Anan akwai nuna son kai, rashin fahimta da mara fasaha na tsarin aiki na Ubuntu Linux 20.04 da nau'ikan hukuma guda biyar. Idan kuna sha'awar nau'ikan kernel, glibc, snapd da kasancewar zaman gwaji na hanya, wannan ba shine wurin ku ba. Idan wannan shine karon farko da kuka ji labarin Linux kuma kuna sha'awar fahimtar yadda mutumin da ya shafe shekaru takwas yana amfani da Ubuntu yana tunani game da shi, to wannan shine wurin ku. Idan kawai kuna son kallon wani abu ba mai rikitarwa ba, ɗan ban mamaki kuma tare da hotuna, to wannan shine wurin ku kuma. Idan kuna ganin cewa akwai kurakurai da yawa, ƙetare da ɓarna a ƙarƙashin yanke kuma akwai cikakkiyar rashin fahimta - watakila wannan haka yake, amma wannan ba fasaha ba ne da bita.
Na farko, ɗan gajeren gabatarwa ga batun. Akwai tsarin aiki: , da Linux. Kowa ya ji labarin Windows, kuma kowa ya yi amfani da shi. Kusan kowa ya ji labarin Makosi, amma ba kowa ya yi amfani da shi ba. Ba kowa ne ya ji labarin Linux ba, kuma masu jaruntaka da jajircewa ne kawai suka yi amfani da shi.
Akwai Linux da yawa. Windows tsarin daya ne, MacOS kuma daya ne. Tabbas, suna da nau'ikan: bakwai, takwas, goma ko High Sierra, Mojave, Catalina. Amma a zahiri, wannan tsari ɗaya ne, wanda kamfani ɗaya ke yin shi akai-akai. Akwai daruruwan Linuxes, kuma mutane da kamfanoni daban-daban ne ke yin su.
Me yasa akwai Linux da yawa? Linux kanta ba tsarin aiki ba ne, amma kernel, wato, mafi mahimmancin sashi. Ba tare da kwaya ba, babu abin da ke aiki, amma kernel kanta ba ta da amfani ga matsakaicin mai amfani. Kuna buƙatar ƙara gungun sauran abubuwan haɗin gwiwa zuwa kernel, kuma don duk wannan ya kasance tare da kyawawan windows, gumaka da hotuna akan tebur, kuna buƙatar ja abin da ake kira. harsashi mai hoto. Wasu mutane ne ke yin ainihin tushen, ƙarin abubuwan da wasu mutane suka yi, da harsashi mai hoto ta wasu. Akwai abubuwa da yawa da harsashi, kuma ana iya haɗa su ta hanyoyi daban-daban. A sakamakon haka, mutane hudu sun bayyana wadanda suka hada komai tare da shirya tsarin aiki da kansa a cikin tsari na yau da kullum. A wasu kalmomi - kayan rarrabawa Linux. Mutum ɗaya zai iya yin kayan rarrabawa, don haka akwai na'urorin rarraba da yawa. Af, "Tsarin aiki na Rasha" shine rarraba Linux, kuma daga Rasha akwai bangon bangon tebur mai ban sha'awa, shirye-shirye daban-daban, da kayan aikin da aka ba da izini don aiki tare da bayanan sirri da sauran bayanan sirri.
Tun da akwai yawancin rarrabawa, yana da wuya a zabi, kuma wannan ya zama wani ciwon kai ga duk wanda ya yanke shawarar yin haɗari kuma har yanzu yana ƙoƙarin barin Windows (ko MacOS). Bugu da ƙari, ba shakka, zuwa ƙarin matsalolin banal kamar: "oh, Linux yana da wahala," "ga masu shirye-shirye ne kawai," "Ba zan yi nasara ba," "Ina jin tsoron layin umarni." Bugu da ƙari, kamar yadda aka saba, masu haɓakawa da masu amfani da rabawa daban-daban suna jayayya akai-akai game da wanda Linux ya fi sanyi.
