TL, DR: Haiku tsarin aiki ne da aka kera musamman don PC, don haka yana da dabaru da yawa waɗanda ke sa yanayin tebur ɗinsa ya fi na sauran. Amma ta yaya yake aiki?
Na gano Haiku, tsari mai kyau da ba zato ba tsammani. Har yanzu ina mamakin yadda yake gudanar da shi cikin kwanciyar hankali, musamman idan aka kwatanta da mahallin tebur na Linux. Yau zan duba a karkashin hular. Inda ya cancanta don zurfin fahimta, zan yi kwatancen tare da ainihin Macintosh, Mac OS X da Linux tebur muhallin (XDG misali daga freedesktop.org).
Abubuwan da ke cikin fayilolin ELF
Jiya na koyi cewa IconOMatic na iya adana gumaka a cikin albarkatun rdef a cikin ayyukan ELF. A yau ina so in ga yadda yake aiki da gaske.
Albarkatu? daga , ainihin marubucin Macintosh Finder da "mahaifin" Manajan Albarkatun Macintosh:
Na damu da tsayayyen yanayin coding na gargajiya. A gare ni, ainihin ra'ayin aikace-aikacen da aka daskare a cikin lambar, ba tare da ikon canza komai ba, shine mafi girman zalunci. Ya kamata ya yiwu a canza kamar yadda zai yiwu a lokacin aiki. Tabbas, ba za a iya canza lambar aikace-aikacen kanta ba, amma tabbas za a iya canza wani abu ba tare da sake tattara lambar ba?
A kan ainihin Macintosh, sun sanya waɗannan fayilolin suna da "bangar bayanai" da "bangar albarkatun," wanda ya sa ya zama mai sauƙi don adana abubuwa kamar gumaka, fassarar, da makamantansu. a cikin fayilolin aiwatarwa.
A kan Mac ana amfani da wannan , shirin zane don - ba zato ba tsammani - albarkatun gyarawa.
Sake gyara akan ainihin Macintosh
Sakamakon haka, ya zama mai yiwuwa a gyara gumaka, abubuwan menu, fassarorin, da sauransu. sauƙi isa, amma har yanzu suna "tafiya" tare da aikace-aikacen.
A kowane hali, wannan tsarin yana da babban koma baya: kawai yayi aiki akan tsarin fayilolin Apple, wanda shine ɗayan dalilan da yasa Apple ya watsar da "sashin albarkatun" lokacin da yake motsawa zuwa Mac OS X.
A kan Mac OS X, Apple yana son tsarin tsarin fayil mai zaman kansa, don haka sun ɗauki manufar fakiti (daga NeXT), kundayen adireshi waɗanda ake kula da su azaman "abubuwan da ba su da kyau" ta mai sarrafa fayil, kamar fayiloli maimakon kundayen adireshi. Duk wani kunshin tare da aikace-aikace a cikin tsari .app yana da, a tsakanin sauran abubuwa, fayil Info.plist (a cikin wasu nau'ikan Apple wanda yayi daidai da JSON ko YAML) mai ɗauke da metadata na aikace-aikacen.
Maɓallan fayil ɗin Info.plist daga fakitin aikace-aikacen Mac OS X.
Ana adana albarkatu, kamar gumaka, fayilolin UI, da sauransu, a cikin fakitin azaman fayiloli. Ainihin manufar ta koma tushen ta a NeXT.
Mathematica.app akan NeXTSTEP 1.0 a cikin 1989: yana bayyana azaman kundin adireshi na fayiloli a cikin tasha, amma azaman abu ɗaya a cikin mai sarrafa fayil ɗin hoto.
Bari mu koma BeOS, dabarun da Haiku ya dogara akan su. Masu haɓakawa, lokacin canzawa daga PEF (PowerPC) zuwa ELF (x86) (daidai da amfani da Linux), sun yanke shawarar ƙara sashin albarkatu zuwa ƙarshen fayilolin ELF. Bai yi amfani da sashin ELF na kansa ba, kawai an haɗa shi zuwa ƙarshen fayil ɗin ELF. Sakamakon shirin strip da sauran mutanen binutilawa, ba su san da haka ba, sai kawai su yanke shi. Don haka, lokacin ƙara albarkatu zuwa fayil ɗin ELF akan BeOS, yana da kyau kada a sarrafa shi da kayan aikin Linux.
Me ke faruwa da Haiku yanzu? Ainihin, fiye ko žasa iri ɗaya.
A ka'idar, zai yiwu a sanya albarkatu a cikin sashin da ake so na ELF. A cewar masu haɓakawa akan tashar #haiku akan irc.freenode.net:
Tare da ELF sashin zai ba da ma'ana ... kawai dalilin da ya sa ba mu yin haka shi ne saboda abin da muka yi a BeOS. "
Kuma babu amfanin canza wannan a yanzu.
Gudanar da albarkatun
An rubuta albarkatun a cikin tsarin "albarkatun" da aka tsara: ainihin jerin albarkatun tare da girma sannan kuma abun ciki. Na tuna .
Yadda ake bincika albarkatu a Haiku? Akwai wani abu kamar ResEdit?
A cewar :
Don duba albarkatun da aka bayar a cikin kunshin aikace-aikacen, zaku iya ja fayil ɗin da za'a iya aiwatarwa zuwa shirin kamar . Hakanan zaka iya zuwa tashar tashar kuma gudanar da umarni
listres имя_файла.
Ana samun albarkatu a HaikuDepot, amma kawai ya fado mini.
Yadda ake sarrafa albarkatu a cikin fayilolin ELF? Amfani rsrc и rdef. rdef ana tattara fayiloli a ciki rsrc. Fayil rdef ana adana shi a tsarin rubutu a sarari, don haka yana da sauƙin aiki da shi. Tsarin fayil rsrc haɗe zuwa ƙarshen fayil ɗin ELF. Mu gwada yin wasa:
~> rc -h
Haiku Resource Compiler 1.1To compile an rdef script into a resource file:
rc [options] [-o <file>] <file>...To convert a resource file back into an rdef script:
rc [options] [-o <file>] -d <file>...Options:
-d --decompile create an rdef script from a resource file
--auto-names construct resource names from ID symbols
-h --help show this message
-I --include <dir> add <dir> to the list of include paths
-m --merge do not erase existing contents of output file
-o --output specify output file name, default is out.xxx
-q --quiet do not display any error messages
-V --version show software version and licenseKuna iya amfani da shirin xres don dubawa da sarrafawa:
/> xres
Usage: xres ( -h | --help )
xres -l <file> ...
xres <command> ...The first form prints this help text and exits.The second form lists the resources of all given files.The third form manipulates the resources of one or more files according to
the given commands.
