Digital Substation wani yanayi ne a fannin makamashi. Idan kun kasance kusa da batun, to tabbas kun ji cewa ana watsa bayanai masu yawa a cikin nau'i na rafukan multicast. Amma kun san yadda ake sarrafa waɗannan rafukan da yawa? Wadanne kayan aikin sarrafa kwarara ne ake amfani da su? Menene takaddun tsari ke ba da shawara?
Duk wanda ke sha'awar fahimtar wannan batu yana maraba da cat!
Ta yaya ake watsa bayanai akan hanyar sadarwa kuma me yasa sarrafa rafukan watsa labarai da yawa?
Kafin matsawa kai tsaye zuwa Digital Substation da nuances na gina LAN, Ina ba da taƙaitaccen shirin ilimantarwa akan nau'ikan canja wurin bayanai da ka'idojin canja wurin bayanai don yin aiki tare da rafukan multicast. Mun boye shirin ilmantarwa a karkashin mai lalata.
Nau'in canja wurin bayanai
Nau'in zirga-zirga akan LAN
Akwai nau'ikan canja wurin bayanai guda huɗu:
- Watsa shirye-shirye - watsa shirye-shirye.
- Unicast – saƙo tsakanin na'urori biyu.
- Multicast – aika saƙonni zuwa takamaiman ƙungiyar na'urori.
- Unknown Unicast – watsa shirye-shirye tare da burin nemo na'ura ɗaya.
Domin kada mu rikita katunan, bari mu ɗan yi magana game da sauran nau'ikan watsa bayanai guda uku kafin mu ci gaba zuwa multicast.
Da farko, bari mu tuna cewa a cikin LAN, yin magana tsakanin na'urori ana yin su ne bisa adiresoshin MAC. Duk wani sako da aka aika yana da filayen SRC MAC da DST MAC.
SRC MAC – tushen MAC – adireshin MAC mai aikawa.
DST MAC – MAC manufa – adireshin MAC mai karɓa.
Maɓallin yana aika saƙonni dangane da waɗannan filayen. Yana duba DST MAC, ya same shi a cikin teburin adireshin MAC, kuma ya aika da sako zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa da aka jera a cikin tebur. Yana kuma kallon SRC MAC. Idan babu irin wannan adireshin MAC a cikin tebur, to, an ƙara sabon "adireshin MAC - tashar jiragen ruwa".
Yanzu bari mu yi magana dalla-dalla game da nau'ikan canja wurin bayanai.
Babu
Unicast shine watsa adireshi na saƙonni tsakanin na'urori biyu. Mahimmanci, wannan shine canja wurin bayanai aya-zuwa aya. A wasu kalmomi, na'urori biyu koyaushe suna amfani da Unicast don sadarwa tare da juna.
watsa zirga-zirgar Unicast
Watsa
Watsa shirye-shiryen saƙo ne na watsa shirye-shirye. Wadancan. watsa shirye-shirye, lokacin da na'ura ɗaya ke aika sako zuwa duk sauran na'urorin da ke kan hanyar sadarwa.
Don aika saƙon watsa shirye-shirye, mai aikawa ya ƙayyade adireshin MAC na DST FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF.
Watsa shirye-shiryen watsa labarai
Unicast ba a sani ba
Unknown Unicast, a kallon farko, yayi kama da Watsa shirye-shirye. Amma akwai bambanci tsakanin su - ana aika saƙon zuwa duk mahalarta cibiyar sadarwa, amma an yi nufin kawai don na'ura ɗaya. Kamar sako ne a cibiyar kasuwanci yana neman ka sake fakin motarka. Kowa zai ji wannan sakon, amma daya ne kawai zai amsa.
Lokacin da maɓalli ya karɓi firam kuma ba zai iya samun Mac ɗin Makomar daga gare ta a cikin tebur adireshin MAC ba, kawai yana watsa wannan saƙon zuwa duk tashar jiragen ruwa sai wanda ya karɓa daga gare shi. Na'ura ɗaya ce kawai za ta amsa irin wannan aika aika.