Rarraba Linux suna gwagwarmaya tare da haɗin kai gaba ɗaya don adawa da martabar Microsoft. Marubucin ainihin hoton shine S. Yolkin, kuma abubuwan da suka ɓace sun cika ta marubucin labarin
Na yanke shawarar sabunta tsarin aiki akan kwamfuta ta kuma na fara zabar. Da zarar ina jin daɗi kamar wannan - Na zazzage rarrabawar Linux kuma na gwada su. Amma hakan ya daɗe da wuce. Linux ya canza tun lokacin, don haka ba zai cutar da sake gwadawa ba.
A cikin ɗari da yawa, na ɗauki shida. Komai iri-iri ne . Ubuntu yana ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun rabawa. A kan Ubuntu, sun yi ɗimbin rabe-rabe (eh, eh, suma suna haɓaka kamar haka: daga Linux ɗaya an haɗa wani, bisa tushensa - na uku, sannan na huɗu, da sauransu har sai an sake samun sabbin abubuwa. fuskar bangon waya don tebur). Na yi amfani da ɗayan waɗannan rabe-raben abubuwan da aka samo asali (a hanya, Rashanci - da ake kira), don haka na fara gwada Ubuntu da nau'ikan sa na hukuma. bakwai. A cikin bakwai ɗin nan, ba sai ka kalli biyu ba, saboda ɗaya daga cikinsu , da sauran don . Mu duba sauran biyar da na asali. Tabbas, yana da ra'ayi sosai kuma tare da tarin maganganu masu alaƙa.
Ubuntu
Ubuntu shine asali. A cikin slang - "vanilla Ubuntu", daga vanilla - misali, ba tare da wani musamman fasali. Sauran rabawa guda biyar sun dogara da shi kuma sun bambanta kawai a cikin harsashi mai hoto: tebur, windows, panel da maɓalli. Ubuntu kanta yayi kama da MacOS, kawai panel ɗin baya a ƙasa, amma a hagu (amma zaka iya matsar dashi ƙasa). Cewa komai yana cikin Ingilishi - Na yi kasala don in canza shi; a zahiri, akwai Rashanci a can ma.
Ubuntu nan da nan bayan booting
A cat harbi da idanunsa ne ainihin . Kama da kuliyoyi, amma a zahiri na wani dangi ne daban. Yana zaune a Madagascar. Kowane nau'in Ubuntu yana da sunan lambar kansa: dabba da wasu nau'ikan sifa. Sigar 20.04 ana kiranta Focal Fossa. Mai da hankali shine mayar da hankali a cikin ma'anar "ma'ana ta tsakiya", kuma Fossa kuma yana tunatar da shi - Software na kyauta da Buɗewa, software mai buɗewa kyauta. Don haka a cikin hoton Fossa yana mai da hankali kan wani abu.
Da farko kallon yana da kyau, amma yana raguwa lokacin da kuka fara aiki. Idan ba ku ga kwamiti na yau da kullun tare da buɗe windows, kamar a cikin Windows, to duk abin daidai ne: babu irin wannan panel. Kuma akwai gumakan aikace-aikacen da aka ba da haske, da wani abu - Ayyuka, wanda yayi kama da jerin buɗaɗɗen shirye-shirye akan Android.
Mun koyi canzawa tsakanin windows a cikin Ubuntu: ja linzamin kwamfuta zuwa Ayyuka, danna, nuna a taga, danna sake. Dubi yadda sauki yake?
Yana kama da ban sha'awa, musamman tare da kyawawan raye-raye masu santsi, amma dangane da dacewa ba shi da kyau sosai. Zai yi kyau idan duk abin da zan iya yi shi ne sauraron kiɗa da kallon fina-finai ba tare da barin mai binciken ba - amma ina buƙatar canzawa tsakanin shirye-shirye akai-akai, kuma windows 10 bude a lokaci guda ba sabon abu ba ne. Yanzu yi tunanin: duk lokacin da kake buƙatar ja linzamin kwamfuta a wani wuri, danna wani abu, sake ja shi zuwa wani wuri (kuma ka nemi taga da ake so ba ta taken ba, amma ta ƙaramin hoto), danna sake ... Gaba ɗaya, bayan sa'a daya. nan da nan za ku so ku jefar da shi wannan tsarin kuma kada ku koma cikinsa. Kuna iya, ba shakka, amfani da Alt-Tabs don canza windows, amma wannan kuma dabara ce.