(...)To, bari mu gwada?
/> xres -l /Haiku/system/apps/WebPositive/Haiku/system/apps/WebPositive resources:type ID size name
------ ----------- ----------- --------------------
'MIMS' 1 36 BEOS:APP_SIG
'APPF' 1 4 BEOS:APP_FLAGS
'MSGG' 1 421 BEOS:FILE_TYPES
'VICN' 101 7025 BEOS:ICON
'VICN' 201 91 kActionBack
'VICN' 202 91 kActionForward
'VICN' 203 300 kActionForward2
'VICN' 204 101 kActionStop
'VICN' 206 243 kActionGoStart
'MSGG' 205 1342 kActionGo
'APPV' 1 680 BEOS:APP_VERSIONƘari game da albarkatu da tsari rdef za ku iya karantawa .
Standard albarkatun iri
Kodayake kuna iya sanya wani abu cikin albarkatun, akwai wasu ƙayyadaddun daidaitattun nau'ikan:
app_signature: MIME nau'in aikace-aikacen, don buɗe taswirar fayil, ƙaddamarwa, IPC, da sauransu.app_name_catalog_entry: Tun da sunan aikace-aikacen yawanci a cikin Ingilishi ne, zaku iya tantance wuraren da sunayen da aka fassara suke, ta yadda masu amfani da harsuna daban-daban za su ga sunan aikace-aikacen da aka fassara idan ana so.app_version: daidai abin da kuke tunaniapp_flags: nunaregistraryadda ake aiwatar da aikace-aikacen. Ina ganin akwai abin da ya wuce hada ido. Misali, akwaiB_SINGLE_LAUNCH, wanda ke tilasta tsarin ƙaddamar da sabon tsarin aikace-aikacen duk lokacin da mai amfani ya buƙace shi (ana amfani da wannan ka'ida don yawancin aikace-aikace akan Linux). Ku ciB_MULTIPLE_LAUNCH, haifar da tsari don gudana kowane fayil. Daga karshe akwaiB_EXCLUSIVE_LAUNCH, wanda ke tilasta tsarin ƙaddamar da tsari guda ɗaya kawai a lokaci guda, komai sau da yawa masu amfani sun ƙaddamar da shi (misali, wannan shine yadda Firefox ke gudana akan Linux; Ana iya samun sakamako iri ɗaya a aikace-aikacen Qt ta amfani da aikin. ). Aikace-aikace tare daB_EXCLUSIVE_LAUNCHana sanar da su lokacin da mai amfani ya yi ƙoƙarin sake gudanar da su: alal misali, suna karɓar hanyar fayil ɗin da mai amfani ke son buɗewa tare da taimakonsu.vector_icon: Alamar aikace-aikacen Vector (BeOS ba ta da gumaka vector, yawancin aikace-aikacen maimakon haka suna da gumakan raster guda biyu a cikin fayilolin da za a iya aiwatarwa).
Tabbas, zaku iya ƙara albarkatu tare da kowane ID da nau'ikan da ake so, sannan karanta su a cikin aikace-aikacen kanta ko wasu aikace-aikacen ta amfani da aji. BResources. Amma da farko, bari mu kalli batu mai ban sha'awa na gumaka.
Alamun Vector a cikin salon Haiku
Tabbas, ba Haiku kaɗai ya zaɓi mafi kyawun tsarin alamar ba; a cikin wannan ɓangaren, yanayin yanayin tebur na Linux bai dace ba:
me@host:~$ ls /usr/share/icons/hicolor/
128x128 256x256 512x512 index.theme
160x160 28x28 64x64 scalable
16x16 32x32 72x72 symbolic
192x192 36x36 8x8
22x22 42x42 96x96
24x24 48x48 icon-theme.cacheDuban wannan za ku iya riga kun ji menene guntu.
Tabbas, akwai ma'auni, wanda ya ƙunshi, kamar yadda zaku iya fahimta, gumakan vector. Don me akwai wani abu kuma? Domin sakamakon zana zane-zanen vector a cikin ƙananan girma na iya zama ƙasa da manufa. Ina so a inganta zaɓuɓɓuka daban-daban don girma dabam dabam. A cikin mahallin tebur na Linux, ana samun wannan ta hanyar watsa gumaka masu girma dabam a cikin tsarin fayil.
me@host:~$ find /usr/share/icons/ -name 'firefox.*'
/usr/share/icons/HighContrast/16x16/apps/firefox.png
/usr/share/icons/HighContrast/22x22/apps/firefox.png
/usr/share/icons/HighContrast/24x24/apps/firefox.png
/usr/share/icons/HighContrast/256x256/apps/firefox.png
/usr/share/icons/HighContrast/32x32/apps/firefox.png
/usr/share/icons/HighContrast/48x48/apps/firefox.png
/usr/share/icons/elementary-xfce/apps/128/firefox.png
/usr/share/icons/elementary-xfce/apps/16/firefox.png
/usr/share/icons/elementary-xfce/apps/22/firefox.png
/usr/share/icons/elementary-xfce/apps/24/firefox.png
/usr/share/icons/elementary-xfce/apps/32/firefox.png
/usr/share/icons/elementary-xfce/apps/48/firefox.png
/usr/share/icons/elementary-xfce/apps/64/firefox.png
/usr/share/icons/elementary-xfce/apps/96/firefox.png
/usr/share/icons/hicolor/128x128/apps/firefox.pngLura: babu ra'ayi na nau'ikan Firefox daban-daban. Don haka, ba zai yiwu a yi alheri da yanayin samun nau'ikan aikace-aikace da yawa akan tsarin ba.
