An daɗe ana karantawa game da haƙiƙanin barazanar ƙima ga cryptocurrencies da matsalolin "annabcin 2027"

Jita-jita na ci gaba da yaduwa a kan dandalin cryptocurrency da tattaunawa ta wayar tarho cewa dalilin da ya haifar da raguwar ƙimar BTC kwanan nan shine labarin cewa Google ya sami fifikon ƙima. Wannan labari, an fara buga shi a gidan yanar gizon NASA kuma daga baya The Financial Times ya rarraba, kwatsam ya zo daidai da faɗuwar ƙarfin hanyar sadarwar Bitcoin kwatsam. Mutane da yawa sun ɗauka cewa wannan daidaituwa yana nufin hack kuma ya sa 'yan kasuwa su zubar da adadin Bitcoin. Sun ce saboda wannan, “shugabannin Amurka da suka mutu” da yawansu ya kai 1500 sun cika ambaliya. Jita-jita da taurin kai ya ƙi mutuwa kuma yana ƙarfafa ta da tabbacin jama'a cewa haɓaka ƙididdigar ƙididdiga shine tabbacin mutuwar blockchains da cryptocurrencies.

Tushen irin waɗannan maganganun shine aikin, wanda aka raba sakamakonsa a cikin 2017 arxiv.org/abs/1710.10377 ƙungiyar masu bincike waɗanda suka yi nazarin matsalar "barazanar ƙima". A ra'ayinsu, yawancin ka'idodin crypto waɗanda ke ba da damar ma'amala a cikin ledojin da aka rarraba suna da rauni ga kwamfutoci masu ƙarfi. Na bincika bayanan da aka buga akan hanyar sadarwa game da abin da ake kira. "Kwantar da rauni na blockchain gabaɗaya da cryptocurrencies musamman. Na gaba shine sakamakon bincike da kwatanta abubuwan da ke akwai game da yiwuwar kai hari mai nasara akan Bitcoin.

Kalmomi kaɗan game da kwamfutoci masu yawa da ƙimar ƙima

Duk wanda ya san menene kwamfuta quantum, qubit and quantum supremacy zai iya shiga sashe na gaba lafiya lau saboda ba zai sami sabon abu anan ba.

Don haka, don kusan fahimtar barazanar da za ta iya fitowa a zahiri daga kwamfutoci masu yawa, ya kamata ku fahimci menene waɗannan na'urorin. Kwamfuta ta ƙididdigewa ita ce farkon tsarin lissafin analog wanda ke amfani da abubuwan mamaki na zahiri da injiniyoyin ƙididdiga suka bayyana don sarrafa bayanai da watsa bayanai. Fiye da daidai, ana amfani da kwamfutoci masu yawa don ƙididdigewa babban matsayi и kididdigewa.

Godiya ga amfani da abubuwan mamaki a cikin na'urorin kwamfuta, tsarin kwamfuta yana da ikon aiwatar da ayyuka na ɗaiɗaiku dubun da ɗaruruwan dubbai, kuma a ka'idar miliyoyin sau da sauri fiye da kwamfutoci na gargajiya (ciki har da supercomputers). Wannan aikin don wasu ƙididdiga ya samo asali ne saboda amfani da qubits (quantum bits).

Qubit (quantum bit or quantum discharge) shine mafi ƙarancin abubuwan da ake da su don adana bayanai a cikin kwamfuta ta ƙididdigewa. Kamar kadan, qubit yana ba da izini

"Eigenstates biyu, wanda aka nuna {displaystyle | 0rangle} | 0rangle da {displaystyle | 1rangle }|1rangle (Dirac notation), amma kuma suna iya kasancewa cikin babban matsayi, wato, a cikin jihar {nuni A|0rangle +B|1rangle} { displaystyle A|0rangle +B|1rangle }, inda {nuni A}A da {bayani B}B lambobi ne masu sarkakiya masu gamsar da yanayin {nuni |A|^{2}+|B|^{2}=1}| A |^{2}+|B|^{2}=1."

