Lallai kai, a matsayinka na mai amfani da Bitcoin, Ether ko kowane cryptocurrency, kun damu cewa kowa zai iya ganin adadin tsabar kuɗin da kuke da shi a cikin walat ɗin ku, wanda kuka tura su kuma daga wanda kuka karɓa. Akwai jayayya da yawa game da cryptocurrencies da ba a san su ba, amma abu ɗaya da ba za mu iya sabawa da shi ba shine ta yaya. Manajan aikin Monero Riccardo Spagni a shafinsa na Twitter: "Idan ba na son mai karbar kudi a babban kanti ya san adadin kudin da nake da shi akan ma'auni na da abin da nake kashewa?"
A cikin wannan labarin za mu dubi fannin fasaha na rashin sani - yadda suke yin shi, da kuma ba da taƙaitaccen bayani game da mafi mashahuri hanyoyin, ribobi da fursunoni.
A yau akwai kusan dozin dozin blockchain waɗanda ke ba da izinin ma'amalolin da ba a san su ba. A lokaci guda kuma, ga wasu, ɓoye bayanan canja wuri ya zama tilas, ga wasu kuma zaɓin zaɓi ne, wasu suna ɓoye kawai adireshi da masu karɓa, wasu kuma ba sa ƙyale ɓangare na uku su ga ko da adadin canja wurin. Kusan duk fasahohin da muke la'akari suna ba da cikakkiyar ɓoyewa-mai kallo a waje ba zai iya tantance ko dai ma'auni, masu karɓa, ko tarihin ciniki ba. Amma bari mu fara bitar mu da ɗaya daga cikin majagaba a wannan fanni don gano juyin halittar hanyoyin da ba a bayyana sunansu ba.
A halin yanzu ana iya raba fasahohin ɓoye bayanan da ake da su zuwa ƙungiyoyi biyu: waɗanda ke kan haɗawa - inda aka haɗe tsabar kuɗin da aka yi amfani da su da wasu tsabar kudi daga blockchain - da fasahohin da ke amfani da hujjjoji bisa manyan ƙima. Na gaba, za mu mai da hankali kan kowane ɗayan waɗannan rukunin kuma mu yi la'akari da fa'idodi da rashin amfaninsu.
Kneading tushen
SzarinCin
baya ɓoye sunan fassarorin mai amfani, amma yana dagula bin su. Amma mun yanke shawarar haɗa wannan fasaha a cikin nazarinmu, tun da yake yana ɗaya daga cikin yunƙurin farko na ƙara matakin sirri na ma'amaloli akan hanyar sadarwar Bitcoin. Wannan fasaha tana jan hankali cikin sauƙi kuma baya buƙatar canza ƙa'idodin hanyar sadarwa, don haka ana iya amfani dashi cikin sauƙi a cikin blockchain da yawa.
Ya dogara ne akan ra'ayi mai sauƙi - menene idan masu amfani suka shiga kuma suna biyan kuɗin su a cikin ma'amala guda ɗaya? Ya bayyana cewa idan Arnold Schwarzenegger da Barack Obama sun shiga kuma suka biya biyu ga Charlie Sheen da Donald Trump a cikin wata ma'amala guda ɗaya, to yana da wuya a fahimci wanda ya ba da kuɗin yakin neman zaben Trump - Arnold ko Barack.
Amma daga babban fa'idar CoinJoin ya zo babban rashin amfaninsa - rashin tsaro. A yau, akwai riga da hanyoyin da za a gane ma'amaloli na CoinJoin a cikin hanyar sadarwa da daidaita saitin bayanai zuwa saitin abubuwan da aka samo ta hanyar kwatanta adadin tsabar kudi da aka kashe da kuma samar da su. Misali na kayan aiki don irin wannan bincike shine .
Sakamakon:
• Sauƙi
Fursunoni:
• Nuna hackability
Monero
Ƙungiya ta farko da ta taso lokacin da aka ji kalmomin "cryptocurrency wanda ba a san shi ba" shine Monero. Wannan tsabar kwanciyar hankalin sa da sirrinsa a ƙarƙashin maƙasudin ayyukan leƙen asiri:
A daya daga cikin kwanan nan Mun bayyana ka'idar Monero dalla-dalla, kuma a yau za mu taƙaita abin da aka faɗa.
A cikin ka'idar Monero, kowane kayan aiki da aka kashe a cikin ma'amala yana haɗe da aƙalla 11 (a lokacin rubutawa) abubuwan da aka bazu daga blockchain, ta haka yana rikitar da jadawalin canja wurin hanyar sadarwa tare da sanya aikin bin diddigin ma'amaloli da ƙima. An sanya hannu kan shigarwar da aka haɗa tare da sa hannu na zobe, wanda ke ba da tabbacin cewa sa hannun wanda ya mallaki ɗaya daga cikin gauraye tsabar kudi ne ya ba da sa hannun, amma ba zai yiwu a tantance wanene ba.