Gumakan Firefox daban-daban a cikin nau'ikan daban-daban. A halin yanzu ba shi yiwuwa a rike wannan a cikin Linux ba tare da ƙugiya daban-daban ba.
Mac OS X yana sarrafa shi kadan da dabara:
Mac:~ me$ find /Applications/Firefox.app | grep icns
/Applications/Firefox.app/Contents/MacOS/crashreporter.app
/Contents/Resources/crashreporter.icns
/Applications/Firefox.app/Contents/MacOS/updater.app/Contents/Resources/updater.icns
/Applications/Firefox.app/Contents/Resources/document.icns
/Applications/Firefox.app/Contents/Resources/firefox.icnsAna iya ganin cewa akwai fayil ɗaya firefox.icns a cikin kunshin Firefox.app, yana ɗauke da kowane girman ta yadda nau'ikan nau'ikan aikace-aikacen iri ɗaya su sami gumaka daban-daban.
Mafi kyau! Gumaka suna tafiya tare da aikace-aikacen, duk albarkatun suna cikin fayil ɗaya.
Mu koma Haiku. Magani mai raɗaɗi, babu keɓantacce. Bisa lafazin :
An haɓaka tsarin HVIF na musamman, wanda aka inganta sosai don ƙananan masu girma dabam da ma'ana da sauri. Don haka, gumakan mu galibi sun fi na raster ko a tsarin SVG da ake amfani da su sosai.
Kuma har yanzu ana inganta su:
Girman gumaka a cikin HVIF idan aka kwatanta da sauran tsarin.
Bambancin tsari ne na girma!
Amma sihirin bai kare a nan ba. HVIF iri ɗaya na iya nuna matakan daki-daki daban-daban dangane da girman da aka nuna, kodayake tsarin vector ne.
Daban-daban matakan daki-daki (LOD) dangane da girman sa
Yanzu game da rashin amfani: ba za ku iya ɗaukar SVG ba, jefa shi cikin ImageMagick kuma ku kira shi a rana; Dole ne ku bi ta hanyoyi da yawa don ƙirƙirar gunki a cikin tsarin HVIF. bayani. Koyaya, IconOMatic na iya shigo da SVG ba daidai ba; kusan 90% na bayanan SVG ana shigo da su tare da wasu yuwuwar, sauran 10% za a buƙaci a daidaita su kuma a canza su da hannu. Kara karantawa game da yadda HVIF ke yin sihirinsa a cikin blog
Ƙara gunki zuwa aikace-aikacen
Yanzu zan iya ƙara gunki zuwa fakitin da aka ƙirƙira , la'akari da duk bayanan da aka karɓa.
Da kyau, tun da ba ni da sha'awar zana tambarin kaina don "Sannu, Duniya" QtQuickApp a yanzu, na cire shi daga Mahaliccin Qt.
/Haiku/home> xres /Haiku/system/apps/QtCreator/bin/Qt Creator -o /Haiku/home/QtQuickApp/QtQuickApp -a VICN:101:BEOS:ICON /Haiku/system/apps/QtCreator/bin/Qt CreatorBari mu duba cewa an kwafi alamar:
/Haiku/home> xres -l /Haiku/home/QtQuickApp/QtQuickApp/Haiku/home/QtQuickApp/QtQuickApp
resources:type ID size name
------ ----------- ----------- --------------------
'VICN' 101 152238 BEOS:ICONYayi kyau, amma me yasa lokacin da aka kwafi sabon gunkin baya fitowa?
Har yanzu ba a yi amfani da VICN:101:BEOS:ICONs da aka kwafi azaman alamar aikace-aikace a cikin mai sarrafa fayil ba.
Me na rasa?
Sharhin mai haɓakawa:
Muna buƙatar ƙirƙirar fayil
rdeftare da duk albarkatun, sannan aiwatar da umarninrc имя.rdef, wannan zai haifar da fayil.rsrc. Sannan kuna buƙatar gudanar da umarniresattr -o имя_бинарника имя.rsrc. Aƙalla, Ina amfani da umarni irin waɗannan don ƙara gumaka zuwa rubutuna.
To, ina so in ƙirƙiri wata hanya, ba sifa ba. Gaskiya na rude.
Smart caching ta amfani da tsarin fayil
Budewa da karanta halayen ELF yana jinkirin. Kamar yadda na rubuta a sama, an rubuta alamar a matsayin hanya a cikin fayil kanta. Wannan hanyar ita ce mafi aminci kuma tana ba ku damar tsira kwafi zuwa wani tsarin fayil. Koyaya, sannan kuma ana kwafi shi zuwa sifa ta tsarin fayil, misali BEOS:ICON. Wannan kawai yana aiki akan wasu tsarin fayil, kamar BFS. Gumakan da tsarin ke nunawa (a cikin Tracker da Deskbar) ana karanta su daga wannan sifa mai tsayi, saboda wannan maganin yana aiki da sauri. A wasu wurare (inda gudun ba shi da mahimmanci, alal misali, taga "Game da" na al'ada), tsarin yana karɓar gunkin kai tsaye daga albarkatun da ke cikin fayil ɗin. Amma wannan ba ƙarshen ba ne. Ka tuna, a kan Mac, masu amfani za su iya maye gurbin gumakan aikace-aikace, kundin adireshi, takardu tare da nasu, tunda akan Mac yana yiwuwa a yi waɗannan abubuwan "mahimmanci", misali. . A Haiku, ya kamata ku yi la'akari da albarkatun (a cikin fayil ɗin) azaman alamar asali da ta zo tare da aikace-aikacen, da sifa (a cikin tsarin fayil na BFS) a matsayin wani abu da ke ba mai amfani damar yin canje-canje a lokacin da ya so (ko da yake, nuni, GUI don shigar da alamar al'ada a saman gunkin zaɓi ne).
Duba halayen tsarin fayil
Tare da taimakon resaddr Yana yiwuwa a duba da saita halayen tsarin fayil.
/> resattr
Usage: resattr [ <options> ] -o <outFile> [ <inFile> ... ]
Reads resources from zero or more input files and adds them as attributes
to the specified output file, or (in reverse mode) reads attributes from
zero or more input files and adds them as resources to the specified output
file. If not existent the output file is created as an empty file.