(Nielsen M., Chang I. Ƙididdigar ƙididdiga da bayanin ƙididdiga)

Idan muka kwatanta wani abu na al'ada, wanda ya ƙunshi 0 ko ɗaya, tare da qubit, sa'an nan kuma bit ɗin shine maɓalli na yau da kullum wanda ke da matsayi biyu "a kunne" da "kashe". A cikin irin wannan kwatancen, qubit zai zama wani abu mai kama da ikon sarrafa ƙara, inda "0" yayi shiru, kuma "1" shine matsakaicin yuwuwar girma. Mai gudanarwa na iya ɗaukar kowane matsayi daga sifili zuwa ɗaya. A lokaci guda kuma, don zama cikakken samfurin qubit, dole ne kuma ya kwaikwayi rushewar aikin igiyar ruwa, watau. yayin duk wata mu’amala da ita, misali, kallonta, dole ne mai sarrafa ya matsa zuwa daya daga cikin matsananciyar matsayi, watau; "0" ko "1".

A gaskiya ma, duk abin da ya ɗan fi rikitarwa, amma idan ba ku shiga cikin weeds ba, to, godiya ga yin amfani da superposition da entanglement, kwamfyuta mai ƙididdigewa zai iya adanawa da sarrafa manyan bayanai (a halin yanzu). . A lokaci guda kuma, zai kashe ƙarancin kuzari akan ayyuka fiye da kwamfutoci na gargajiya. Godiya ga dogaro ga abubuwan da ke faruwa na injiniyoyi na ƙididdigewa, za a tabbatar da daidaiton ƙididdiga (lokacin da, don samun ingantaccen sakamako, babu buƙatar bincika duk bambance-bambancen yanayi na tsarin), wanda zai tabbatar da babban aiki tare da babban aiki. karancin wutar lantarki.

A halin yanzu, an ƙirƙiri nau'ikan kwamfutoci da yawa masu ban sha'awa a cikin duniya, amma babu ɗayansu da ya wuce aikin manyan kwamfutoci na gargajiya da aka ƙirƙira. Ƙirƙirar irin wannan kwamfuta mai ƙididdigewa yana nufin samun fifikon ƙima. An yi imanin cewa don cimma wannan matsayi na ƙididdiga guda ɗaya, ya zama dole a ƙirƙira kwamfuta mai girman qubit 49. Irin wannan kwamfutar ce kawai aka sanar a watan Satumba a gidan yanar gizon NASA, a cikin littafin da ya bace da sauri amma ya haifar da hayaniya.

Hatsarin hasashe ga blockchain

Haɓaka ƙididdigar ƙididdigar ƙididdiga da kimiyyar ƙididdiga, da kuma ɗaukar hoto mai aiki na wannan batu a cikin kafofin watsa labaru, ya haifar da jita-jita cewa babban ikon sarrafa kwamfuta zai iya zama barazana ga masu rarraba litattafai, cryptocurrencies, musamman ga hanyar sadarwar Bitcoin. Yawancin kafofin watsa labaru, galibi albarkatun da ke rufe batutuwan cryptocurrency, kowace shekara suna buga bayanai cewa kwamfutoci masu yawa za su iya lalata blockchain nan ba da jimawa ba. Marubutan wani bincike daga Jami’ar Cornell a kimiyance sun tabbatar da yiwuwar kai hari mai nasara ta hanyar kwamfutoci masu yawa akan hanyar sadarwar Bitcoin. wanda ya buga wannan bayanan akan avix.org. Bisa wannan ɗaba'ar ne aka ƙirƙiri yawancin labarai game da "Annabci 2027".

Lokacin ƙirƙirar cryptocurrencies, ɗayan manyan manufofin shine don kare shi daga ɓarna bayanai (misali, lokacin tabbatar da biyan kuɗi). A halin yanzu, yin amfani da cryptography da rajista da aka rarraba suna jure wa wannan aikin sosai. Ana adana bayanan ma'amala akan blockchain, tare da kwafin bayanan da aka rarraba tsakanin miliyoyin mahalarta cibiyar sadarwa. Dangane da wannan, don canza bayanai akan hanyar sadarwa don tura ma'amala (sata biyan kuɗi), dole ne a rinjayi duk tubalan, kuma wannan ba zai yuwu ba ba tare da tabbatar da miliyoyin masu amfani ba. matakin rashin canzawar bayanai, blockchain yana da amintaccen kariya, gami da ƙididdige ƙididdiga.