Isar da zirga-zirgar Unicast da ba a sani ba
Multicast
Multicast shine aika saƙo zuwa rukunin na'urori waɗanda "so" don karɓar wannan bayanan. Yayi kama da na'urar yanar gizo. Ana watsa shi a cikin Intanet, amma mutanen da ke sha'awar wannan batu ne kawai ke haɗuwa da shi.
Wannan samfurin canja wurin bayanai ana kiransa "Mawallafi - Mai biyan kuɗi". Akwai Mawallafi guda ɗaya da ke aika bayanai kuma masu biyan kuɗi waɗanda suke son samun wannan bayanan suna yin rajista da shi.
Tare da watsa shirye-shiryen multicast, ana aika saƙon daga na'urar gaske. Tushen MAC a cikin firam shine MAC na mai aikawa. Amma Destination MAC adireshin kama-da-wane ne.
Dole ne na'urar ta haɗa zuwa ƙungiyar don karɓar bayanai daga gare ta. Maɓallin yana jujjuya bayanan da ke gudana tsakanin na'urori - yana tuna waɗanne tashar jiragen ruwa ne aka watsa bayanan kuma ya san waɗanne tashar jiragen ruwa ya kamata a aika wannan bayanan.
Isar da zirga-zirgar Multicast
Wani muhimmin batu shi ne cewa ana amfani da adiresoshin IP a matsayin ƙungiyoyi masu kama da juna, amma tun da ... Tun da wannan labarin shine game da makamashi, zamuyi magana game da adiresoshin MAC. A cikin IEC 61850 dangin ladabi waɗanda ake amfani da su don Digital Substation, rarrabuwa zuwa ƙungiyoyi yana dogara ne akan adiresoshin MAC.
Takaitaccen shirin ilimi game da adireshin MAC
Adireshin MAC darajar 48-bit ne wanda ke gano na'ura ta musamman. An kasu kashi 6 octets. Octets uku na farko sun ƙunshi bayanan masana'anta. Octets 4, 5 da 6 an sanya su ta masana'anta kuma sune lambar na'urar.
Tsarin adireshin MAC
A cikin octet na farko, bit na takwas yana ƙayyade ko saƙon bai kasance unicast ko multicast ba. Idan bit na takwas shine 0, to wannan adireshin MAC shine adireshin ainihin na'urar jiki.
Kuma idan na takwas bit ne 1, to wannan MAC address ne kama-da-wane. Wato, wannan adireshin MAC baya cikin na'urar zahiri ta zahiri, amma ga rukunin kama-da-wane.
Ana iya kwatanta ƙungiyar kama-da-wane da hasumiya ta watsa shirye-shirye. Kamfanin rediyon yana watsa wasu wakoki zuwa wannan hasumiya, kuma masu son sauraren ta suna kunna na'urar ta yadda ake so.
Hakanan, alal misali, kyamarar bidiyo ta IP tana aika bayanai zuwa rukunin kama-da-wane, kuma waɗannan na'urorin da ke son karɓar wannan bayanan suna haɗawa da wannan rukunin.
Kashi na takwas na farkon octet na adireshin MAC
Idan ba a kunna goyan bayan multicast akan sauya ba, to zai fahimci rafin multicast a matsayin watsa shirye-shirye. Dangane da haka, idan akwai irin waɗannan kwararar ruwa da yawa, za mu hanzarta toshe hanyar sadarwa tare da zirga-zirgar “takalma”.
Menene ma'anar multicast?
Babban ra'ayin multicast shine cewa kawai kwafin zirga-zirgar ababen hawa ne aka aika daga na'urar. Maɓallin yana ƙayyade ko wane tashar jiragen ruwa masu biyan kuɗi ke kunne kuma yana watsa bayanai daga mai aikawa zuwa gare su. Don haka, multicast yana ba ku damar rage bayanan da ake watsawa ta hanyar sadarwar.
Ta yaya wannan ke aiki akan ainihin LAN?