Af, yana kama da Android saboda dalili. A cikin 2011, wasu masu hankali da suka yi , ya ga iPad ɗin kuma ya yi tunani: “Wannan ita ce gaba. Bari mu yi da dubawa domin ya zama kamar Apple ta kuma don haka da cewa za a iya amfani da a kan kwamfutar hannu. Sannan duk allunan za su sami harsashi na hoto, muna cikin cakulan, kuma " Sakamakon haka, allunan Android suna da I-Axis, har ma Microsoft ya bar wurin. Windows yana da rai kuma yana da kyau, amma ƙirar Ubuntu ta al'ada ta lalace. Kuma, ba shakka, kawai matsananci masu goyon baya suna amfani da Ubuntu akan allunan (zan ce nan da nan - ban ma gwada ba). Wataƙila muna buƙatar mu mayar da komai, amma sama da shekaru goma an kashe ƙoƙari da kuɗi da yawa a cikin wannan ƙirar don ci gaba da haɓakawa. To, me zan iya cewa... A kalla yana da kyau har yanzu. Amma ga sauƙin amfani, yana kama da za ku iya shigar da wasu add-ons waɗanda za su dawo da al'ada panel tare da windows. Amma ba na son gwada su da gaske.
Bugu da kari na kuma je duba yadda ake amfani da albarkatu - Ubunta na cin gigabyte na RAM nan da nan bayan yin booting. Yana kusan kamar Windows. A'a na gode. Sauran kamar tsarin al'ada ne.
Kubunta
Idan Ubuntu yayi kama da MacOS, to - da Windu. Duba da kanku.
Kubunta nan da nan bayan lodawa. Sunan lambar kuma shine Focal Fossa, amma hoton ya bambanta
Anan, an yi sa'a, babu yunƙurin ƙirƙirar tsarin don kwamfutar hannu, amma akwai ƙoƙarin ƙirƙirar yanayin aiki na yau da kullun don kwamfutar tebur. Ana kiran mahallin tebur KDE - kar a tambayi abin da yake nufi. A cikin harshen gama gari - "sneakers". Saboda haka "K" a cikin sunan tsarin aiki. Gabaɗaya suna son harafin "K": idan yana aiki, suna ƙara sunan shirin zuwa farkon; idan bai yi aiki ba, ba kome ba, suna ƙara shi zuwa ƙarshen sunan. A kalla za su zana shi a kan alamar.
Da gaske yana tunatar da ku Windu?
Tsarin launi yana kama da "goma", har ma da "ding" lokacin da sanarwa ya bayyana daidai yake ... Gaskiya, ba Kubunta ba, amma wani nau'i na Windubunta. Ƙoƙarin "yanke" a ƙarƙashin Windows ya yi nisa har ma za ku iya saita maɓallan kamar a cikin Windows - duk da haka, saboda wasu dalilai, kamar a cikin Windows 95 (duba hoton hoton a cikin saitunan da ke ƙasa hagu). Tabbas, ana iya "canza tsarin", saboda duk abin da ke cikin Linux yana iya canzawa, sannan kuma ba zai sake kama da Windows ba, amma har yanzu kuna buƙatar zurfafa cikin saitunan. Ee, kawai idan: idan kun kunna windows da maɓallan daga 95, to tsarin zai ci gaba da cinye albarkatu kamar a cikin 2020. Gaskiya ne, yana da girman kai a wannan batun: wasu 400 MB na ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya bayan lodawa kusan ba komai bane. Ban ma yi tsammani ba. Akwai jita-jita masu ci gaba da cewa "sneakers" sun kasance a hankali kuma suna jin yunwa. Amma da alama ba haka bane. In ba haka ba, Ubuntu iri ɗaya ne, domin a zahiri tsarin iri ɗaya ne. Wataƙila wasu shirye-shirye sun bambanta, amma Firefox da Ofishin Libra ma suna can.