(...)Yana da gaske "manne" wanda ke jujjuya baya da gaba tsakanin (abin dogaro) albarkatun da (sauri) halayen tsarin fayil. Kuma tunda tsarin yana tsammanin samun albarkatu kuma yana yin kwafin ta atomatik, ba zan ƙara damuwa da shi ba.
Sihiri na fakitin hpkg
A halin yanzu (mafi yawan lokuta) ana amfani da fakiti don samun shirye-shirye akan Haiku .hpkg. Kar a yaudare ku da sunan mai sauƙi: tsarin .hpkg yana aiki gaba ɗaya daban-daban fiye da sauran nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan sunaye iri ɗaya da kuka ci karo da su, yana da iko na gaske.
Tare da tsarin fakitin gargajiya, na daɗe da fushi saboda wannan gaskiyar: kuna zazzage abu ɗaya (kunshin), kuma an shigar da wani akan tsarin (fayilolin da ke cikin kunshin). Yana da matukar wahala a sarrafa fayiloli (misali, share su) lokacin shigar da fakiti ta hanyar gargajiya. Kuma duk saboda abubuwan da ke cikin kunshin warwatse ko'ina cikin tsarin fayil, gami da wuraren da matsakaicin mai amfani bazai sami damar rubutawa ba. Wannan yana haifar da gabaɗayan aji na shirye-shirye - kunshin manajoji. Amma canja wurin software da aka riga aka shigar, alal misali, zuwa wata na'ura, diski mai cirewa ko uwar garken fayil ya zama mafi wahala, idan ba gaba ɗaya ba zai yiwu ba. A kan tsarin tushen Linux na yau da kullun, ana iya samun sauƙaƙa dubu ɗari zuwa miliyoyin fayiloli ɗaya. Ba lallai ba ne a faɗi, wannan yana da rauni kuma yana jinkirin, misali lokacin da aka fara shigar da tsarin, lokacin shigarwa, sabuntawa da cire fakiti na yau da kullun, da lokacin kwafin ƙarar boot (tushen partition) zuwa wani matsakaici.
Ina aiki akan aikace-aikacen AppImage, wani ɗan ƙaramin ɗaki don aikace-aikacen masu amfani na ƙarshe. Wannan sigar rarraba software ce da ke tattara aikace-aikace da duk abubuwan da suka dogara da shi zuwa hoton tsarin fayil guda ɗaya wanda ke hawa lokacin da aikace-aikacen ya fara. Mahimmanci yana sauƙaƙa abubuwa, tunda ImageMagick iri ɗaya ba zato ba tsammani ya zama fayil ɗaya, wanda aka sarrafa a cikin mai sarrafa fayil ta ƴan adam kawai. Hanyar da aka tsara tana aiki ne don software kawai, kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin sunan aikin, kuma yana da nasa matsalolin, tunda mutanen da ke da hannu wajen isar da software na Linux koyaushe suna nuna mini kibiya.
Mu koma Haiku. Shin ya yiwu a sami daidaito mafi kyau tsakanin tsarin fakitin gargajiya da isar da software na tushen hoto? Kunsan ta .hpkg ainihin matsi hotunan tsarin fayil. Lokacin da tsarin ya yi takalmi, kernel ɗin yana hawa duk shigar da fakiti masu aiki tare da kusan saƙonnin kwaya masu zuwa:
KERN: package_daemon [16042853: 924] active package: "gawk-4.2.1-1-x86_64.hpkg"
KERN: package_daemon [16043023: 924] active package: "ca_root_certificates_java-2019_01_23-1-any.hpkg"
KERN: package_daemon [16043232: 924] active package: "python-2.7.16-3-x86_64.hpkg"
KERN: package_daemon [16043405: 924] active package: "openjdk12_default-12.0.1.12-1-x86_64.hpkg"
KERN: package_daemon [16043611: 924] active package: "llvm_libs-5.0.0-3-x86_64.hpkg"Cool, iya? Tsaya a can, zai zama ma fi sanyaya!
Akwai fakiti na musamman:
KERN: package_daemon [16040020: 924] active package: "haiku-r1~beta1_hrev53242-1-x86_64.hpkg"Yana ƙunshe da mafi ƙarancin tsarin aiki, gami da kernel. Ku yi imani da shi ko a'a, ko da kernel kanta ba a cire shi daga ƙarar taya (tushen ɓangaren ba), amma an ɗora shi a hankali a cikin wurinsa daga kunshin. .hpkg. Kai! Na riga na ambata cewa ina tsammanin wani ɓangare na haɓaka da daidaiton Haiku gabaɗaya ya fito ne daga gaskiyar cewa gabaɗayan tsarin, daga kernel da corespace mai amfani zuwa sarrafa fakiti da kayan aikin lokaci, ƙungiya ɗaya ce ta haɓaka ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa. Ka yi tunanin ƙungiyoyi da ƙungiyoyi daban-daban da za su ɗauka don gudanar da wani abu kamar wannan akan Linux [Ina tunanin aikin PuppyLinux - kimanin. mai fassara]. Sa'an nan kuma yi tunanin tsawon lokacin da za a ɗauki wannan hanya ta hanyar rarrabawa. Suna cewa: ɗauki matsala mai sauƙi, raba ta tsakanin masu yin wasan kwaikwayo daban-daban, kuma za ta zama mai rikitarwa ta yadda ba za a iya magance ta ba. Haiku a wannan yanayin ya bude idona. Ina tsammanin wannan shine ainihin abin da ke faruwa akan Linux yanzu (Linux a cikin wannan yanayin shine kalmar gama gari don Linux/GNU/dpkg/apt/systemd/Xorg/dbus/Gtk/GNOME/XDG/Ubuntu tari).