Don ɓoye masu karɓa, kowane sabon tsabar kudin da aka ƙirƙira yana amfani da adireshi na lokaci ɗaya, yana sa ba zai yuwu ga mai kallo ba (da wahala kamar karya maɓallan ɓoyewa, ba shakka) don haɗa duk wani fitarwa tare da adireshin jama'a. Kuma tun Satumba 2017, Monero ya fara goyan bayan yarjejeniya (CT) tare da wasu ƙari, don haka kuma yana ɓoye adadin canja wurin. Bayan ɗan lokaci, masu haɓaka cryptocurrency sun maye gurbin sa hannun Borromean tare da Bulletproofs, wanda hakan ya rage girman ciniki.
Sakamakon:
• An gwada lokaci
• Sauƙi na dangi
Fursunoni:
• Ƙirƙirar shaida da tabbatarwa yana da hankali fiye da ZK-SNARKs da ZK-STARKs
• Ba ya jure wa hacking ta amfani da kwamfutoci masu yawa
Mimblewimble
An ƙirƙira Mimblewimble (MW) azaman fasaha mai ƙima don ɓoye bayanan canja wuri akan hanyar sadarwar Bitcoin, amma ya sami aiwatar da shi azaman blockchain mai zaman kansa. Ana amfani dashi a cikin cryptocurrencies и .
MW sananne ne saboda ba shi da adireshi na jama'a, kuma don aika ma'amala, masu amfani suna musayar kayan aiki kai tsaye, don haka kawar da ikon mai kallo na waje don nazarin canja wurin daga mai karɓa zuwa mai karɓa.
Don ɓoye jimlar bayanai da abubuwan da aka fitar, ana amfani da ƙa'idar gama gari da Greg Maxwell ya gabatar a cikin 2015 - (CT). Wato, an ɓoye adadin adadin (ko kuma a maimakon haka, ana amfani da su ), kuma maimakon su hanyar sadarwa tana aiki tare da abin da ake kira alkawurra. Don ma'amala da za a yi la'akari da inganci, adadin tsabar kuɗin da aka kashe da samarwa tare da hukumar dole ne ya zama daidai. Tunda hanyar sadarwar ba ta aiki kai tsaye tare da lambobi, ana tabbatar da daidaito ta amfani da ma'auni na waɗannan alkawuran guda ɗaya, wanda ake kira ƙaddamarwa zuwa sifili.
A cikin CT na asali, don ba da garantin rashin daidaituwa na dabi'u (abin da ake kira tabbacin iyaka), suna amfani da Sa hannu na Borromean ( sa hannu na zoben Borromean), wanda ya ɗauki sarari da yawa a cikin blockchain (kimanin kilobytes 6 a kowace fitarwa). ). Dangane da haka, rashin amfani da kudaden da ba a san su ba ta amfani da wannan fasaha ya haɗa da girman girman ciniki, amma yanzu sun yanke shawarar yin watsi da waɗannan sa hannun don neman ƙarin fasahar fasaha - Bulletproofs.
Babu wani ra'ayi na ciniki a cikin MW block kanta, akwai kawai abubuwan da aka kashe da kuma samar da su a ciki. Babu ciniki - babu matsala!
Don hana ɓoye sunan ɗan takarar canja wuri a matakin aika ma'amala zuwa cibiyar sadarwar, ana amfani da yarjejeniya , wanda ke amfani da sarkar proxy nodes na cibiyar sadarwa na tsawon sabani wanda ke watsa ma'amala ga juna kafin a zahiri rarraba shi ga duk mahalarta, don haka ya toshe yanayin ciniki cikin hanyar sadarwar.
Sakamakon:
• Ƙananan girman blockchain
• Sauƙi na dangi
Fursunoni:
• Ƙirƙirar shaida da tabbatarwa yana da hankali fiye da ZK-SNARKs da ZK-STARKs
• Taimakawa ga fasali kamar rubutun rubutu da sa hannu da yawa yana da wahalar aiwatarwa
• Ba ya jure wa hacking ta amfani da kwamfutoci masu yawa
Hujjoji akan polynomials
ZK-SNARKs
Ƙididdigar sunan wannan fasaha yana nufin " Takaitaccen Hujjar Ilimin da ba ta hulɗa da juna ba, wacce za a iya fassara ta a matsayin “Takaitacciyar hujjar sifili mara ma’amala.” Ya zama ci gaba na ka'idar zerocoin, wanda ya ƙara canzawa zuwa zerocash kuma an fara aiwatar da shi a cikin cryptocurrency na Zcash.
Gabaɗaya, shaidar sifili na ba da damar wata ƙungiya ta tabbatar wa wani gaskiyar wasu bayanan lissafi ba tare da bayyana wani bayani game da shi ba. A cikin yanayin cryptocurrencies, ana amfani da irin waɗannan hanyoyin don tabbatar da cewa, alal misali, ma'amala ba ta samar da tsabar kudi fiye da yadda take kashewa ba, ba tare da bayyana adadin canja wuri ba.
