoƙi ga mafi kyawun watsawa kawai da ke akwai, da zai sami ƙarfi mai ƙarfi don cimma yarjejeniya. Amma tawagar Bell sun gano wata takardar shaidar mallakar makamanciyar wannan na'urar, wanda wani Bajamushe ya samu , kuma ya saya. Sai bayan shekaru masu yawa na fadace-fadacen shari'a aka ba da fifikon ikon Edison. Ganin cewa shari'ar ba ta yi nasara ba, a cikin Nuwamba 1879 Western Union ta amince da canja wurin duk haƙƙoƙin haƙƙin mallaka zuwa wayar tarho, kayan aiki, da tushen masu biyan kuɗi (mutane 55) zuwa kamfanin Bell. A musayar, sun nemi kawai kashi 000% na hayar tarho na shekaru 20 masu zuwa, haka kuma Bell ya daina kasuwancin telegraph.
Kamfanin Bell ya maye gurbin na'urorin Bell da sauri tare da ingantattun samfura bisa la'akari da haƙƙin mallaka na Berliner sannan a kan haƙƙin mallaka da aka samu daga Western Union. A lokacin da shari'ar ta ƙare, babban aikin Bell shine shaida a cikin shari'ar haƙƙin mallaka, wanda akwai yalwa. A 1881 ya yi ritaya gaba daya. Kamar Morse, kuma ba kamar Edison ba, shi ba mahaliccin tsarin ba ne. Theodore Vail, manaja mai kuzari wanda Gardiner ya yaudare shi daga sabis ɗin gidan waya, ya karɓi ikon kamfanin kuma ya jagoranci shi zuwa babban matsayi a ƙasar.
Da farko, hanyar sadarwar tarho ta girma da bambanci da hanyar sadarwar telegraph. Ƙarshen ya haɓaka cikin tsalle-tsalle daga wannan cibiyar kasuwanci zuwa waccan, wanda ya kai kilomita 150 a lokaci guda, yana neman mafi girman adadin abokan ciniki masu mahimmanci, sannan kuma yana haɓaka hanyar sadarwa tare da haɗin kai zuwa ƙananan kasuwannin cikin gida. Cibiyoyin sadarwar waya sun girma kamar lu'ulu'u daga ƙananan wuraren haɓakawa, daga ƴan abokan ciniki waɗanda ke cikin gungu masu zaman kansu a kowane birni da kewaye, kuma a hankali, cikin shekaru da yawa, sun haɗu zuwa tsarin yanki da na ƙasa.
Akwai cikas guda biyu ga babban wayar tarho. Da farko, akwai matsalar tazara. Ko da tare da haɓaka masu watsa juriya mai canzawa bisa ra'ayin Edison, kewayon aiki na telegraph da tarho ba ya misaltuwa. Siginar wayar da ta fi rikitarwa ta fi sauƙi ga hayaniya, kuma kayan lantarki na magudanar ruwa ba su da masaniya fiye da na halin yanzu da ake amfani da su a cikin telegraph.
Na biyu, an sami matsalar sadarwa. Wayar Bell ita ce na'urar sadarwa ɗaya-ɗaya; tana iya haɗa maki biyu akan waya ɗaya. Ga telegraph wannan ba matsala ba ne. Ofishi ɗaya na iya yin hidima ga abokan ciniki da yawa, kuma ana iya sarrafa saƙon cikin sauƙi daga ofishin tsakiya akan wani layi. Amma babu wata hanya mai sauƙi don watsa tattaunawar ta wayar tarho. A farkon aiwatar da wayar tarho, mutane na uku da na gaba za su iya haɗawa da mutanen biyu suna magana ta hanyar abin da daga baya za a kira "wayoyin hannu biyu." Wato, idan duk na'urorin masu amfani suna haɗa su zuwa layi ɗaya, to kowannensu yana iya magana (ko eavesd) tare da sauran.
Zamu dawo kan matsalar tazara a lokacin da ya dace. IN Za mu shiga cikin matsalar haɗin gwiwa da sakamakonsa, wanda ya yi tasiri ga ci gaban relays.
Abin da za a karanta
- Robert V. Bruce, Bell: Alexander Graham Bell da cin nasara na kadaici (1973)
- David A. Hounshell, "Elisha Gray da Wayar Waya: A kan Rashin Ƙwarewar Ƙwararru," Fasaha da Al'adu (1975).
- Paul Israel, Edison: Rayuwar Ƙirƙirar (1998)
- George B. Prescott, Wayar Magana, Hoton Hoton Magana, da Sauran Novelties (1878)
source: www.habr.com