Juyawa tsarin ta amfani da hpkg
Sau nawa ne yanayin da ke biyo baya ya faru: sabuntawa ya ci nasara, sa'an nan kuma ya bayyana cewa wani abu ba ya aiki kamar yadda ya kamata? Idan kun yi amfani da manajojin fakiti na al'ada, yana da wahala a dawo da yanayin tsarin zuwa wani lokaci kafin a shigar da sabbin fakiti (misali, idan wani abu ya ɓace). Wasu tsare-tsare suna ba da abubuwan da za a iya magance su ta hanyar ɗaukar hoto na tsarin fayil, amma suna da wahala sosai kuma ba a amfani da su akan duk tsarin. Haiku yana warware wannan ta amfani da fakiti .hpkg. A duk lokacin da fakitin suka canza a cikin tsarin, ba a share tsoffin fakitin, amma ana adana su a cikin tsarin a cikin kundin adireshi kamar su. /Haiku/system/packages/administrative/state-<...>/ akai-akai. Ayyukan da ba a gama ba suna adana bayanansu a cikin ƙananan bayanai /Haiku/system/packages/administrative/transaction-<...>/.
Abun ciki /Haiku/system/packages/administrative. Kundayen adireshi na "jihar..." sun ƙunshi fayilolin rubutu tare da sunayen fakiti masu aiki, kuma kundayen "ma'amaloli..." sun ƙunshi fakitin da kansu.
"Tsohon aiki jihar", watau. jeri .hpkg fakiti masu aiki kafin a yi rikodin canje-canje bayan kowane aiki a cikin mai sarrafa fayil a cikin fayil ɗin rubutu /Haiku/system/packages/administrative/state-<...>/activated-packages. Hakazalika, an rubuta sabon “halin aiki” a cikin fayil ɗin rubutu /Haiku/system/packages/administrative/activated-packages.
Directory /Haiku/system/packages/administrative/state-<...>/ ya ƙunshi fayil ɗin rubutu kawai tare da jerin fakiti masu aiki na wannan jihar (idan an shigar da fakiti ba tare da cirewa ba), kuma idan an cire fakiti ko sabuntawa - kundin tsarin jihar ya ƙunshi tsoffin nau'ikan fakiti.
Lokacin da tsarin ya tashi, dangane da jerin fakiti, an yanke shawara don kunna fakitin (mount). Yana da sauƙi! Idan wani abu ya yi kuskure yayin zazzagewar, zaku iya gaya wa mai sarrafa zazzagewa ya yi amfani da wani daban, tsohon jeri. An warware matsalar!
Haiku downloader. Kowane wurin shigarwa yana nuna daidai "yanayin aiki"
Ina son tsarin samun fayilolin rubutu masu sauƙi azaman jerin "jihar aiki", tare da sunaye masu sauƙin fahimta .hpkg. Wannan ya bambanta sosai da gina-don-injuna-ba-don-mutane ba. daga OSTree ko Flatpak a cikin tsarin fayil (a daidai matakin da Microsoft GUID).
Jerin fakiti masu aiki don kowane aya cikin lokaci
Bayanan daidaitawa
A fili, a cikin kasida /Haiku/system/packages/administrative/writable-files ya ƙunshi fayilolin sanyi don fakiti, amma ana iya rubuta su. Bayan haka, kamar yadda kuka tuna. .hpkg saka karatu-kawai. Don haka dole ne a kwafi waɗannan fayiloli daga fakiti kafin rubutawa. Yana da ma'ana.
Haɗin GUI don tsarin .hpkg
Bari yanzu mu ga yadda waɗannan jakunkuna masu sheki .hpkg jimre da haɗin kai cikin yanayin aikin mai amfani (UX). Bayan haka, Haiku an yi niyya ne don amfanin kansa, bayan haka. Da kaina, na saita sandar babban lokacin kwatanta ƙwarewar mai amfani zuwa fakiti .app akan Macintosh tare da kwarewa iri ɗaya akan .hpkg. Ba zan ma kwatanta halin da ake ciki tare da yanayin aiki akan Linux ba, saboda yana da matukar muni idan aka kwatanta da sauran.
Abubuwan da ke faruwa suna zuwa a zuciya:
- Ina so in duba abinda ke cikin kunshin
.hpkg - Ina so in shigar da kunshin
- Ina so in cire kunshin
- Ina so in cire wani abu da ya shigo cikin tsarin a matsayin wani ɓangare na kunshin
- Ina so in kwafi wani abu da ya shigo cikin tsarin a matsayin wani ɓangare na kunshin
- Ina so in sauke duk abin dogara na kunshin, wanda ƙila ba zai kasance wani ɓangare na kowane shigarwa na Haiku ba (misali, Ina da na'ura ta keɓe ta jiki ba tare da shiga intanet ba.)
- Ina so in matsar da fakiti na (ko wani ɓangare na su) daban zuwa wani wuri daban, daban da ƙarar taya (tushen ɓangaren) (saboda, misali, ba ni da isasshen sarari akan shi).
Wannan ya kamata ya rufe yawancin manyan lamuran daga aikina na yau da kullun. To, bari mu fara.
Duba abubuwan kunshin
Na Mac Ina danna dama a kan kunshin don buɗe shi da duba abubuwan da ke cikin Mai Nema. Bayan haka, a hakikanin gaskiya kundin adireshi ne kawai! (Na san akwai fakiti .pkg ga wani bangare na tsarin wanda ba aikace-aikace ba ne, amma masu amfani na yau da kullun ba sa hulɗa da su).
Na Haiku Na danna kan kunshin dama, sannan danna "Contents" don ganin abin da ke ciki. Amma ga jerin fayiloli kawai ba tare da ikon buɗe su ta danna sau biyu ba.
Zai fi kyau idan akwai hanyar (na ɗan lokaci) hawa kunshin .hpkg don dubawa ta hanyar mai sarrafa fayil, kuma mai amfani ba zai damu da cikakkun bayanan aiwatarwa ba. (Ta hanyar, zaku iya buɗewa .hpkg kunshin in Expander, wanda zai iya kwashe shi kamar kowane rumbun adana bayanai).
HaikuDepot's interface yana ba ku damar duba jerin fayilolin fakiti, amma babu wata hanya don duba abubuwan da ke ciki ta, misali, danna sau biyu README.md
Mac yayi nasara a cikin wannan rukunin, amma ƙara aikin HaikuDepot da kuke so bai kamata ya zama mai wahala ba.