A bayyane yake cewa bai isa ba kawai a aika kwafin zirga-zirgar guda ɗaya zuwa wasu adireshin MAC wanda kashi takwas na octet na farko shine 1. Masu biyan kuɗi dole ne su sami damar haɗi zuwa wannan rukunin. Kuma masu sauyawa dole ne su fahimci daga wadanne bayanai na tashar jiragen ruwa suke zuwa da kuma wadanne tashoshin jiragen ruwa ya kamata a watsa su. Sai kawai multicast zai ba da damar haɓaka cibiyoyin sadarwa da sarrafa kwarara.
Don aiwatar da wannan aikin, akwai ka'idojin multicast. Mafi na kowa:
- IGMP.
- PIM.
A cikin wannan labarin, za mu yi magana tagentially game da gaba ɗaya tsarin aiki na waɗannan ka'idoji.
IGMP
Maɓalli mai kunna IGMP yana tuna wace tashar tashar rafi multicast ya zo. Dole ne masu biyan kuɗi su aika saƙon haɗin gwiwa na IMGP don shiga ƙungiyar. Maɓallin yana ƙara tashar jiragen ruwa wanda IGMP Join ya zo cikin jerin hanyoyin sadarwa na ƙasa kuma ya fara watsa rafi mai yawa a can. Maɓallin yana ci gaba da aika saƙonnin tambayar IGMP zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa na ƙasa don bincika ko yana buƙatar ci gaba da watsa bayanai. Idan an karɓi saƙon barin IGMP daga tashar jiragen ruwa ko kuma babu amsa ga saƙon tambayar IGMP, to ana daina watsawa zuwa gare shi.
PIM
Ka'idar PIM tana da aiwatarwa guda biyu:
- Farashin DM.
- Farashin SM.
Ka'idar PIM DM tana aiki a baya na IGMP. Canjin da farko yana aika rafin multicast a matsayin watsa shirye-shirye zuwa duk tashoshin jiragen ruwa sai wanda aka karɓa daga gare shi. Sannan yana hana magudanar ruwa a waɗancan tashoshin jiragen ruwa waɗanda saƙon ya fito cewa ba a buƙata.
PIM SM yana aiki kusa da IGMP.
Don taƙaita ƙa'idar aikin multicast gabaɗaya - Mawallafin yana aika rafi mai yawa zuwa takamaiman rukunin MAC, masu biyan kuɗi suna aika buƙatun don haɗawa zuwa wannan rukunin, masu sauyawa suna sarrafa waɗannan rafukan.
Me yasa muka wuce multicast a sama? Bari mu yi magana game da ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun kayan aikin dijital na LAN don fahimtar wannan.
Menene Substation na Dijital kuma me yasa ake buƙatar multicast a wurin?
Kafin yin magana game da Digital Substation LAN, kuna buƙatar fahimtar mene ne Substation Digital. Sannan amsa tambayoyin:
- Wanene ke da hannu a canja wurin bayanai?
- Wadanne bayanai aka canjawa wuri zuwa LAN?
- Menene tsarin gine-ginen LAN na yau da kullun?
Kuma bayan haka tattauna multicast ...
Menene Substation na Dijital?
Digital Substation tashar ne wanda duk tsarin ke da babban matakin sarrafa kansa. Duk kayan aikin sakandare da na farko na irin wannan tashar suna mai da hankali kan watsa bayanan dijital. An gina musayar bayanai daidai da ka'idojin watsawa da aka bayyana a cikin ma'aunin IEC 61850.
Saboda haka, ana watsa duk bayanai ta hanyar lambobi anan:
- Ma'auni.
- Bayanin bincike.
- Umarnin sarrafawa.
Wannan yanayin ya sami babban ci gaba a fannin makamashi na Rasha kuma yanzu ana aiwatar da shi a ko'ina. A cikin 2019 da 2020, takaddun tsari da yawa sun bayyana suna tsara ƙirƙirar Substation na Dijital a duk matakan haɓakawa. Misali, STO 34.01-21-004-2019 PJSC "Rosseti" yana bayyana ma'anar ma'anar da ma'auni na cibiyar sabis na tsakiya:
Ma'ana:
Gidan tashar dijital tasha ce mai sarrafa kansa sanye take da bayanan dijital da tsarin sarrafawa da ke mu'amala a cikin yanayin lokaci guda kuma yana aiki ba tare da kasancewar ma'aikata na dindindin ba.