Ubuntu Mate
ƙoƙari ne na sake ƙirƙirar Ubuntu kamar yadda yake a gaban 2011. Wato, har sai ainihin ya yanke shawarar yin tsarin don kwamfutar hannu kuma ya yi abin da na nuna a sama. Sa'an nan kuma wasu masu wayo waɗanda ba sa son dainawa sun ɗauki lambar tsohuwar harsashi mai hoto kuma suka fara tsaftacewa da tallafawa. Na tuna da kyau cewa na kalli aikinsu a matsayin ƙoƙarin ƙirƙirar aljanu kuma na yi tunani: "To, lafiya, aikin a fili ba zai yiwu ba, zai yi zagaye na tsawon shekaru biyu kuma ya rufe." Amma a nan shi ne - yana da rai kuma yana da kyau kusan shekaru goma, har ma an haɗa shi a cikin nau'in Ubuntu na hukuma. Yana faruwa. Duk da haka, sha'awar mutane ga al'adun gargajiya ba shi da iyaka.
Ee, eh, akwai bangarori biyu! Idan wani abu, bangarorin sune waɗannan ratsi launin toka guda biyu a sama da ƙasa
Mate shine MATE, sunan wannan koren harsashi mai hoto. Mate ni , irin wannan tsiron Kudancin Amirka, shi ya sa yake da kore. Kuma abokin aure ma aboki ne, don haka suna nuna alamar "abokai". Mate baya kama da komai - ba Windu ko MaKos ba. Yana kama da kanta, ko kuma wajen, kamar ainihin ra'ayi daga Linux na 90s da XNUMXs: don yin ba panel ɗaya tare da windows da gumaka, amma biyu: ɗaya tare da windows, ɗayan tare da gumaka. To, ba haka ba ne, ya yi aiki. Af, zaku iya ganin ƙarin rectangles guda huɗu a cikin ƙananan kusurwar dama - wannan shine mai sauya tebur. A cikin Windows, irin wannan abu kwanan nan ya bayyana, a cikin Linux ya wanzu tun da daɗewa. Kamar, zaku iya buɗe wani abu don kasuwanci akan tebur ɗaya, sannan canza zuwa tebur na gaba kuma ku zauna akan VKontakte a can. Gaskiya ne, kusan ban taɓa amfani da tebur sama da ɗaya ba.
Idan kun bude tagogi da yawa, zai yi kama da haka
In ba haka ba, Ubuntu iri ɗaya ne, kuma ta fuskar amfani da albarkatu da sauri - kamar na asali. Hakanan yana iya cinye gigabyte na ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya cikin sauƙi bayan lodawa. Ba na tsammanin na yi nadama, amma har yanzu yana da ban tsoro.
Ubuntu-Baji
ya yi abin da ba zai yiwu ba: ya zama mafi kama da MaKos fiye da Ubuntu. Badji sunan , kawai idan. Ko da yake mai yiwuwa ka yi tsammani da kanka.
Free MacOS Ubuntu-Badji nan da nan bayan zazzagewa
Na bayyana yadda wannan mu'ujiza ta bayyana. Lokacin da a cikin 2011 wasu masu wayo sun yanke shawarar yin Ubuntu don kwamfutar hannu ... a, a, wannan shine lokacin da komai ya fara :) Don haka, yayin da wasu waɗanda ba su yarda ba sun yi gwaji tare da ƙirƙirar aljanu (kamar yadda ya juya, nasara sosai), wasu sun yanke shawarar. don ƙirƙirar maimakon aljanu Ainihin Sabon Mutum zai sami sabon harsashi mai hoto, wanda dangane da sauƙin amfani zai kasance kusan iri ɗaya da tsohon kuma ba tare da an keɓance shi don allunan ba, amma zai kasance duka sanyi, gaye, da fasaha. ci gaba. Mun yi kuma muka yi kuma mun sami wani abu mai kama da MaKos. A lokaci guda kuma, waɗanda suka ƙirƙira na asali na Ubuntu ma sun yi kuma sun yi kuma sun sami wani abu mai kama da MaKos. Amma Badji, a ganina, yana da ɗan kama da haka: bayan haka, kwamitin da ke da gumaka yana nan a ƙasa, kuma ba a gefe ba. Wannan, duk da haka, ba ya sa ya fi dacewa: a cikin hanya ɗaya, ban fahimci yadda ake canzawa tsakanin windows ba, ban ma fahimci inda zan danna ba nan da nan.