Shigar da fakiti ta hanyar GUI
Na Mac, yawancin hotunan diski .dmg ƙunshi fakiti .app. Danna hoton diski sau biyu sannan ka kwafi kunshin, alal misali, ta hanyar jan shi zuwa ciki /Applications a cikin Finder. Wannan ya tafi ba tare da faɗi a gare ni ba, amma na ji cewa wasu sababbin sababbin ƙila ba za su iya ɗaukar wannan ba. Ta hanyar tsoho, Apple "yana ba da shawarar" kundin jagora mai fa'ida /Applications (a kan NeXT an haɗa shi da na mutum ɗaya), amma zaka iya sanya aikace-aikacenka cikin sauƙi akan sabar fayil ko a cikin babban fayil $HOME/Applications, idan kuna son haka.
Na Haiku, danna sau biyu akan kunshin, sannan danna kan "Shigar", ba zai iya zama mai sauƙi ba. Ina mamakin abin da zai faru idan kunshin yana da abubuwan dogaro waɗanda ake samu a HaikuPorts amma har yanzu ba a shigar da su ba. A kan Linux da gaske ba su san abin da za su yi a wannan yanayin ba, amma mafita a bayyane take - tambayi mai amfani ko suna buƙatar saukewa da shigar da abubuwan dogaro. Daidai abin da Haiku yake yi.
Na zazzage fakitin 'sanity' da hannu kuma na danna shi, mai sarrafa kunshin ya san inda zai sami abin dogaro daga (yana zaton an riga an yi rajistar ma'ajiyar a cikin tsarin). Ba kowane rarraba Linux zai iya yin wannan ba.
Wata hanya ita ce ta amfani da mai sarrafa fayil, kawai ja da sauke .hpkg kunshin ko a ciki /Haiku/system/packages (don shigarwa mai faɗin tsarin, ta tsohuwa), ko a ciki /Haiku/home/config/packages (don shigarwa na mutum ɗaya; ba a samuwa lokacin danna sau biyu - Har yanzu ina jin haushin kalmar "config" a wannan wuri, wanda a gare ni a wannan yanayin yana kama da "saituna"). Kuma ra'ayin masu amfani da yawa ba a samuwa ga Haiku tukuna (wannan shine mai yiwuwa dalilin da ya sa yake da sauƙi - Ban sani ba, watakila iyawar masu amfani da yawa ba za su iya rikitar da abubuwa ba don yanayin tebur).
Haiku ya ci nasara a wannan rukunin saboda yana iya aiki ba kawai tare da aikace-aikacen ba, har ma tare da shirye-shiryen tsarin.
Cire kunshin daga GUI
Na Mac, kuna buƙatar ja alamar aikace-aikacen zuwa kwandon shara, kuma shi ke nan. Sauƙi!
Na Haiku, Da farko, kuna buƙatar nemo inda kunshin yake a kan tsarin, saboda da wuya ku shigar da shi a wurin da ya dace (tsarin yana yin komai). Yawancin lokaci kuna buƙatar dubawa /Haiku/system/packages (tare da shigarwar tsoho mai faɗin tsarin), ko a ciki /Haiku/home/config/packages (Shin na ambaci cewa "config" kuskure ne?). Sannan kawai ana jan aikace-aikacen zuwa kwandon shara, kuma shi ke nan.
Sauƙi! Duk da haka, ba zan faɗi haka ba. Ga ainihin abin da ke faruwa:
Wannan shine abin da zai faru idan ka ja aikace-aikace zuwa kwandon shara daga /Haiku/system/packages
Kawai nayi ƙoƙarin matsar da aikace-aikacen "Hello Duniya" na jiya akan QtQuickApp zuwa shara. Ban yi ƙoƙarin matsar da tsarin shugabanci ba, kuma tun da an shigar da duk fakiti a cikin tsarin tsarin, ba shi yiwuwa a cire kunshin .hpkg ba tare da canji ba "abin ciki". Mai amfani na yau da kullun zai ji tsoro kuma ya danna maɓallin "Cancel" da aka sanya ta tsohuwa.
Yayi bayani :
Wannan sakon ya wuce shekaru 10. Mafi mahimmanci muna buƙatar saita shi don gargadin ya bayyana kawai lokacin da kunshin kanta ya motsa. Masu amfani na yau da kullun basa buƙatar yin wannan ta wata hanya.
To, watakila zan yi wannan ta amfani da HaikuDepot? Na danna kan kunshin cikin sau biyu /Haiku/system/packages, jiran maɓallin “Uninstall” ya bayyana. A'a, akwai (kawai) "Shigar". "Uninstall", ina kuke?
Don jin daɗi kawai, na yi ƙoƙarin ganin abin da zai faru idan na danna “Shigar” akan kunshin da aka riga aka shigar. Ya kasance kamar haka:
Wannan yana faruwa idan kuna ƙoƙarin shigar da kunshin da aka riga aka shigar.
Gaba yana bayyana:
Idan ka danna "Aiwatar canje-canje" a cikin taga da ta gabata, zai yi kama da wannan
Ina ɗauka cewa wannan kuskuren software ne; hanyar haɗi zuwa aikace-aikacen tana nan. [mawallafin bai samar da hanyar haɗi ba - kimanin. mai fassara]
Magani mai sauri: Ƙara maɓallin "Uninstall" idan kunshin ya riga ya shiga
/Haiku/system/packages, ko cikin/Haiku/home/config/packages.
Lokacin duba jerin fakitin da aka shigar a HaikuDepot, Ina ganin kunshin na a cikin jerin kuma na iya cire shi.
Mac yayi nasara a wannan rukunin. Amma zan iya tunanin cewa tare da saitin da ya dace, ƙwarewar mai amfani akan Haiku zai fi kyau akan Mac. (Daya daga cikin masu haɓakawa sun ƙididdige shi ta wannan hanyar: "A ƙasa da sa'a guda don ƙara takamaiman ayyuka zuwa HaikuDepot, idan kun san ɗan C ++", kowane masu sa kai?)
Cire wani abu daga kunshin
Bari mu yi ƙoƙarin cire aikace-aikacen kanta, ba kunshin ba .hpkg, daga abin da ya zo (Ina shakka cewa ga "masu mutuwa" akwai wani bambanci).