Ma'auni:
- m lura da sigogi da kuma aiki halaye na kayan aiki da kuma tsarin zama dole ga al'ada aiki ba tare da m kasancewar aiki da kuma tabbatar da aiki ma'aikata;
- samar da tarho na kayan aiki da tsarin don aiki da tashar tashar ba tare da kasancewar ma'aikatan aiki da kulawa akai-akai ba;
- babban matakin sarrafa kayan aiki da sarrafa tsarin ta hanyar amfani da tsarin sarrafawa na hankali don yanayin aiki na kayan aiki da tsarin;
- sarrafa nesa na duk hanyoyin fasaha a cikin yanayin lokaci guda;
- musayar bayanan dijital tsakanin duk tsarin fasaha a cikin tsari guda;
- haɗin kai a cikin hanyar sadarwar lantarki da tsarin gudanarwa na kasuwanci, da kuma tabbatar da hulɗar dijital tare da ƙungiyoyi masu dacewa (tare da kayan aiki masu dangantaka);
- tsaro na aiki da bayanai a lokacin dijital na hanyoyin fasaha;
- ci gaba da saka idanu kan yanayin babban kayan fasaha da tsarin kan layi tare da watsa adadin da ake buƙata na bayanan dijital, sigogi masu sarrafawa da sigina.
Wanene ke da hannu a canja wurin bayanai?
Mai Rarraba Dijital ya haɗa da tsare-tsare masu zuwa:
- Tsarukan kariyar watsa labarai. Kariyar relay a zahiri ita ce "zuciya" na Kamfanin Sadarwar Dijital. Tashoshin kariya na Relay suna ɗaukar ƙimar halin yanzu da ƙarfin lantarki daga tsarin aunawa. Dangane da wannan bayanan, tashoshi suna aiki da dabarun kariya na ciki. Tashoshi suna sadarwa da juna don watsa bayanai game da kariyar da aka kunna, matsayin na'urori masu sauyawa, da sauransu. Tashoshin kuma suna aika bayanai game da abubuwan da suka faru zuwa uwar garken ICS. Gabaɗaya, ana iya bambanta nau'ikan sadarwa da yawa:
▸Haɗin kai tsaye – sadarwa tsakanin tashoshi.
▸Haɗin kai tsaye - sadarwa tare da uwar garken tsarin sarrafa tsari mai sarrafa kansa.
▸Ma'aunai - sadarwa tare da na'urorin aunawa.
- Tsarin auna wutar lantarki na kasuwanci.Tsarin awo na tsare suna sadarwa kawai tare da na'urorin aunawa.
- Tsarin sarrafawa na aikawa.Ya kamata a aika da bayanan ɓangarori daga uwar garken tsarin sarrafa tsari mai sarrafa kansa kuma daga uwar garken lissafin kasuwanci zuwa cibiyar kulawa.
Wannan sigar sauƙaƙan tsarin tsarin da ke musayar bayanai a zaman wani ɓangare na Rukunin Rukunin Dijital. Idan kuna sha'awar zurfafa zurfin cikin wannan batu, rubuta a cikin sharhi.
Zamu baku labarin wannan daban 😉
Wadanne bayanai aka canjawa wuri zuwa LAN?
Don haɗa tsarin da aka kwatanta da juna da kuma tsara sadarwa a kwance da tsaye, da kuma canja wurin ma'auni, an shirya bass. A yanzu, bari mu yarda cewa kowace bas daban ce kawai LAN akan maɓallan Ethernet na masana'antu.
Toshe zane na wurin wutar lantarki daidai da IEC 61850
Tsarin toshe yana nuna tayoyin:
- Kulawa / Sarrafa.
- Isar da siginonin kariyar watsa labarai.