Wallet ɗin mai amfani kawai zai iya zama matsala kuma mai rauni. Wannan ya faru ne saboda a nan gaba ƙarfin na'ura mai kwakwalwa na iya isa ya fashe maɓallai masu lamba 64 na sirri kuma wannan ita ce kawai yiwuwar haƙiƙanin yiwuwar duk wata barazana daga ƙididdigar ƙididdiga.

Game da gaskiyar barazanar

Da farko, kuna buƙatar fahimtar a wane mataki ne masu haɓaka kwamfutoci masu ƙima kuma wanene cikinsu ke da ikon fasa maɓalli mai lamba 64. Alal misali, Vladimir Gisin, mataimakin farfesa a Jami'ar Financial a ƙarƙashin Gwamnatin Tarayyar Rasha, ya ce za a iya kutsawa cikin blockchain na Bitcoin a cikin duniyar da ke da kwamfutoci 100-qubit. Har ila yau, har yanzu ba a tabbatar da samuwar kwamfuta mai girman quntum 49 ba, wanda ake zargin Google ne ya kirkiro.

A halin yanzu, babu wani tabbataccen hasashen lokacin da masu bincike za su sami girman girman ƙima, ƙasa da lokacin da kwamfutoci masu girman qubit 100 za su bayyana. Bugu da ƙari, a halin yanzu, tsarin ƙididdiga na ƙididdigewa suna da ikon magance ƙayyadaddun kewayon matsalolin musamman na musamman. Daidaita su zuwa hack wani abu zai ɗauki shekaru, kuma watakila ma shekaru da yawa, na ci gaba.

Jeffrey Tucker ya kuma yi imanin cewa barazanar Bitcoin da sauran cryptocurrencies daga kwamfutoci masu yawa an wuce gona da iri, kuma ya ba da hujjar ra'ayinsa a cikin aiki "Barazana ga Bitcoin daga lissafin ƙididdiga." Daga cikin wasu abubuwa, Tucker ya zana ra'ayi dangane da aikin masanin kimiyyar lissafi daga Jami'ar Macquarie a Sydney, Dokta Gavin Brennen. Masanin kimiyyar lissafi na Australiya ya gamsu da cewa:

"Idan aka yi la'akari da matakin ƙarfin lissafin ƙididdiga a halin yanzu, munanan yanayin ba zai yiwu ba."

na ambata bisa ga forklog.
Brennen ya yi imanin cewa kayan aikin ƙididdiga na yanzu suna da ɗan ƙaramin saurin ƙofar ƙididdigewa idan aka kwatanta da abin da ake buƙata don fashe maɓallin ɓoye.

Har ila yau, yana da mahimmanci a fahimci cewa lokacin da ake kimanta barazanar ƙididdigewa ga blockchains, ciki har da BTC, masu bincike suna amfani da bayanai game da halin yanzu. Wadancan. suna tantance haɗarin maɓallan da suke a yau ana lalata su ta hanyar na'urorin da za su bayyana a cikin 10, 15, da kuma watakila shekaru 50 daga yanzu.

Komawa a cikin 2017, Daraktan Kariya na IBM Nev Zunich ya ce matakan kariya daga haɗarin da ke tattare da ƙididdigar ƙididdigewa yana buƙatar haɓakawa a yau. An ji wannan magana, kuma a halin yanzu ana ci gaba da haɓakawa post-quantum cryptography, wanda ya riga ya haɓaka hanyoyin da za a kare blockchains daga hare-haren ƙididdiga.

Mafi sanannun hanyoyin kare blockchain daga barazanar ƙididdigewa har yanzu shine amfani da lokaci ɗaya. Sa hannu na dijital Lamport/Winternitz, da kuma amfani sa hannu и itace Merkla.