Na Mac, mai amfani a zahiri yawanci yana aiki tare da fayil ɗin .dmgdaga ina kunshin aikace-aikacen ya fito .app. Yawancin hotuna .dmg ana tara su a cikin kundin bayanan zazzagewa, kuma mai amfani yana kwafin fakiti zuwa ga /Applications. An yi imanin cewa yawancin masu amfani da kansu ba su san abin da suke yi ba, wannan hasashe ya tabbatar da tsohon ma'aikacin Apple. (Daya daga cikin abubuwan da ba na so akan Mac. Kuma, alal misali, tare da AppImage babu bambanci tsakanin aikace-aikacen da kunshin da yake ciki. Ja alamar zuwa sharar = shi ke nan. Sauƙi!)
Na Haiku, akwai kuma rabuwa tsakanin apps/ и packages/, don haka ina shakka cewa wannan ya sa ya zama mafi bayyane ga masu amfani. Amma me zai faru idan ka ja aikace-aikace daga apps/ Ƙara zuwa cart:
Wannan shine abin da ke faruwa lokacin da kuke ƙoƙarin cire aikace-aikacen da aka ɗauka daga fayil .hpkg
A zahiri daidai ne (bayan haka, ana gudanar da aikace-aikacen akan tsarin fayil mai karantawa kawai), amma ba shi da amfani musamman ga mai amfani.
Magani mai sauri: ba da shawarar amfani da GUI don sharewa maimakon
.hpkg
Don jin daɗi kawai, na gwada kwafin aikace-aikacen ta latsa Alt+D. Na karɓi saƙon "Ba a iya motsawa ko kwafe abubuwa akan ƙarar karantawa kawai." Kuma duk saboda /system (banda haka /system/packages и /system/settings) shine wurin hawan packfs (tuna yadda yake bayyana a cikin fitarwa df?). Abin takaici, fitowar umarnin mount bai fayyace lamarin ba (kamar yadda aka fada a daya daga cikin labaran da suka gabata), mountvolume baya nuna abin da kuke nema (da alama fakitin an saka ta hanyar madauki .hpkg ba a la'akari da "juzu'i"), kuma na manta da madadin umarni.
Babu wanda ya ci nasara a cikin wannan rukunin sai AppImage (amma wannan, a gaskiya gaba ɗaya, ra'ayi ne na son zuciya). Koyaya, wanda zai iya tunanin cewa bayan tweaking, ƙwarewar mai amfani akan Haiku zai fi kan Mac.
Lura: kuna buƙatar nemo menene “ƙarasi” dangane da “sashe”. Wataƙila wannan yana da alaƙa da alaƙar “folder” da “directory”: galibin kundayen adireshi suna fitowa a matsayin manyan fayiloli a cikin mai sarrafa fayil, amma ba duka ba (fakitin da aka bi da su azaman fayiloli, alal misali). Shin wannan nau'in nunin yana sanya ni zama ɗan iska a hukumance?
Kwafi abubuwan da ke cikin kunshin zuwa wani tsarin
Na Mac, Na wauta ja da kunshin .app, kuma tun da masu dogara suna cikin kunshin, suna motsawa tare.
Na Haiku, Ina jan aikace-aikacen, amma ba a sarrafa abubuwan dogaro kwata-kwata.
Magani mai sauri: A maimakon haka mu ba da shawarar jan dukkan fakitin `.hpkg, tare da kowane abin dogaro, idan akwai.
Mac yayi nasara a fili a wannan rukunin. A kalla a gare ni, mai son tsarin su. Ya kamata in kwafa shi zuwa Haiku .hpkg maimakon aikace-aikace, amma tsarin baya ba ni wannan ...
Zazzage kunshin tare da duk abin dogaronsa
Ba kowace na'ura ce ke haɗa ta da hanyar sadarwa koyaushe ba. Akasin haka, wasu inji (eh, ina kallon ku, Windows na zamani, Mac da Linux) suna manta da wannan. Yana da mahimmanci a gare ni in je, alal misali, zuwa gidan yanar gizon Intanet, zazzage software a kan faifan cirewa, saka wannan drive a cikin kwamfutar gida ta kuma tabbatar cewa komai zai yi aiki [Rsky guy, yin wannan akan Windows ... - kimanin. fassara].
Sakamakon haka, nakan ƙare tare da dogaro marasa daidaituwa akan Windows da Linux sau da yawa fiye da yadda aka saba.
Na Mac wannan yawanci fayil ɗaya ne, duk abin da kuke buƙatar yi shine zazzagewa .dmg. Mafi sau da yawa, ba shi da wani abin dogaro face waɗanda MacOS da kanta ke bayarwa ta tsohuwa. Banda shi ne hadaddun aikace-aikace waɗanda ke buƙatar yanayin aiwatar da ya dace, misali java.
Na Haiku download kunshin .hpkg don, a ce, aikace-aikacen guda ɗaya a cikin java, bazai isa ba, tun da java na iya kasancewa ko a'a akan na'urar da aka yi niyya. Shin akwai hanyar da za a zazzage duk abubuwan dogaro ga fakitin da aka bayar .hpkg, banda waɗanda aka shigar ta tsohuwa a cikin Haiku don haka ya kamata su kasance akan kowane tsarin Haiku?
Mac yana cin nasarar wannan rukuni ta ƙaramin tazara.
Sharhin Mr. waddlesplash:
Don rubuta shirin tattara duk abin dogara na aikace-aikacen azaman saitin fakiti
.hpkgga wanda ya saba da ayyukan ciki na Haiku, kusan mintuna 15 ya isa. Ƙara goyon baya ga wannan ba abu ne mai wahala ba idan akwai buƙatar gaske. Amma a gare ni wannan lamari ne da ba kasafai ba.
Mu daure mu daure har zuwa labari na gaba a wannan silsilar.
Matsar da fakiti zuwa wani wuri daban
Kamar yadda na rubuta a baya, ina so in sanya fakiti na .hpkg (da kyau, ko wani ɓangare na su) zuwa wuri na musamman, daban da jeri na yau da kullun akan ƙarar taya (tushen ɓangaren). A cikin al'amuran da aka saba (ba a ka'ida ba), dalilin hakan shi ne, koyaushe ina ƙarewa da sarari kyauta akan fayafai na (gina) komai girmansu. Kuma yawanci ina haɗa faifan diski na waje ko hanyoyin sadarwar yanar gizo inda aikace-aikacena suke.