Wataƙila kuna ganin irin wannan ƙarami, ƙaramin walƙiya a ƙarƙashin gunkin dama? Wannan yana nufin cewa shirin yana gudana
Gabaɗaya, dangane da dacewa da amfani da albarkatu, ya bambanta kaɗan daga asali - gigabyte iri ɗaya, kamar yadda zaku iya gani, da kuma matsaloli iri ɗaya tare da "hadaya dacewa don kare kyakkyawa." Bugu da ƙari, wannan tsarin dole ne ya sami ƙarin matsala guda ɗaya: Baji har yanzu abu ne mai ƙarancin shahara fiye da Ubuntu, don haka damar da za a iya daidaita shi cikin sauƙi don abubuwan da kuke so da kuma gyara idan wani abu ya ɓace ya ragu sosai.
Lubunta
- Wannan Ubuntu don kwamfutoci marasa ƙarfi da ƙarancin ƙarfi. "L" yana nufin hur, wato mara nauyi. Da kyau, ba zan kira 400 MB na RAM ba bayan booting gaba daya "mai nauyi," amma lafiya, bari mu dauki kalmar mu.
An loda shi, ya ɗauki selfie...
Hakanan kama da Windu da sneakers, bi da bi. Ba daidai ba ne cewa sneakers suna dogara ne akan fasaha guda ɗaya (Ba zan shiga cikin cikakkun bayanai ba, amma zaka iya google "Qt"). Gaskiya ne, don ƙirƙirar wani abu da ɗan sauri da ƙarancin ƙarfi ta amfani da fasaha iri ɗaya (ko da yake bai yi aiki ba tare da "ƙananan voracious", yin la'akari da amfani da ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya), dole ne mu maye gurbin gungun shirye-shirye da abubuwan haɗin gwiwa tare da analogues. , wanda ze zama mafi sauƙi kuma saboda haka sauri suna aiki. A gefe guda, ya zama lafiya, amma dangane da abubuwan gani, ba shi da kyau sosai.
Tsoffin windows windows a cikin nau'in Windows 95. A gaskiya ma, za ku iya yin mafi kyau, amma yana ɗaukar ɗan tinkering
Zubunta
- Wannan wani nau'in "mai nauyi" ne na Ubuntu, amma tare da wani harsashi mai hoto. Ana kiran harsashi mai hoto Xfce (tsohon f-si-i!), Wani lokaci kuma suna rubuta cewa wannan yana ɗaya daga cikin mafi muni a cikin Linux. A cikin slang - "bera", saboda abin da logo yake.
A kusurwar hagu na sama zaka iya ganin gunki tare da fuskar bera - wannan ita ce tambarin harsashi mai hoto. Haka ne, kuma tare da taurari a hannun dama, yana kama da su ma sun zana fuska
Dangane da bayyanar, wani abu ne tsakanin Windows, MacOS da sigar asali. A zahiri, ana iya saukar da soket cikin sauƙi, sannan zai zama kamar Windows. Dangane da inganci ta fuskar albarkatu, kamar Lubunta ne. Gabaɗaya, wannan shine ainihin tsarin mai kyau, wanda aka tsara a cikin salon gargajiya - ba super gaye ba, amma ya dace da aiki.
binciken
Babu ƙarewa. Dandanna tsafta. Bugu da ƙari akwai ƙarin nuances da yawa waɗanda suka fi fasaha kuma sun dogara da wanda zai yi amfani da waɗanne shirye-shirye da nawa suke yi don tono a ƙarƙashin murfin tsarin, wato, a cikin saitunan. Kima na sirri tabbas shine wannan.
- Kubunta
- Zubunta
- Ubuntu
- Ubuntu Mate
- Ubuntu-Baji
- Lubunta
Idan kuna ƙoƙarin haɗa irin wannan ƙimar tare da abubuwan da ke cikin labarin kuma ku fahimci dalilin da yasa hakan yake, kar a gwada. Idan ba ku ga dabaru ba, a, duk abin da yake daidai, mai yiwuwa ba a can ba. Kamar yadda na ce, abu ne na dandano. Ka tuna hoton game da Vendecapian daga farkon labarin.
Kuma kar ku manta cewa akwai ɗaruruwan rarraba Linux. Don haka watakila ƙarshen “ba Ubuntu ba ne, kawai ".
source: www.habr.com