Co-kafa na samar da kayayyakin more rayuwa ma'adinai kamfanin BitCluster Sergei Arestov ya gamsu da cewa data kasance hanyoyin da sabon post-quantum cryptography zai warware duk wani ƙoƙari na jimla hack blockchain a cikin shekaru 50 masu zuwa. Mai kasuwancin crypto-enpreneur ya ba da misalai na ayyukan da tuni a yau suke la'akari da haɗarin da ke tattare da haɓaka kwamfutoci masu yawa:

"A yau an riga an sami ayyuka kamar su Quantum-Resistant Ledger, wanda ke amfani da algorithm sa hannu na Winternitz na lokaci daya da kuma bishiyar Merkle, da kuma blockchains masu jurewa IOTA da ArQit. Da alama a lokacin akwai ma alamu na ƙirƙirar wani abu da zai iya kutse maɓallan Bitcoin ko Ether wallets, waɗannan tsabar kudi kuma za a kiyaye su daga ƙididdige ƙididdiga, ɗaya daga cikin fasahohi masu ban sha'awa. "

A matsayin ƙarshe

Bayan nazarin abubuwan da ke sama, za mu iya amincewa da cewa kwamfutoci masu yawa a nan gaba ba su haifar da wata babbar barazana ga cryptocurrencies da blockchain ba. Wannan gaskiya ne duka ga sabbin tsarin da aka ƙirƙira da na waɗanda suke. Ya kamata a lura da haɗarin hacking na ledoji da aka rarraba da kuma kudaden da ba a san su ba a matsayin yiwuwar ra'ayi (wanda ke haifar da samar da mafi aminci tsarin) fiye da yadda a kowace hanya mai yiwuwa a gaskiya.

Matsalolin da ke daidaita yuwuwar su ne kamar haka:

• "rawness" na ƙididdigar ƙididdiga da buƙatar daidaita shi don ayyukan da suka dace;
• rashin isasshen ikon ƙididdiga a nan gaba ("ƙwararrun ƙididdiga" don haka baya bada garantin maɓallin lambobi 64 na iya fashe);
• amfani da bayanan ƙididdiga na ƙididdiga don kare blockchain.

Zan yi godiya ga ra'ayoyi da tattaunawa mai rai a cikin sharhi da shiga cikin binciken.

Muhimmin!

Kaddarorin Crypto, gami da Bitcoin, suna da rauni sosai (farashinsu yana canzawa akai-akai kuma da ƙarfi); canje-canjen farashin su yana tasiri sosai ta hasashe kasuwar hannun jari. Saboda haka, duk wani zuba jari a cryptocurrency ne wannan babban haɗari ne. Zan ba da shawarar sosai a saka hannun jari a cryptocurrency da hakar ma'adinai na musamman ga mutanen da ke da wadata sosai ta yadda idan sun rasa jarin su ba za su ji sakamakon zamantakewa ba. Kada ku taɓa saka kuɗin ku na ƙarshe, babban ajiyar ku na ƙarshe, ƙayyadaddun kadarorin dangin ku a cikin wani abu, gami da cryptocurrencies.

An yi amfani da abun ciki na hoto, da kuma hotuna daga wannan shafi.

Masu amfani da rajista kawai za su iya shiga cikin binciken. Shigadon Allah.

Kuna tsammanin ƙididdigar ƙididdiga za ta zama ainihin barazana ga cryptocurrencies da blockchains a cikin shekaru 10?

• a, marubucin da masana sun raina saurin ci gaban fasaha

• a'a, amma a cikin shekaru 15 za su haifar da mummunar haɗari

• a'a, ya kamata ya dauki lokaci mai yawa

• Ee, sabis na leken asiri da masu rarrafe sun daɗe suna da babban kwamfutoci masu iya yin kutse ga kowane blockchain.

• da wuya a iya hasashen, babu isassun ingantattun bayanai don hasashen

Masu amfani 98 sun kada kuri'a. Masu amfani 17 sun kaurace.

source: www.habr.com