Na Mac Ina motsi fakiti kawai .app zuwa drive mai cirewa ko cibiyar sadarwa a cikin Mai nema, kuma shi ke nan. Har yanzu zan iya danna sau biyu don buɗe aikace-aikacen kamar yadda na saba daga ƙarar taya. Kawai!
Na Haiku, kamar yadda aka gaya mani, ana iya samun wannan ta hanyar motsa jikina .hpkg fakiti zuwa drive mai cirewa ko adireshin cibiyar sadarwa, amma sannan kuna buƙatar amfani da wasu umarni marasa izini a cikin na'ura wasan bidiyo don hawa su akan tsarin. Ban san yadda ake yin wannan ta amfani da GUI kawai ba.
Mac yayi nasara a wannan rukunin.
A cewar Mr. waddlesplash:
Wannan haɓakawa ne bisa amfanin al'ada. Idan akwai bukatar mai amfani fiye da ɗaya, za mu aiwatar da shi. A kowane hali, akwai yiwuwar aiwatar da ɓangare na uku.
Za mu yi magana game da wannan a talifi na gaba.
Da yake magana game da kundayen adireshi na cibiyar sadarwa, zai yi kyau (Ina tsammanin ƙungiyoyin LAN) don samun sauƙi, ganowa, aikace-aikace masu fa'ida na hanyar sadarwa (kamar Zeroconf) waɗanda za'a iya kwafi zuwa kwamfutar gida ko aiki kai tsaye daga cibiyar sadarwar gida. Tabbas, masu haɓakawa suna da zaɓi na ficewa ta hanyar app_flags.
Rahoton ƙarshe game da haɗakar tsarin hpkg tare da GUI
Ina tsammanin cewa da farko saboda sabon dangi na haɗin kai .hpkg GUI har yanzu yana barin abubuwa da yawa da ake so. Duk da haka dai, akwai wasu abubuwa da za a iya inganta ta fuskar UX ...
Wani abu guda: Land Debug Land
Zai yi kyau a sami damar shigar da umarni yayin fargabar kwaya, misali syslog | grep usb. To, akan Haiku yana yiwuwa godiya ga Kernel Debug Land. Yaya za ku iya ganin wannan sihiri a cikin aiki idan komai yana aiki kamar yadda ya kamata ba tare da shiga cikin firgita kernel ba? Sauƙi ta latsa Alt+PrintScn+D (Debug mnemonic). Nan take na tuna , wanda ya ba da izinin masu haɓaka Macintosh na asali don shigar da mai gyara (idan an shigar da ɗaya, ba shakka).
ƙarshe
Na fara fahimtar cewa tsarin tsarin Haiku ya zo ne daga gaskiyar cewa ƙaramin ƙungiya ɗaya ne ke aiwatar da aikin tare da mai da hankali kan yanayin aiki, tare da samun damar kowane nau'ikan tsarin.
Bambanci mai mahimmanci tare da duniyar Linux / GNU / dpkg / apt / systemd / Xorg / dbus / Gtk / GNOME / XDG / Ubuntu, inda duk abin ya rushe cikin ƙananan ƙananan har zuwa abstraction yana zaune a kan abstraction kuma yana motsawa tare da kullun.
Akwai kuma fahimtar yadda tsarin .hpkg yana haɗa mafi kyawun ayyuka na manajan fakiti na gargajiya, Snappy, Flatpak, AppImage, har ma da btrfs, kuma yana haɗa su da tsarin "kawai yana aiki" na Mac.
Kamar dai wani abu ya "canza" a kaina, kuma na fahimci yadda tsarin yake .hpkg nasan yadda ake birgima, kallonta kawai yakeyi. Amma ba ni ba, amma kyakkyawa da sauƙi na tsarin. Yawancin wannan ana samun wahayi daga ruhun Mac na asali.
Haka ne, yin bincike a cikin burauzar yana iya zama mai ban tsoro kuma yana gudana kamar katantanwa, aikace-aikace na iya rasa (ba Gtk, Electron - masu haɓakawa sun yanke shawarar cewa ba su da kyau tare da sophistication), bidiyo da hanzarin 3d na iya zama gaba daya ba a nan, amma har yanzu ina. kamar wannan tsarin. Bayan haka, waɗannan abubuwan za a iya gyara su kuma za su bayyana ba dade ko ba dade. Lokaci ne kawai kuma watakila ɗan jan ido.
Ba zan iya ba da taimako ba, amma ina tsammanin zai fara daga yanzu shekarar Haiku akan tebur.
Matsalolin bazuwar
Wataƙila an riga an sami buƙatun, ko zan buɗe su?
- BeScreenCapture yakamata ya iya fitarwa zuwa GIF kamar Peek. Ana iya yin wannan ta amfani da ffmpeg, wanda akwai don Haiku. .
- Software na Screenshot ya kasa ɗaukar tagar modal, maimakon ɗaukar dukkan allo
- Ba za ku iya girka hotunan kariyar kwamfuta ta amfani da kayan aikin noman WonderBrush ba sannan ku ajiye sakamakon a fayil
- Ba na son siginan hannu musamman a cikin Haiku, amma ina tsammanin yana da alaƙa da ɗumi mai daɗi. Wannan yana da ban haushi musamman lokacin amfani da kayan aikin amfanin gona a cikin Krita, saboda yana haifar da shuka mara kyau (duba hotunan hotunan modal a cikin wannan labarin). Siginan sarƙoƙi zai zama abin ban mamaki. .
Gwada shi da kanku! Bayan haka, aikin Haiku yana ba da hotuna don yin booting daga DVD ko USB, wanda aka haifar . Don shigarwa, kawai zazzage hoton kuma rubuta shi zuwa filasha ta amfani da shi
Kuna da wasu tambayoyi? Muna gayyatar ku zuwa harshen Rashanci .
Duban kuskure:
daga fassarar: wannan shine labari na shida a cikin jerin abubuwan game da Haiku.
Jerin labarai:
source: www.habr.com