- Wayar da wutar lantarki da igiyoyin ruwa nan take.
Tashoshin watsa labarai na kariya suna shiga cikin sadarwa a kwance da tsaye kuma suna amfani da ma'auni, don haka an haɗa su da duk motocin bas.
Ta hanyar bas ɗin "Cikin isar da siginar kariyar relay", tashoshi suna watsa bayanai a tsakanin su. Wadancan. anan ana aiwatar da haɗin kai a kwance.
Ana aiwatar da watsa ma'auni ta hanyar bas ɗin "Sadar da ƙimar ƙimar ƙarfin lantarki da igiyoyi". Na'urorin aunawa - na yanzu da na'urorin wutar lantarki, da kuma tashoshin kariya na relay - suna haɗe da wannan bas.
Hakanan, uwar garken ASKUE yana da alaƙa da bas ɗin "Maɗaukakin ƙimar ƙimar ƙarfin lantarki da igiyoyin ruwa", wanda kuma yana ɗaukar ma'auni don lissafin kuɗi.
Kuma bas ɗin "Monitoring/Control" yana aiki don sadarwa a tsaye. Wadancan. ta hanyar ta, tashoshi suna aika abubuwa daban-daban zuwa uwar garken ICS, sabar kuma tana aika umarnin sarrafawa zuwa tashoshi.
Daga uwar garken tsarin sarrafa tsari mai sarrafa kansa, ana aika bayanai zuwa cibiyar sarrafawa.
Menene tsarin gine-ginen LAN na yau da kullun?
Bari mu ci gaba daga zane mai ma'ana kuma na al'ada zuwa mafi na yau da kullun da abubuwa na gaske.
Hoton da ke ƙasa yana nuna daidaitaccen tsarin gine-ginen LAN na Digital Substation.
Digital Substation Architecture
A 6 kV ko 35 kV substations cibiyar sadarwa zai zama mafi sauki, amma idan muna magana ne game da substations na 110 kV, 220 kV kuma mafi girma, kazalika da LAN na ikon tashoshin, da gine-gine zai dace da wanda aka nuna.
Ginin gine-gine ya kasu kashi uku:
- Matsayin tashar / tashar tashar.
- Matsayin shiga.
- Matsayin tsari.
Matsayin tashar / tashar tashar ya haɗa da wuraren aiki da sabar.
Matsayin shiga ya haɗa da duk kayan aikin fasaha.
Matsayin tsari ya haɗa da kayan aunawa.
Hakanan akwai motocin bas guda biyu don haɗa matakan:
- Tasha / tashar bas.
- Hanyar bas.
Bus ɗin tasha/tasha yana haɗa ayyukan bas ɗin “Sabida/Sarrafa” da kuma bas ɗin “Sakon Siginar Kariya”. Kuma bas ɗin tsari yana aiwatar da ayyukan bas ɗin "Sadar da wutar lantarki ta gaggawa da ƙimar halin yanzu".
Siffofin watsa Multicast a cikin Ma'aikatar Dijital
Wadanne bayanai ake watsa ta amfani da multicast?
Ana aiwatar da sadarwa ta kai tsaye da watsa ma'auni a cikin Rukunin Dijital ta amfani da gine-ginen Mawallafi-Subscriber. Wadancan. Tashoshin kariya na Relay suna amfani da rafukan watsa labarai da yawa don musayar saƙonni a tsakanin su, kuma ana watsa ma'auni ta amfani da multicast.
Kafin tashar dijital a cikin sashin makamashi, an aiwatar da sadarwa a kwance ta amfani da sadarwar batu-zuwa tsakanin tashoshi. An yi amfani da tagulla ko na USB na gani azaman hanyar sadarwa. An watsa bayanai ta amfani da ka'idojin mallakar mallaka.
An gabatar da buƙatu masu yawa akan wannan haɗin, saboda waɗannan tashoshi suna watsa siginar kunna kariya, matsayi na na'urori masu sauyawa, da sauransu. Algorithm don aikin toshe tashoshi ya dogara da wannan bayanin.