ZK-SNARKs yana da wuyar fahimta, kuma zai ɗauki labarin fiye da ɗaya don bayyana yadda yake aiki. A shafin hukuma na Zcash, kudin farko da ke aiwatar da wannan ka'ida, an keɓe bayanin aikinsa . Don haka, a cikin wannan babin za mu taƙaita kanmu ga kwatanci na zahiri kawai.
Yin amfani da algebra polynomials, ZK-SNARKs ya tabbatar da cewa mai aikawa da biyan kuɗi ya mallaki tsabar kuɗin da yake kashewa kuma adadin kuɗin da aka kashe bai wuce adadin kuɗin da aka samar ba.
An ƙirƙiri wannan ƙa'idar ne da nufin rage girman shaidar ingancin magana tare da hanzarta tabbatar da ita. Ee, a cewar Zooko Wilcox, Shugaba na Zcash, girman shaidar baiti 200 ne kawai, kuma ana iya tabbatar da daidaitonsa a cikin miliyon 10. Haka kuma, a cikin sabuwar sigar Zcash, masu haɓakawa sun sami nasarar rage lokacin samar da hujja zuwa kusan daƙiƙa biyu.
Duk da haka, kafin amfani da wannan fasaha, ana buƙatar tsarin saitin amintacciyar hanyar saiti na "labaran jama'a", wanda ake kira "biki" (). Duk wahalar ita ce yayin shigar da waɗannan sigogi, babu wata ƙungiya da ke da wasu maɓallan sirri da suka rage musu, wanda ake kira "sharar gida mai guba", in ba haka ba za ta iya samar da sabbin tsabar kudi. Za ka iya koyi yadda wannan hanya faruwa daga video on .
Sakamakon:
• Ƙananan girman shaida
• Tabbatarwa da sauri
• Ƙirƙirar hujja mai sauri
Fursunoni:
Haɗaɗɗen hanya don saita sigogi na jama'a
• Sharar gida mai guba
• Dangantakar hadaddun fasaha
• Ba ya jure wa hacking ta amfani da kwamfutoci masu yawa
ZK-STARKs
Marubutan fasahohi guda biyu na ƙarshe sun kware wajen yin wasa da gajarta, kuma gajarce na gaba tana nufin “Harkokin Fassarar Ilimin Sifili-Knowledge.” An yi nufin wannan hanyar don magance gazawar ZK-SNARKs a wancan lokacin: buƙatar amintaccen saiti na sigogin jama'a, kasancewar sharar gida mai guba, rashin kwanciyar hankali na cryptography zuwa shiga ba tare da izini ba ta amfani da ƙididdiga na ƙididdigewa, da rashin isassun ƙayyadaddun shaida mai sauri. Koyaya, masu haɓaka ZK-SNARK sun magance koma baya na ƙarshe.
ZK-STARKs kuma suna amfani da hujjojin da suka dogara da yawa. Fasahar ba ta amfani da bayanan sirri na jama'a, dogaro maimakon hashing da ka'idar watsawa. Kawar da waɗannan hanyoyin ɓoye bayanan yana sa fasaha ta juriya ga ƙididdiga masu yawa. Amma wannan ya zo a farashi - tabbacin zai iya kaiwa kilobytes ɗari da yawa a girman.
A halin yanzu, ZK-STARK ba shi da aiwatarwa a cikin kowane nau'in cryptocurrencies, amma yana wanzuwa kawai azaman ɗakin karatu. . Koyaya, masu haɓakawa suna da tsare-tsare don shi waɗanda suka wuce blockchain (a cikin su marubutan sun ba da misalin shaidar DNA a cikin bayanan 'yan sanda). Don wannan dalili an halicce shi , wanda a karshen 2018 ya tattara zuba jari daga manyan kamfanoni a cikin masana'antu.
Kuna iya karanta ƙarin game da yadda ZK-STARK ke aiki a cikin abubuwan Vitalik Buterin (, , ).
Sakamakon:
• Juriya ga hacking ta kwamfutoci masu yawa
• Ƙirƙirar hujja mai sauri
• Tabbatar da hujja mai sauri
• Babu sharar gida mai guba
Fursunoni:
• Rukunin fasaha
• Babban girman hujja
ƙarshe
Blockchain da haɓakar buƙatar ɓoye suna haifar da sabbin buƙatu akan cryptography. Don haka, reshe na cryptography wanda ya samo asali a tsakiyar 1980s-hujja-hujja-ilimi-an sake cika shi da sabbin hanyoyin haɓakawa a cikin ƴan shekaru kaɗan.
Don haka, jirgin tunanin kimiyya ya sa CoinJoin ya daina aiki, kuma MimbleWimble ya zama sabo mai ban sha'awa tare da sabbin ra'ayoyi. Monero ya kasance ƙwaƙƙwarar katafaren tsaro a tsare sirrinmu. Kuma SNARKs da STARKs, kodayake suna da gazawa, suna iya zama jagorori a fagen. Wataƙila a cikin shekaru masu zuwa, abubuwan da muka nuna a cikin shafi na "Cons" na kowace fasaha za su zama marasa mahimmanci.
source: www.habr.com