Idan ana watsa bayanai a hankali ko ba a tabbatar da su ba, akwai yuwuwar cewa ɗaya daga cikin tashoshi ba zai karɓi sabbin bayanai game da halin da ake ciki ba kuma yana iya aika sigina don kashe ko kunna na'urar idan, alal misali. , ana gudanar da wasu ayyuka a kai. Ko gazawar gazawar ba za ta yi aiki cikin lokaci ba kuma gajeriyar kewayawa za ta yadu zuwa sauran na'urorin lantarki. Duk wannan yana cike da asarar kuɗi masu yawa da kuma barazana ga rayuwar ɗan adam.
Don haka, dole ne a watsa bayanan:
- Abin dogaro.
- Garanti.
- Mai sauri.
Yanzu, maimakon sadarwa ta hanyar kai tsaye, ana amfani da tashar bas / tashar bas, watau. LAN. Kuma ana watsa bayanan ta amfani da ka'idar GOOSE, wanda aka kwatanta ta daidaitattun IEC 61850 (a cikin IEC 61850-8-1, don zama daidai).
GOOSE yana tsaye ne ga Babban Abun Kan Gabaɗaya, amma wannan ƙaddamarwa ba ta da dacewa sosai kuma baya ɗaukar kowane nau'i na ma'ana.
A matsayin wani ɓangare na wannan ƙa'idar, tashoshin kariya na relay suna musayar saƙonnin GOOSE da juna.
Canja wurin sadarwa daga batu-zuwa-aya zuwa LAN bai canza tsarin ba. Har yanzu yana buƙatar watsa bayanai cikin dogaro, amintacce da sauri. Don haka, saƙonnin GOOSE suna amfani da tsarin watsa bayanai da ba a saba ba. Karin bayani game da shi daga baya.
Ma'aunai, kamar yadda muka riga muka tattauna, ana kuma watsa su ta amfani da rafukan watsa labarai da yawa. A cikin kalmomin DSP, waɗannan rafukan ana kiran su SV streams (Sampled Value).
Rafukan SV saƙonni ne masu ƙunshe da takamaiman saitin bayanai kuma ana watsa su gabaɗaya tare da takamaiman lokaci. Kowane saƙo yana ɗauke da ma'auni a takamaiman lokaci. Ana ɗaukar ma'auni a wani ƙayyadadden mita - mitar samfur.
Mitar samfur shine mitar samfur na sigina mai ci gaba da lokaci yayin yin samfurin.
Adadin samfur 80 a sakan daya
An kwatanta abun da ke tattare da rafukan SV a cikin IEC61850-9-2 LE.
Ana watsa rafukan SV ta hanyar bas ɗin tsari.
Bas ɗin tsari hanyar sadarwa ce wacce ke ba da musayar bayanai tsakanin na'urorin aunawa da na'urorin matakin haɗin gwiwa. Dokokin musayar bayanai (matsakaicin halin yanzu da ƙimar ƙarfin lantarki) an bayyana su a cikin ma'aunin IEC 61850-9-2 (a halin yanzu ana amfani da bayanan IEC 61850-9-2 LE).
Dole ne a watsa rafukan SV, kamar saƙon GOOSE, da sauri. Idan ana watsa ma'aunin a hankali, tashoshi na iya ba su sami na yanzu ko ƙarfin lantarki da ake buƙata don jawo kariyar cikin lokaci, kuma gajeriyar kewayawa za ta bazu zuwa babban ɓangaren hanyar sadarwar lantarki kuma ta haifar da babbar lalacewa.
Me yasa multicast ya zama dole?
Kamar yadda aka ambata a sama, don rufe buƙatun watsa bayanai don sadarwa a kwance, GOOSE ana watsa shi da ɗan sabani.
Da fari dai, ana watsa su a matakin haɗin bayanai kuma suna da nasu Ethertype - 0x88b8. Wannan yana tabbatar da ƙimar canja wurin bayanai mai girma.
Yanzu ya zama dole don rufe buƙatun garanti da aminci.
Babu shakka, don tabbatarwa, yana da mahimmanci don fahimtar ko an isar da saƙon, amma ba za mu iya tsara takaddun tabbatar da karɓar ba, kamar yadda, alal misali, ana yin shi a cikin TCP. Wannan zai rage saurin canja wurin bayanai sosai.
Don haka, ana amfani da gine-ginen Mawallafi-Subscriber don watsa GOOSE.
Mawallafi-Subscribe Architecture
Na'urar tana aika saƙon GOOSE zuwa bas ɗin kuma masu biyan kuɗi suna karɓar saƙon. Bugu da ƙari, ana aika saƙon tare da tsayayyen lokaci T0. Idan wani abu ya faru, ana haifar da sabon saƙo, ba tare da la'akari da ko lokacin da ya gabata T0 ya ƙare ko a'a ba. Ana samar da saƙo na gaba tare da sabbin bayanai bayan ɗan gajeren lokaci, sannan bayan ɗan lokaci kaɗan, da sauransu. A sakamakon haka, lokacin yana ƙaruwa zuwa T0.
Ka'idar watsa saƙonnin GOOSE
Mai biyan kuɗi ya san daga wanda yake karɓar saƙonni, kuma idan bai karɓi saƙo daga wani ba bayan lokaci T0, to yana haifar da saƙon kuskure.
Hakanan ana watsa rafukan SV a matakin haɗin gwiwa, suna da nasu Ethertype - 0x88BA kuma ana watsa su bisa ga ƙirar “Mawallafi – Mai biyan kuɗi”.
Nuances na watsa multicast a cikin tashar Dijital
Amma "makamashi" multicast yana da nasa nuances.
Lura 1. GOOSE da SV suna da nasu ƙungiyoyin multicast da aka ayyana
Don multicast "makamashi", ana amfani da ƙungiyoyin rarraba nasu.
A cikin sadarwa, ana amfani da kewayon 224.0.0.0/4 don rarrabawar multicast (tare da keɓancewa da yawa, akwai adiresoshin da aka tanada). Amma ma'aunin IEC 61850 da kansa da IEC 61850 bayanin martaba na kamfani daga PJSC FGC suna ayyana jeri na rarraba multicast.
Don rafukan SV: daga 01-0C-CD-04-00-00 zuwa 01-0C-CD-04-FF-FF.
Don saƙonnin GOOSE: daga 01-0C-CD-04-00-00 zuwa 01-0C-CD-04-FF-FF.
Ma'ana 2. Tashoshi ba sa amfani da ka'idojin multicast
Nuance na biyu yana da mahimmanci sosai - tashoshin kariyar watsa labarai ba sa tallafawa IGMP ko PIM. To ta yaya suke aiki tare da multicast? Suna jira kawai a aika da mahimman bayanai zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa. Wadancan. idan sun san cewa an yi musu rajista zuwa takamaiman adireshin MAC, suna karɓar duk firam masu shigowa, amma suna aiwatar da waɗanda suka dace kawai. Sauran ana jefar da su kawai.
A wasu kalmomi, duk bege yana kan masu sauyawa. Amma ta yaya IGMP ko PIM za su yi aiki idan tashoshin ba su aika saƙonnin Haɗawa ba? Amsar ita ce mai sauƙi - babu hanya.
Kuma rafukan SV bayanai ne masu nauyi sosai. Rafi ɗaya yana auna kusan 5 Mbit/s. Idan kuma aka bar komai kamar yadda yake, ya zamana cewa kowane rafi za a watsa shi. A takaice dai, za mu ja rafukan guda 20 kacal zuwa LAN 100 Mbit/s daya. Kuma ana auna adadin SV da ke gudana a babban tashar tashar a cikin ɗaruruwa.
Menene mafita to?
Sauƙaƙan - yi amfani da tsoffin tabbataccen VLANs.
Haka kuma, IGMP a cikin Digital Substation LAN na iya yin mugun barkwanci, kuma akasin haka, babu abin da zai yi aiki. Bayan haka, masu sauyawa ba za su fara watsa rafi ba tare da buƙata ba.
Don haka, zamu iya haskaka ƙa'idar ƙaddamarwa mai sauƙi - "Shin hanyar sadarwar ba ta aiki? - Kashe IGMP!"
Tsarin mulki
Amma watakila har yanzu yana yiwuwa a ko ta yaya tsara LAN don Mai Rarraba Dijital bisa multicast? Bari muyi kokarin juya yanzu zuwa takaddun tsari akan LAN. Musamman, zan kawo wasu sassa daga STOs masu zuwa:
- STO 34.01-21-004-2019 - DIGITAL WUTA CENTER. ABUBUWAN DA KE FARUWA GA SIFFOFIN FASAHA NA KASANCEWAR DIGITAL TARE DA KYAUTA 110-220 KV DA NODE DIGITAL SUBSTATIONS TARE DA 35 kV.
- STO 34.01-6-005-2019 - CANCANTAR ABUBUWA KARFI. Janar bukatun fasaha.
- STO 56947007-29.240.10.302-2020 - Daidaitaccen buƙatun fasaha don tsari da aikin LANs na fasaha a cikin tsarin sarrafa tsari na tashar UNEG.
Bari mu fara ganin abin da za a iya samu a cikin waɗannan tashoshin sabis game da multicast? Akwai ambaton kawai a cikin sabuwar STO daga PJSC FGC UES. Yayin gwaje-gwajen karɓar LAN, tashar sabis ɗin tana tambayarka don bincika ko an daidaita VLANs daidai kuma don bincika cewa babu zirga-zirgar zirga-zirgar multicast a cikin tashar jiragen ruwa waɗanda ba a ƙayyade a cikin takaddun aiki ba.
To, tashar sabis kuma ta ba da izini cewa dole ne ma'aikatan sabis su san menene multicast.
Shi ke nan game da multicast...
Yanzu bari mu ga abin da za ku iya samu a cikin waɗannan tashoshin sabis game da VLANs.
Anan, duk tashoshin sabis guda uku sun yarda cewa masu sauyawa dole ne su goyi bayan VLANs bisa IEEE 802.1Q.
STO 34.01-21-004-2019 ta ce ya kamata a yi amfani da VLANs don sarrafa magudanar ruwa, kuma tare da taimakon VLANs, ya kamata a raba zirga-zirga zuwa hanyar kariya ta hanyar sadarwa, tsarin sarrafa sarrafawa ta atomatik, AIIS KUE, sa ido na bidiyo, sadarwa, da dai sauransu.
STO 56947007-29.240.10.302-2020, ban da haka, yana buƙatar shirya taswirar rarraba VLAN yayin ƙira. A lokaci guda, tashar sabis tana ba da jeri na adiresoshin IP da VLANs don kayan aikin DSP.
STO kuma tana ba da teburin shawarwarin fifiko don VLANs daban-daban.
Tebur na shawarwarin fifiko na VLAN daga STO 56947007-29.240.10.302-2020
Daga yanayin sarrafa kwarara, shi ke nan. Kodayake har yanzu akwai abubuwa da yawa da za a tattauna a cikin waɗannan tashoshin sabis - daga gine-gine daban-daban zuwa saitunan L3 - tabbas za mu yi hakan, amma lokaci na gaba.
Yanzu bari mu taƙaita sarrafa kwarara a cikin LAN na Digital Substation.
ƙarshe
A cikin Mai Rarraba Dijital, duk da cewa ana watsa rafukan watsa labarai da yawa, daidaitattun hanyoyin sarrafa zirga-zirgar ababen hawa (IGMP, PIM) da gaske ba a yi amfani da su ba. Wannan ya faru ne saboda gaskiyar cewa na'urori na ƙarshe ba su goyan bayan duk wata yarjejeniya ta multicast.
Ana amfani da tsoffin VLANs don sarrafa kwararar ruwa. A lokaci guda, ana yin amfani da VLAN ta hanyar takaddun tsari, wanda ke ba da ingantattun shawarwari.
Hanyoyi masu amfani:
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source: www.habr.com